Sensitivity Analysis of Finite-Lag Receivers

This paper presents the sensitivity analysis of a class of receivers called finite-lag receivers, introduced by the authors in [1] through [3]. Since these receivers are based on the use of fixed-lag smoothing techniques, algorithms for the calculation of large-scale and small-scale sensitivities of fixed-lag smoothing are derived using a state augmentation approach. Steady-state analysis of these algorithms shows that an explicit relation can be obtained between sensitivity coefficients of fixed-lag smoothing and filtering. The specific case of sensitivity to variations in the measurement (channel) noise is considered as an example. These results are applied to study the sensitivity performance of the finite-lag receivers for analog communication. It is shown, for example, that finite-lag receivers for AM signals, besides being superior in performance [1]-[3], [11], in terms of output SNR or error variance, are also much less sensitive to the additive noise power level, compared to zero-lag receivers.     

基于子结构法的大型结构数值敏度计算技术

针对大型结构直接精确敏度分析方法解方程规模大、求解时间长的问题,发展一套基于有限元子结构法的处理技术。大型结构中,数值敏度计算的伪载荷仅与涉及设计变量的结构单元有关,因此存在大量零元的可能性。根据此特点通过节点重排将与设计变量有关的节点位移排到总位移列阵序的后面,按重排后的顺序投放刚度矩阵,然后对其进行区域分块,并聚缩得到规模较小的矩阵。算例计算表明:利用此矩阵求解结构位移场的导数,不但保持了精确法的精度,而且在优化设计的敏度计算中,这些较小规模的数据又被多次使用,从而显著提高计算效率。     

航空齿轮的结构动态设计

针对航空齿轮壁薄、质轻、动态性能差的特点,提出了一种用有限元进行理论计算,摄动理论进行结构灵敏度分析及参数动力修改的结构动态设计方法及过程。整个过程均在微机上进行。     

固体火箭发动机固有频率灵敏度特性的初步研究

本文运用固有频率灵敏度分析方法,把长细比较大发动机简化为梁模型,推导出其固有频率灵敏度计算公式;对于长细比较小发动机必需采用有限元模型,本文采用简化方法,进行固有频率灵敏度分析,并归纳出两种发动机的灵敏度特性.     

含CL-20的改性双基推进剂的机械感度

1引言为实现固体推进剂高能化,各国均在大力开展HEDM(高能量密度材料)的开发和应用研究[1~3]。在已合成的众多高能量密度材料中,CL-20(六硝基六氮杂异戊兹烷,又称HNIW)以较高的密度比冲、优异的燃烧性能等特征,备受青睐。因此,近些年各国对CL-20单体的合成、表征、热性能、安全     

流管实验装置传声器阵列的校准方法

发展了一种应用于流管实验装置的现场传声器阵列校准方法.该方法利用两支标准传声器的测量结果计算管内声场,然后比对待校准传声器的测量信号得到其灵敏度.与传统校准方法相比,该方法具有实时快速、能提供相位校准等优点.在流管装置上进行实验,用模态匹配方法对校准结果进行校核,显示该校准方法得到的声压与计算结果吻合得更好.使用本方法,利用高精度传声器对低精度传声器进行校准并应用,可有效降低测量实验成本.      

中短程客机总体参数敏感性分析

 总体参数敏感性分析是确定客机总体参数的主要依据之一。以中短程客机作为背景机型,在开发了客机总体设计综合分析程序的基础上,首先应用优化方法确定出初步的总体参数,然后以此参数为基准点,着重分析总体参数对客机性能的影响,包括:机翼面积对质量和直接运营成本(DOC)的影响;组合参数(机翼面积与展弦比、机翼面积与后掠角)对质量的影响;发动机推力和机翼小翼的选装对起降性能和设计燃油质量的影响;组合参数(机翼面积与襟翼类型)对起降性能的影响;机身加长对起降性能和设计燃油质量的影响。最后将总体参数敏感性分析的结果以趋势图和地毯图的形式给出,可直观地洞察总体参数对性能指标的影响,为总体参数的调整和最终确定提供依据。     

小失效概率情况下的全局可靠性灵敏度分析的高效方法

针对目前很多算法都无法准确、高效地计算小失效概率（10^-4,甚至更小）情况下的全局可靠性灵敏度问题,本文提出了一种高效求解小失效概率情况下的全局可靠性灵敏度新算法。所提算法通过扩大标准差构造重要抽样密度函数来进行空间分割（SP）,再与无迹变换（UT）结合,利用函数在分割后的子空间内非线性程度的降低和无迹变换方法可以高效计算低非线性程度函数的前二阶矩,来高效准确地计算小失效概率情况下的全局可靠性灵敏度。所提算法的优点有：重要抽样密度函数的选择可以使得空间分割时向重要区域偏移,并且在分割区域内功能函数的复杂性被降低,从而可以利用无迹变换方法高效计算失效概率,进而高效求得全局可靠性灵敏度。与已有的算法相比,算例说明了本文所提方法的优势。     

Konus-W gamma-ray burst experiment for the GGS Wind spacecraft

The Konus-W experiment to be flown on board the GGS-Wind spacecraft is designed to observe gamma-ray bursts and solar flares with moderate spectral and high time resolution. Two large scintillators are used to provide omnidirectional sensitivity. The primary scientific objectives are the study of the continuum energy spectra and spectral features of these events in the energy range of 10 keV to 10 MeV, as well as their time histories in soft, medium, and hard energy bands, with a time resolution to 2 ms.     

结构可靠性灵敏度因子的新标准化指标

鉴于以往可靠性灵敏度在不同算法下数值差异性较大,可靠性灵敏度数值仅能进行简单的重要性排序,数值本身难以反映出基本变量对输出不确定性的影响程度,提出了标准化灵敏度因子及标准化灵敏度因子向量。据此,其分量不仅反映了基本变量对输出不确定性的影响,还袁征了此变量在全部变量中对输出不确定性的重要性程度,在数值上具有明确的物理意义,进一步在线性机构条件下推导出标准化灵敏度因子的具体求解公式。经数值算例分析,算法简单易行,运算量小,计算效率高。     

An optical angle of attack sensor

A major source of transonic and supersonic wind-tunnel test data uncertainty are angle-of-attack-measurement errors caused by unknown sting and balance deflections under load. Since dynamic loads in pressurized or cryogenic wind tunnels generally exceed those in conventional low-speed atmospheric wind tunnels, the need to account for these distortions during model testing is even more acute. A novel laser-based instrument for the in-situ measurement of wind-tunnel-model angle of attack that enables continuous, time-dependent measurements to be made without signal dropout is described. Proof-of-concept experiments, along with the results of recent measurements conducted at the NASA Ames 9-ft×7-ft supersonic wind tunnel, are presented. Experiments were also conducted to determine the reliable range, sensitivity, and long-term stability of the instrument. The results show that 0.01° sensitivity can be achieved and that optical and detector packaging requirements are less stringent than those for current tilt-sensor or accelerometer model installations     

Multipath Fluctuation Effects in Track-While-Scan Radar

A theoretical model of diffuse multipath reflections from rough surfaces is applied to the prediction of multipath power distribu tions in radar coordinates: elevation angle, time delay, and Dop pler frequency. These distributions are used to predict radar tracking errors in elevation angle, for both monopulse and scan ning antenna systems, and typical results are presented. These show a small increase in tracking error for scanning systems, on radially approaching targets, caused by sensitivity of these trackers to amplitude scintillation of the composite direct-plus multipath signal. Effects of knife-edge diffraction and of vegetation ion are briefly considered.     

Carrier-wave interference to Loran-C: a statistical evaluation

Loran-C is a pulsed, hyperbolic radio aid for long-range marine, air, and land navigation. The worldwide expansion of Loran-C, especially in Europe, has focused attention on carrier-wave interference to the system. The effects of a multiplicity of carrier-wave interferers (CWIs) on receiver timing measurement accuracy are considered. Both the phase tracking and the cycle-selection performance of receivers are quantified in terms of the probabilities that they will operate correctly within the arbitrarily set error limits. Characteristic functions (CFs) are used to compute these probabilities. Analyses and results are presented for typical situations. The relative sensitivity of the phase tracking and cycle-selection functions to interfering signals are discussed     

Sensitivity of Low Frequency Oscillations to Updated Solar Models

A large number of acoustic frequencies have already been detected, leading to a "seismic" model of the Sun rather close to the actual standard solar models. The core however is not yet well constrained by these observations and frequencies of low degree, low frequency modes which penetrate deeply into the solar core are needed. We present here a study on the sensitivity of low degree low frequency (50 - 900 μHz) modes to the structure of the solar interior, in order to help their detection and identification in the low frequency spectrum observed by SoHO experiments like VIRGO and GOLF. The frequencies of p and g modes have been computed for a set of solar models with updated physics (Morel et al., 1997). We analyze their sensitivity to solar parameters like age and metallicity, and to various physical processes, like convective core overshoot and mass loss during the beginning of solar evolution. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Netted radar sensing

Future radar applications are beginning to stretch monostatic radar systems beyond their fundamental sensitivity and information limits. Networks of smaller radar systems can offer a route to overcome these limitations; for example, networks of radar sensors can counter stealth technology whilst simultaneously providing additional information for improved target classification. More generally, multiple independent sensors can provide an energetically more efficient collector of radar scatter. The relative merits of non-coherent and coherent networks are introduced and the balance between increased performance, complexity, and cost is discussed.     

Sensitivity Analysis for Safety Design Verification of General Aviation Reciprocating Aircraft Engine

This paper presents an application of global sensitivity analysis for system safety analysis of reciprocating aircraft engine. Compared with local sensitivity analysis results, global sensitivity analysis could provide more information on parameter interactions, which are significant in complex system safety analysis. First, a deterministic aviation reciprocating engine thermodynamics model is developed and parameters of interest are defined as random variables. Then, samples are generated by Monte Carlo method for the parameters used in engine model on the basis of definition of factor distribution. Eventually, results from engine model are generated and importance indices are calculated. Based on the analysis results, design is improved to satisfy the airworthiness requirements. The results reveal that by using global sensitivity analysis, the parameters could be ranked with respect to their importance, including first order indices and total sensitivity indices. By reducing the uncertainty of parameters and adjusting the range of inputs, safety criteria would be satisfied.     

模糊随机可靠性灵敏度分析方法

 依据模糊随机可靠性灵敏度的基本概念,提出了模糊随机可靠性灵敏度分析的通用数字模拟法,推导了模糊随机可靠性灵敏度数字模拟解的方差和变异系数的计算公式。当模糊变量的隶属函数为正态型时,可以将模糊随机可靠性灵敏度转化为随机可靠性灵敏度,并利用复合函数求导法则求解模糊随机失效概率对正态型隶属函数分布参数的灵敏度。对于工程中常用的对称三角型隶属函数,提出了两种近似等价正态化变换基础上的模糊随机可靠性灵敏度分析方法,这两种将对称三角型隶属函数近似等价为正态型的方法分别是“3σ规则”法和“最大最小”法。算例结果表明：由于“最大最小”法比“3σ规则”法所得的等价正态隶属函数能在形状上更好地近似对称三角型隶属函数,因而“最大最小”变换法更适用于对称三角型隶属函数情况下模糊随机可靠性灵敏度的近似计算。     

Sensitivity Functions for Linear Discrete Systems with Applications

z-transform techniques are employed to establish general symmetry and simultaneity properties of the first sensitivity functions of the phase-canonical form of single-input, nth-order, linear, constant, discrete-time, controllable systems. It is demonstrated that computation of the first sensitivity function requires one nth-order model in addition to the system model. This simultaneity property is extended to arbitrary single-input, nth-order, linear, constant, discrete systems. In complete analogy with results presented for continuous systems, symmetry and simultaneity properties may be established for the computation of the /th sensitivity function begin{equation*}^{l}beta^{y} triangleq frac{partial^{l}y_{i}}{partialalpha_{Jl}partialalpha_{Jl-1}cdotspartialalpha_{J2}partialalpha_{J1}}|_{alpha=alpha_{0}} {rm for} substack{i = 1,2,ldots,n\ J_{k} = 1,2,ldots,n\ k = 1,2,ldots,l.}end{equation*} Extension of these results to multi-input systems is also mentioned. The usefulness of the simultaneity property is illustrated by applying the results to the design of a low-sensitivity optimal control law.     

Range Contamination and Its Effect on Measurements

Increased sensitivity and dynamic range of the instrumental techniques used in conjunction with experiments on ballistic ranges have brought to the fore many problems arising from contamination in the ranges themselves. This is seldom discussed when experimental results are presented but is frequently the controlling limitation on the accuracy of the measurements. The authors discuss contamination due to dirt and debris resultant from gun operation, gaseous impurities, and projectile-borne impurities as they have occurred at the Re-entry Simulating Range of Lincoln Laboratory. The effects of these contaminants on measurements are discussed and illustrated, and measures for controlling them are outlined. Finally, a particular range operation is described from the standpoint of impurity control.     

X-ray emission from cataclysmic variables

EXOSAT results on cataclysmic variables are reviewed. The long continuous X-ray observations afforded by this observatory, coupled with the sensitivity of its instruments to medium energy and very low energy X-rays, have enabled the rotational and orbital X-ray light curves of these stars to be measured in unprecedented detail. Examples are given of data on synchronously and asynchronously rotating magnetic systems, and on disc accreting stars. The impact of the new observations on our understanding of cataclysmic variables is discussed.