一种基于三维到达角的无偏伪线性卡尔曼滤波

为了解决大场景下基于三维到达角的目标跟踪问题，提出了一种具有无偏性的伪线性卡尔曼滤波。首先，基于三维到达角信息对目标运动模型与量测模型进行建模；之后，对量测模型进行了伪线性化处理，得到了线性形式的目标量测模型。为了解决伪线性卡尔曼滤波存在的有偏性问题，提出了一种结合EKF（extend Kalman filter）的三维伪线性无偏卡尔曼滤波。仿真实验表明，该模型能够对非机动目标与机动目标有效跟踪，对于百公里级别的目标，当角测量误差从0.1°变化到0.5°，算法在仿真时间结束时均能将绝对位置误差降低至10 km以内，且算法的运行速度与EKF为同一个量级，同时兼顾了抗干扰能力、定位跟踪精度、运行效率的要求，能够为大场景下的目标跟踪提供有效方法。     

Variance Analysis of the Angle Output Voltage for an Amplitude Monopulse Receiver

The amplitude-comparison monopulse receiver utilizes two overlapping antenna patterns to determine the angle of arrival of an incoming RF signal for use in a direction-finding application. The thermal noise introduced by the receiver distorts the signal, causing an error in determining the exact angle of arrival of the signal. The analysis derives an expression for the deviation of the angle output voltage, or the angular error, due to receiver noise as a function of 1) the angle of arrival and 2) the signal-to-noise ratios of the two channels of the receiver. A receiver using a square-law detector and one using a linear detector are analyzed.     

基于交互式多模型的主被动站跟踪算法

在高斯白噪声下,使用交互式多模型算法融合主动站和被动站量测信息,在各类机动状态模型切换,完成对机动目标的定位跟踪。根据主动站到达目标然后到达被动站的距离和以及目标到达主被动站的方位角和俯仰角信息建立量测模型;在交互式多模型算法的基础上,在常规直线机动模型基础上引入Singer模型,模拟目标机动运动;以几何关系求解得到的目标位置作为目标初始解,相较于其他初始模型,算法具有更好的收敛性。仿真实验表明,在主被动站间距几十千米,目标与主被动站间距几百千米,到达角误差2°左右,到达时间误差20 m左右的情况下,使用交互式多模型算法跟踪目标,收敛误差在百米级别。     

星敏感器安装误差标定技术研究

星敏感器是一类具有自主高精度姿态测量能力的仪器,输出姿态精度可达到角秒级。但实际组合导航应用中,星敏感器安装误差往往可达角分级,远远大于仪器本身误差,影响其使用品质,因此有必要在使用前对星敏感器安装误差进行建模标定。研究发现,星敏感器安装误差与惯导姿态误差存在耦合关系,难于分离。设计了一种快速标定方法,利用惯导输出姿态、位置信息以及星敏感器姿态输出构造观测量,建立卡尔曼滤波模型,通过滤波估计实现安装误差的地面标定。仿真结果表明,载体需要进行2个轴向上的机动才能将星敏感器三轴安装误差估计出来。相较于依靠外部基准姿态进行标定的方案,本方法具有快速高效、可操作性强等优点。     

Pointing Accuracy and Dynamic Range in a Steered Beam Adaptive Array

The performance of a steered beam adaptive array as a function of the beam pointing error is examined. The purpose is to determine how close the steered beam has to be to the actual desired signal arrival angle for good performance. It is shown that the beam pointing error that can be tolerated is essentially a question of dynamic range. The greater the desired signal dynamic range that must be accommodated by the array, the more accurate the beam pointing angle must be.     

Geolocation of a known altitude object from TDOA and FDOA measurements

Most satellite systems for locating an object on Earth use only time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements. When there are relative motions between an emitter and receivers, frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) measurements can be used as well. Often, the altitude of an object is known (it is zero, for example) or can be measured with an altimeter. Two sets of geolocation solutions are proposed which exploit the altitude constraint to improve the localization accuracy. One is for TDOAs alone and the other for the combination of TDOA and FDOA measurements. The additional complexity by imposing the constraint is a one-dimensional Newton's search and the rooting of a polynomial. The covariance matrices of the new estimators are derived under a small measurement noise assumption and shown to attain the constrained Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). When there is a bias error in the assumed altitude, using the altitude constraint will introduce a bias to the solution. Since applying the constraint decreases the variance, there is a tradeoff between variance and bias in the mean square error (MSE). The maximum allowable altitude error such that the constraint solution will remain superior to the unconstraint is given. Simulation results are included to corroborate the theoretical development.     

基于单应性矩阵的模型迎角单目视频测量方法

风洞试验中模型迎角的精准测量是降低阻力系数误差的重要途径之一,为此,提出了基于单应性矩阵的模型迎角单目视频测量方法。该方法通过两个单应性矩阵,获取试验过程中相机实时位姿和标记点物方空间位置坐标,应用坐标旋转关系,完成试验模型的迎角测量。数值仿真试验结果表明：迎角测量误差与待测标记点到风洞壁板间的距离偏差近似为线性关系,因此,当标记点不满足共面条件时,可根据该特点进行测量误差修正。静态标定和风洞迎角测量试验结果表明：修正系统误差后,迎角实测数据的测量准度在0.01°以内,精度不超过0.012°。本文方法易于实施,工程实用价值强。     

叶型受感部设计及结构优化

设计了用于航空发动机压气机级间参数测量的叶型受感部。通过风洞校准试验,得出在不同来流速度条件下,压力叶型受感部的不敏感角范围及总压测量误差和温度叶型受感部的总温测量误差,确定了影响叶型受感部测量准确度的主要因素。在试验结果的基础上,对叶型受感部结构进行了优化。     

一种多径条件下的MLS接收机测角误差分析新方法

为了准确分析多径环境条件下微波着陆系统接收机测角误差,在深入分析微波着陆系统(MLS)测角原理的基础上,提出了一种基于扫描波束主瓣等效替代的误差分析方法。该方法通过把往返波束脉冲主瓣用高斯钟形替代,准确计算了接收的扫描脉冲-3dB门限前后沿误差,建立了多路径条件下统一实用的接收脉冲包络波峰位置偏移误差模型和锁住闸门测量误差模型。为验证模型准确性,以特定的多径环境条件为例,计算MLS接收机的测角误差,将计算结果与利用Mathias经典模型的计算结果进行对比,并通过计算机仿真进行验证。结果表明,采用主瓣替代方法能够较好地克服经典模型精确分析误差方面的使用不足和缺陷,且对多径条件下接收机测角精度的准确评定具有一定的实用价值。     

基于弹道模型的磁测系统偏航干扰误差分析

常规弹丸在使用地磁算法测量滚转角的过程中,常将偏航角设为0°解算弹丸滚转角。当弹丸在飞行过程中偏航角发生变化时,滚转角解算精度受到一定影响。针对偏航角变化带来的误差与多种因素有关,且规律不清楚。在建立偏航角误差系数的基础上,使用Matlab软件建立了弹丸在不同偏航角、俯仰角、射向条件下的误差模型。首先建立了横风修正的质点弹道模型,通过蒙特卡罗方法仿真弹丸的轨迹分布,分析了弹载环境下磁测算法的滚转角误差,并验证了误差系数的准确性。通过仿真验证,误差系数可以较准确地表示滚转角误差与偏航角变化之间的关系,误差系数计算的误差与理论误差的差值小于10%,为后续实弹试验做好理论准备。     

Thermal Noise in Amplitude Comparison Monopulse Systems

In this paper we consider the problem of estimation of angle of arrival in an Amplitude Comparison Monopulse antenna arrangement with the explicit inclusion of internally generated thermal, i.e., receiver, noise as an interference to the desired measurement. A pulsed type radar is assumed, and an ideal (i.e., point) radar target is postulated. This latter restriction is made so that consideration of the effects of target scintillation, glint, or other external random phenomena can be excluded from our treatment of the problem. In this context, a maximum likelihood analysis is made to determine the form of the estimate of angle of arrival, and the probability density function (pdf) of this quantity is computed. The form of the estimate is found to be a ratio of Gaussian variables quite like that used in conventional monopulse signal processing. The pdf obtained for the estimate is believed to be new, and it serves to emphasize the bias and indeterminate variance effects associated with this type of nonlinear signal processing. Some useful approximations to the pdf are discussed, and a unit of precision for the estimate is defined.     

基于深度学习的非合作航天器姿态估计

针对空间非合作航天器姿态测量时受光照和地球背景影响大的问题,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络的端到端姿态估计方法.在该方法中,主干网络采用AlexNet与ResNet.首先,移除主干网络末端的全连接层,并列连接3个全连接层,采用三分支网络分别对姿态角进行估计.然后,设计了将分类问题与回归问题相结合的损失函数,通过分类方法将姿态估计限定在某一范围内,再使用回归方法进一步微调姿态.姿态分类损失函数确定姿态角度基准点,姿态回归损失函数对估计角度进行微调.相较于仅采用回归方法进行姿态估计,此方法能够有效减小姿态估计平均绝对误差、标准差与最大误差.实验对比了不同主干网络的测量精度,平均绝对误差在0.376°～0.746°之间,最优标准差为0.474°.     

Radar measurement extraction in the presence of sea-surface multipath

In the presence of sea-surface multipath monopulse radar signals from a low elevation target have three alternative paths in addition to the direct (radar-to-target) path due to reflections from the sea surface. The specular reflection causes significant signal fading. The diffuse reflection causes an approximately constant bias to the in-phase component of the monopulse ratio, which is the standard extractor of the direction of arrival (DOA) in the monopulse processing. The diffuse reflection also causes higher standard deviation to the in-phase component of the monopulse ratio. We propose a maximum likelihood (ML) angle extraction technique for low elevation targets of known average signal strength having a Rayleigh fluctuation. The results show that this method reduces the error of the estimated angle compared with the conventional monopulse ratio estimator. Subsequently, the ML angle extractor is modified for the unknown average signal strength case. This modified angle extractor has only a small performance degradation compared with the known average signal strength case, but it performs much better than the monopulse ratio based estimator. An algorithm to calculate the accuracy of the estimated angle (or height) is also presented. This angle extractor reduces the root-mean-square error (RMSE) by more than 50% in the signal processing stage when used in a low flying target tracking scenario. The same algorithm can be used to track sea skimmers.     

基于曲线拟合的飞机方向舵偏角测量误差补偿

在对飞参记录系统的方向舵偏角通道进行标校的过程中,俯仰角变化和其它非线性误差都会影响电子罗盘的测量精度。本文研究了基于曲线拟合原理建立误差补偿公式的方法,以减小方向舵偏角通道的测量误差。实验证明,这种方法可以有效地提高电子罗盘的方向舵偏角测量精度。     

Angle Estimation with Adaptive Arrays in External Noise Fields

A method of estimating the angle of arrival of a signal at an array of sensors in an external noise environment is outlined. The development is based on a maximum likelihood estimator and leads naturally to adaptive sum and difference beams which null the external noise sources. An algorithm for estimating angle of arrival, based on the outputs of adaptively distorted sum and differnce beams, is shown to perform well in the presence of sidelobe and/or main beam interference.     

Effect of bias on bearing-only target location

The influence of angle measurement bias on passive target location estimation is investigated. First the conditions for target observability are found and generalized to the non-zero-mean measurement noise case. Then the Cramer-Rao lower bound on the estimation error is derived. Numerical examples are included, illustrating the target location uncertainty in the presence of measurement bias     

Omnidirectional Instantaneous Direction Finding System

A system for providing near-instantaneous determination of the azimuthal angle of arrival of a received signal has been designed and fabricated at L band. Direction is determined by phase measurement of the outputs of a multimode antenna, which has no moving parts. Effects of multipath interference are reduced to a minimum through a combination of signal processing techniques. The position of the transmitting source is presented on a PPI display.     

导航中单位矢量的二次旋转乘法观测模型

视线矢量观测是实现自主导航的重要方式。本文针对单位矢量的加法观测模型中观测矢量非单位化问题和乘法观测模型中测量噪声与实际情况不符的问题,提出二次旋转乘法观测模型。通过真实矢量在正交方向上进行的两次刚体旋转,获得了与现有乘法观测模型形式相同、但旋转角服从瑞利分布的正确观测方程。推导了测量误差的统计特性和双矢量观测的性质,并从空间几何角度给予了解释。数值仿真结果表明,二次旋转乘法观测模型弥补了由加法观测模型线性化所引起的问题,具有更精确的误差形式,由此给出了模型的潜在应用范围。     

双目视觉绳系支撑飞行器模型位姿动态测量

绳牵引并联机器人（WDPR）为风洞试验提供了一种新型支撑方式,可用于多/六自由度风洞复杂动态试验。针对该支撑下飞行器模型的大范围运动,发展了一种基于双目视觉的模型位姿动态测量方法。首先,设计了一种编码合作标志点,合理布置于模型表面,通过图像处理消除绳对标志点成像干扰,进行标志点三维重构;然后,利用绝对定姿算法求解相对位姿初值,且给出了理论误差分析,并基于双目相机重投影误差构建李代数下的无约束最小二乘优化问题,采用L-M算法进行位姿优化;最后,采用该测量系统分别进行了静态和动态精度验证试验,以及大迎角俯仰振荡等3种单/多自由度典型运动轨迹测量。试验数据显示,静态角度和位移测量精度分别优于0.02°/0.02 mm;动态测量时角度精度可达到0.1°量级,位移平均误差为0.4 mm。研究结果表明：设计的双目视觉测量系统是有效可行的,可为后续风洞试验的实际应用提供支持。     

垂直于流向的截面中2D-PIV测量误差分析

常规二维粒子图像测速技术（2D-PIV）作为重要的流场测试手段,被越来越多地应用到各种类型的流场测量中。然而采用该技术对垂直于流向的截面进行测量时会产生明显误差,该误差是由2D-PIV原理中几何透视成像关系引起。本文分析了测量截面内有法向速度分量时透视误差产生原因及影响因素,建立了2D-PIV测量平面内的误差模型。通过实验测试验证了误差模型的正确性,确定了影响测量误差的关键参数为测量平面的法向速度和视场的离轴角。计算结果显示,最大透视误差可达法向速度的9.3%。根据误差模型进行分析,透视误差对流向涡类流场测量的影响主要为3个方面：改变流场速度量值大小、改变旋涡形状、改变旋涡的位置。最后,提出了一些减小误差的措施,为2D-PIV应用于垂直流向截面的测量提供了改进方法。