航天多铰接机械系统动力学的几个关键问题

阐述了航天多铰接机械系统类型及其相关的动力学建模方法。基于Dubowsky间隙的本构关系,构造了间隙铰连接数学模型,将几何约束转化为力约束,进一步建立系统的结构动力学方程和多体动力学方程,以解决系统作为机构时的展开运动分析;以及展开后,系统作为结构运行时的动力学预测。对这类系统动力学模型降阶、运动诱导刚度、控制-结构一体化设计等关键问题进行了研究。     

构架式天线柔性动力学建模与展开精度分析

构架式可展开天线具有结构非线性强、桁架系统复杂以及运动环节多等特点,通常被视作刚体系统进行建模分析。然而多刚体动力学方法在求解复杂的连杆结构时,难以处理数量大、非线性强的铰接间隙模型,因此并不能准确还原真实的结构特性,给构架式天线的地面展开验证带来很大困难。本文建立了一套适用于该型天线的柔性多体动力学模型,通过引入微小弹性形变来消除铰链间隙对天线展开的影响,并在型面精度方面与期望的天线展开模型进行了比较说明。在确保不影响结构真实性的前提下,通过降阶、引入稳定系数等手段提高了柔性体单元计算效率。通过约束方程的设计与模块拆分求解等方法,消除结构非线性的影响。解决了针对构架式可展开天线的复杂桁架系统强非线性动力学的高精度建模问题,为构架式天线的仿真提供了技术手段。     

星载大型天线反射器桁架展开动力学建模仿真

以星载大型可展开天线为对象,研究了索网绷紧前天线反射器桁架在轨展开动力学过程。对大型天线展开机构特点和展开原理进行分析,建立了反射器桁架驱动和传动机构动力学模型。为避免初始时刻天线反射器切断铰约束方程雅克比矩阵奇异,以及小展开角情况下动力学方程左端系数矩阵数值性态差问题,提出了基于几何的替代约束求解方案。对星载大型天线在轨展开动力学过程进行了数值仿真,仿真结果表明,提出的方法能够有效解决初始时刻天线反射器切断铰约束方程雅克比矩阵奇异问题。     

谱元法在空间可展开结构振动带隙分析中的应用

可展开天线;索网结构;预张力优化;找形分析,需要对其进行振动带隙设计。以空间可展开结构展开态主体框架结构为研究对象,采用谱元法推导其通用的动力学方程。在频域下求解整体框架结构的动力学方程可得到结构的振动频率响应,进而探究结构的带隙特性。以二维复合梁框架结构为例,讨论了结构单元的位移响应幅度和传输系数之间的联系,提出了一种周期框架结构带隙的预测方法,并通过二维复合梁框架结构和空间伸展臂验证了这一方法的正确性。     

噪声激励下典型复合材料铆接结构的声固耦合分析

针对CVI工艺下复合材料典型铆接板,提出一种适合复杂模型动力学分析的建模方法:采用Bush和RBE2的组合单元模拟铆钉连接,将板间的弱非线性接触力转化为接触刚度,建立该复合材料铆接板的有限元模型。同时,基于有限元-间接边界元法推导了考虑接触力的声固耦合动力学方程,开展了该复合材料铆接板在随机噪声激励下的声固耦合分析,并探讨界面接触对声固耦合系统固有特性和动响应的影响。研究结果表明,界面接触模型比界面刚接模型更为准确;刚接模型会增大复合材料铆接板连接界面的局部刚度,使得结构的固有频率偏高,响应峰值向高频处移动;考虑接触对结构的加速度响应影响较大,对应力响应影响较小。     

预应力下空间站柔性太阳翼动力学特性分析

空间站柔性太阳翼上有以下预应力:1)在轨工作时,会周期性进出地球阴影区,结构温度会发生周期性的变化,温差在结构上产生了热应力;2)中央桁架斜拉杆上作用有展开预应力;3)柔性阵面上施加有张紧力。这些预应力都会引起几何刚度,从而改变太阳翼结构的动力学特性。文章使用Abaqus非线性动力学求解功能,首先对中央桁架部分和柔性阵面部分分别建立有限元模型,研究预应力对太阳翼动力学特性的影响,发现只有柔性阵面上的张紧力影响最为显著;然后针对完整的太阳翼结构,考虑阵面张紧力作用下,研究其动力学特性,并与未考虑预应力引起的刚度变化时的结构动力学特性进行对比分析。     

机器人在轨构建空间桁架结构的装配序列规划方法

针对机器人在轨构建空间桁架结构的装配序列规划问题，提出一种可同时求解装配单元装配序列与机器人运动的序列规划方法。首先设计了装配机器人并建立了动力学模型；其次，对机器人在整个装配过程中的运动进行了分类并分别给出了规划与控制方法；然后，建立了装配序列规划的评价指标并采用离散粒子群算法求解。最后，以常用空间桁架结构为例，通过仿真校验了所提方法的有效性。     

点式连接航天器等效刚度模态分析方法

针对点式连接航天器受接触影响而产生的非线性特性,提出了利用线性等效刚度代替非线性刚度以计算点式连接航天器模态的分析方法。首先采用有限元软件对点式连接航天器的非线性刚度进行分析,并基于非线性振动和结构动力学的原理,建立了等效刚度的计算方法。将等效刚度代入广义弹簧单元,最终获得点式连接航天器的简化模型并分析其模态。模态分析结果与试验结果对比显示,相比于传统分析方法,基于等效刚度的简化模型精确地预测了点式连接航天器的模态,有利于提高点式连接航天器的动力学仿真分析精度。     

星箭分离减冲击环结构优化设计

针对星箭分离过程，建立了减冲击环结构模型，并分析了该结构的减冲原理。利用冲击响应谱的时域合成算法计算获得符合冲击谱规范的时域载荷，并以此作为结构优化设计中动力学模型的输入载荷工况。以减冲击环的连续层数、单层支撑块数、连续层厚度、支撑块层高度以及环的外半径和内半径6个结构参数为设计变量，以减冲效果和结构强度、刚度为约束，以质量最轻为目标，建立减冲击环的结构优化设计模型，这是一包含离散变量和连续变量的混合优化问题。为了在跨平台下求解该混合优化问题，采用代理模型策略和自适应模拟退火算法求解，并在最优点处开展结构性能对设计变量的敏度计算，对计算结果进行了分析评估。本研究对强冲击动力学环境下的航天器结构分析与设计有一定的指导意义。     

水平弹性支撑缓冲座椅的动力学分析

当载人飞船着陆过程中存在水平着陆冲击时,目前的铰接型座椅系统不能有效地缓冲头盆向过载。针对这种单向座椅缓冲系统的不足,提出了具有水平弹性支撑的座椅缓冲方案,利用拉格朗日方程建立了系统动力学模型。在多向冲击着陆工况下进行了数值仿真,讨论了弹性支撑刚度和阻尼参数的影响规律。结果表明,相比铰接支撑模型,具有水平弹性支撑的座椅能够降低多向冲击作用下的头盆向加速度响应峰值,且不会增大胸背向加速度响应峰值。     

A procedure for calculating the damping in multi-element space structures

A procedure is outlined for estimating the damping in a multi-element space structure by incorporating distributed material damping and discrete nonlinear joint properties into a linear analysis. Tests have been conducted in which the transient response of a truss member is measured in free fall in a vacuum in order to obtain precise material damping characteristics. The force-state mapping technique is then used to identify the localized nonlinearities in joints by mapping the force transmitted through the joint as a function of the full mechanical state of the joint. The identified nonlinear joint parameters are then linearized using an equivalent energy approach which finds the equivalent linear stiffness and linear viscous damping by equating the integrated work done and energy dissipated by the nonlinearity to those of a spring and damper undergoing sinusoidal motion. The distributed material damping and localized nonlinear effects are then incorporated to form a linearized damped finite element model. Finally, an eigenvalue perturbation analysis is developed to explore the effect of introducing damping at the joints on the overall dynamics of the truss, and to obtain design guidance on where supplemental joint damping might optimally be added.     

环柱式天线展开过程耦合动力学分析

针对环柱式天线展开过程中斜拉绳索释放运动与桁架展开运动之间耦合动力学分析困难的问题,采用非线性欧拉梁单元对斜拉绳索建模,基于几何精确梁理论对环形桁架建模,提出了环柱式天线多体系统模型,实现了结构展开过程中绳索释放与桁架展开耦合动力学的精准仿真,揭示了绳索柔性等因素对桁架伸展起阻碍作用的机理。仿真结果表明,在环柱式天线展开过程中,减小绳索模量,降低绳索直径,采用单绳索分布设计,有利于提高桁架的展开稳定性。另外,绳索柔性对桁架展开中间阶段影响最为显著。该分析结果为环柱式天线在轨展开动力学预示和优化设计提供了指导作用。     

含间隙铰链的非线性动力学建模及数值分析

针对空间可展开机构中的含间隙铰链,建立非线性动力学模型,研究其非线性动力学特性。将含间隙铰链实体等效为"T"字型梁模型,针对两侧端部的径向碰撞和侧向碰撞,首次提出了碰撞点的检测算法。针对不同的碰撞类型,建立相应的非线性接触力和摩擦力分析模型,将碰撞点处的作用力等效施加到"T"字型梁模型上。进行"T"字型梁模型在轴向冲击载荷下的动力学特性分析,并与ANSYS软件的分析结果进行比较,验证了含间隙铰链非线性动力学模型的有效性。分析了有多个含间隙铰链的可展开桁架动力学响应特性,研究含间隙铰链对桁架响应的影响机理。结果表明:采用含间隙铰链的动力学模型,可以更加精确地分析可展开桁架结构的非线性动力学响应,为可展开桁架结构的动力学设计提供支撑。     

扭簧驱动构架式空间展开天线结构分析

首先仔细分析了扭簧驱动构架式空间展开天线结构的工作机理与构造特点，据此提出分析建模假设。采用静力缩减方法，由平面梁单元弯曲平衡方程推导出两端扭簧的杆件宏单元缩减刚度矩阵。根据梁的弯曲理论和位移形函数，直接导出宏单元的相容一致质量矩阵，这两个矩阵可用于这类结构在各工况下的结构特性分析。最后给出了一个数值分析算例，证明方法的有效性。     

Structural damage detection from transient responses using square-root unscented filtering

Health monitoring of large structures is inherently difficult due to the relatively small number of available sensors/measurements that can be made within budgetary constraints. To accurately detect the presence of damage in a structure requires a reliable model, or at least a good representation of the structure prior to damage. Approaches to detecting and localizing damage are predominantly based on either frequency changes or transient responses. Transient or closed-loop responses are available more readily during operation and appear to be more suitable for online damage detection than approaches based on frequency changes. In order to detect damage in a large structure, the structural characteristics such as mass matrices and stiffness matrices need to be estimated. This paper utilizes an implementation of the unscented Kalman filter in square-root form to estimate changes to the system mass/stiffness. The damage detection problem is solved online by updating the structural parameter estimates using a limited amount of measurement data. Example results are presented for spring–mass, beam and truss structures where the only measurements are accelerometer data from a limited number of nodes. The numerical results show that the approach is capable of detecting changes in the structure from the outputs online.     

Structural design and static analysis of a double-ring deployable truss for mesh antennas

This paper addresses the structural design, the deployment control design, the static analysis and the model testing of a new double-ring deployable truss that is intended for large mesh antennas. This deployable truss is a multi-DOF (degree-of-freedom), over-constrained mechanism. Two kinds of deployable basic elements were introduced, as well as a process to synthesise the structure of the deployable truss. The geometric equations were formulated to determine the length of each strut, including the effects of the joint size. A DOF evaluation showed that the mechanism requires two active cables and requires deployment control. An open-loop control system was designed to control the rotational velocities of two motors. The structural stiffness of the truss was assessed by static analysis that considered the effects of the constraint condition and the pre-stress of the passive cables. A 4.2-metre demonstration model of an antenna was designed and fabricated. The geometry and the deployment behaviour of the double-ring truss were validated by the experiments using this model.     

Dynamics and control of variable-geometry truss structures

Variable-geometry truss structures are likely to be used extensively in the future for in-orbit space construction. This paper considers dynamics formulation and vibration control of such structures. The truss system is modelled as a collection of sub-structures consisting of truss booms, prismatic actuator elements, and in some cases a manipulator at the end. Each truss boom is treated as a separate ‘link’ and its flexibility is modelled using the finite element method. Equations of motion for individual sub-structures are obtained which are then assembled. The non-working constraint forces are eliminated to obtain the equations governing the constrained dynamics of the entire system. For vibration control, the singular perturbation method is employed to construct two reduced-order models, for quasi-static motion and for modal co-ordinates, respectively. Computed torque with PD control is applied to maintain the quasi-static motion, while an optimal LQR method is used for vibration control. Typical simulation results are presented for the planar case.     

FASTMast伸展机构屈曲模式的理论分析与试验

针对空间站盘绞式（FASTMast）伸展机构在轨工作的承载与变形特点,从理论角度对以伸展机构后屈曲柔性条作为弹性支承的屈曲模式进行了分析。结果表明：在后屈曲柔性条达到临界刚度之前,伸展机构屈曲模式表现为肘关节运动,与伸展机构对角拉索无关;达到临界刚度之后,屈曲模式表现为欧拉屈曲,而后屈曲柔性条的刚度与其截面惯性矩成正比。通过与试验结果的对比,验证了理论分析的正确性,同时也为其它同类机构的设计和试验提供了参考依据。     

双层环形可展开天线机构构型优选及结构设计

提出可构成双层环形桁架式可展开天线机构的可展开单元需满足的条件,设计出一种轻量化、高刚度曲柄滑块式可展开单元。建立单元特性综合评价指标,对7种可展开单元进行单元特性评价及优选。对优选出的可展单元的结构尺寸进行优化设计,获得了优化设计参数。设计了20m的大口径双层环形桁架式可展开天线机构,研制含弹性铰链的单层环形桁架式可展开天线机构与双层单元机构原理样机,对两种样机的展开功能和重复展开精度进行测试,验证了提出的可展开机构单元及大口径天线机构设计的正确性和可行性。