共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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月球表面的辐射剂量是影响航天员安全和月表驻留时间的重要参数,通过对月表的粒子辐射测量可以为航天员的辐射安全防护提供重要依据.利用嫦娥四号着陆器上搭载的月表中子与辐射剂量探测仪二年的观测数据得到:月表粒子辐射在硅中的平均总吸收剂量率为12.66±0.45μGy·h-1,中性粒子吸收剂量率为2.67±0.16μGy·h-1.辐射剂量率随时间出现缓慢的下降,LET谱的变化则很小.同时观测到了2020年12月太阳活动末期由于银河宇宙线福布斯下降导致的辐射剂量率降低. 相似文献
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Jonathan G. Metts 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012,49(1):204-212
Thermal control of a space suit during extravehicular activity (EVA) is typically accomplished by sublimating water to provide system cooling. Spacecraft, on the other hand, primarily rely on radiators to dissipate heat. Integrating a radiator into a space suit has been proposed as an alternative design that does not require mass consumption for heat transfer. While providing cooling without water loss offers potential benefits for EVA application, it is not currently practical to rely on a directional, fixed-emissivity radiator to maintain thermal equilibrium of a spacesuit where the radiator orientation, environmental temperature, and crew member metabolic heat load fluctuate unpredictably. One approach that might make this feasible, however, is the use of electrochromic devices that are capable of infrared emissivity modulation and can be actively controlled across the entire suit surface to regulate net heat flux for the system. Integrating these devices onto the irregular, compliant space suit material requires that they be fabricated on a flexible substrate, such as Kapton film. An initial assessment of whether or not this candidate technology presents a feasible design option was conducted by first characterizing the mass of water loss from sublimation that could theoretically be saved if an electrochromic suit radiator was employed for thermal control. This is particularly important for lunar surface exploration, where the expense of transporting water from Earth is excessive, but the technology is potentially beneficial for other space missions as well. In order to define a baseline for this analysis by comparison to actual data, historical documents from the Apollo missions were mined for comprehensive, detailed metabolic data from each lunar surface outing, and related data from NASA’s more recent “Advanced Lunar Walkback” tests were also analyzed. This metabolic database was then used to validate estimates for sublimator water consumption during surface EVAs, and solar elevation angles were added to predict the performance of an electrochromic space suit radiator under Apollo conditions. Then, using these actual data sets, the hypothetical water mass savings that would be expected had this technology been employed were calculated. The results indicate that electrochromic suit radiators would have reduced sublimator water consumption by 69.0% across the entire Apollo program, for a total mass savings of 68.5 kg to the lunar surface. Further analysis is needed to determine the net impact as a function of the complete system, taking into account both suit components and consumable mass, but the water mass reduction found in this study suggests a favorable system trade is likely. 相似文献
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准确的月球表面温度分布模型对于开展月球探测具有重要意义. 目前有关月球表面温 度模型还缺乏对完整月球表面温度分布的计算方法研究. 本文建立了一套计算完整月球表面温度的方法, 其中月球阳面温度采用Racca模型直接计算得到; 对于月球阴面, 将其沿纬度方向划分为若干区域, 每个区域的地表土壤采用一维非稳态热传导模型, 根据嫦娥三号着陆器太阳电池阵在轨环月阶段的温度数据, 修正得到月球表面土壤导热系数、密度及比热容, 通过数值计算求解一维非稳态热传导方程, 得出任意时刻月球阴面表面温度随时间的变化. 嫦娥三号着陆器太阳电池阵环月阶段热分析结果与在轨温度符合较好, 初步说明本文建立的完整月球表面温度计算方法正确可行. 基于本文方法计算得到整个月球表面温度分布, 进一步研究了极月轨道太阳电池阵外热流变化规律. 相似文献
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Michael R. Collier William M. Farrell Timothy J. Stubbs 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
An analytic model for the motion of a positively charged lunar dust grain in the presence of a shadowed crater at a negative potential in vacuum is presented. It is shown that the dust grain executes oscillatory trajectories, and an expression is derived for the period of oscillation. Simulations used to verify the analytic expression also show that because the trajectories are unstable, dust grains are either ejected from the crater’s vicinity or deposited into the crater forming “dust ponds.” The model also applies to other airless bodies in the solar system, such as asteroids, and predicts that under certain conditions, particularly near lunar sunset, oscillating dust “canopies” or “swarms” will form over negatively charged craters. 相似文献
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S.B. Rakesh Chandran G. Renuka Chandu Venugopal 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
The Moon is immersed in plasma environment. The most interesting challenge of the lunar plasma– field environment is that it is alternatively dominated by the extended but variable outer atmosphere of the Earth – the magnetosphere – and by the extended but highly variable solar atmosphere – the solar wind. Understanding the plasma environment and its interaction with the lunar surface will be beneficial to both manned and robotic surface exploration activities and to scientific investigations. Presented is a preliminary map of variations of lunar surface electric potential over the day side and night side using probe equations and a discussion on dust dynamics in this E-field structure using the data from Electron Reflectometer in Lunar Prospector spacecraft during 1998–1999. On the day side, potential is around 5 V and on the night side it reaches up to −82 V. On the night side region, only highly energetic electrons can overcome this large negative potential. The variation at electron temperature (Te) strongly reflects in the surface potential. The potential reaches to a value of −82 V for Te = 58 eV. Surface charging causes the electrostatic transport of charged dust grains. Dust grain size of 0.1 μm shows a levitation height of 4.92 m on lunar day side, 748 m on terminator region and 3.7 km on the night side. The radius of maximum sized grain to be lofted, Rmax, peaks at the terminator region (Rmax = 0.83 μm). At the transition region dust levitation is almost absent. This region is most suited for exploration activities as the region is free from hazards caused by lunar dust. 相似文献
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Study of complex dielectric properties of lunar simulants and comparison with Apollo samples at microwave frequencies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Om Prakash Narayan Calla Inder Singh Rathore 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
Laboratory characterization of dielectric properties of terrestrial analogues of lunar soil (JSC-1A) and comparison with lunar samples returned from various Apollo missions is made at different as well as normalized bulk density. Here measurements of dielectric constants and losses were made at four microwave frequencies such as 1.7 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 6.6 GHz and 31.6 GHz. Complex permittivity of lunar simulant was measured at temperature ranging from −190 °C to + 200 °C using Wave-Guide cell method. Comparison of permittivity of JSC-1A with Apollo sample also has been done at similar microwave frequencies. The investigations reveal that dielectric constant and loss factor of terrestrial analogues of lunar soil are temperature dependent. As temperature is gradually increased both these parameter (storage factor and loss factor) also gradually increases. These temperatures were chosen because the Moon undergoes at that extremes level of temperature. It is scorching heat at 110 °C during the day and freezing cold at −180 °C during night. The measured value of ε can be useful for designing passive as well as active sensors. 相似文献
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C.J. Merchant D. Llewellyn-Jones R.W. Saunders N.A. Rayner E.C. Kent C.P. Old D. Berry A.R. Birks T. Blackmore G.K. Corlett O. Embury V.L. Jay J. Kennedy C.T. Mutlow T.J. Nightingale A.G. O’Carroll M.J. Pritchard J.J. Remedios S. Tett 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(1):1-11
We describe the approach to be adopted for a major new initiative to derive a homogeneous record of sea surface temperature for 1991–2007 from the observations of the series of three along-track scanning radiometers (ATSRs). This initiative is called (A)RC: (Advanced) ATSR Re-analysis for Climate. The main objectives are to reduce regional biases in retrieved sea surface temperature (SST) to less than 0.1 K for all global oceans, while creating a very homogenous record that is stable in time to within 0.05 K decade−1, with maximum independence of the record from existing analyses of SST used in climate change research. If these stringent targets are achieved, this record will enable significantly improved estimates of surface temperature trends and variability of sufficient quality to advance questions of climate change attribution, climate sensitivity and historical reconstruction of surface temperature changes. The approach includes development of new, consistent estimators for SST for each of the ATSRs, and detailed analysis of overlap periods. Novel aspects of the approach include generation of multiple versions of the record using alternative channel sets and cloud detection techniques, to assess for the first time the effect of such choices. There will be extensive effort in quality control, validation and analysis of the impact on climate SST data sets. Evidence for the plausibility of the 0.1 K target for systematic error is reviewed, as is the need for alternative cloud screening methods in this context. 相似文献
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中国月球探测面临新发展态势,给月球探测任务的规划论证、总体设计、系统研制和在轨探测等提出了更高要求,当前基于模型的系统工程、并行工程等新方法及新手段受到广泛关注。本文从MBSE(基于模型的系统工程)流程、方法、工具及应用层面对MBSE的现状进行研究,分析其发展趋势。结合中国探月工程任务需求和面临的挑战,设计中国探月工程基于模型的并行协同论证框架,论述了基于依赖图的跨专业、层级、地域的模型一致性维护和基于OSLC(面向生命周期协作的开放服务)的一体化协同论证环境构建等技术方案。通过国际月球科研站的论证设计开展初步应用验证,实现多岗位角色的协同论证,为探月工程全面推进基于模型的系统工程实施提供参考。 相似文献
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嫦娥三号巡视器是中国首个地外天体表面巡视探测器, 其制导、导航及控制 (GNC)技术与地球卫星等航天器完全不同. 探测器实现月表巡视探测需要在地 外天体表面确定自身位置、航向及姿态, 识别周围地形环境并寻找安全路径, 控制巡视器沿规划路径安全行驶等. 本文针对嫦娥三号巡视器月面巡视对GNC系统的 任务要求及工作性能, 对月面自主导航定姿定位、协调运动控制、环境感知、 路径规划、激光探测避障以及地面试验等重要技术环节进行了分析, 研究月面制 导、导航与控制特性并进行实验验证, 进而对巡视器GNC技术进行了模拟仿真. 相似文献
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月尘的静电悬浮和迁移是Apollo时期留下的最有争议的问题之一. 其既是研 究月球表面物质演化历史的重要线索, 也是探月工程必须考虑的重要因素. 月尘在月表环境下易因电子附着、光电效应、二次电子发射等过程带电, 并 在月球全球性静电场作用下发生迁移运动. 但目前对月尘静电迁移过程的认 识还不全面, 其主要原因在于对月尘静电特性的了解不够准确, 对静电迁移 过程的地面模拟不够充分以及对月球尘埃环境的探测较为缺乏. 未来需进一 步开展模拟月尘的研制, 月尘静电特性的分析, 静电迁移过程模拟以及尘埃 环境的探测等工作. 相似文献
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由于月面温度环境变化幅度较大,月面载荷需要通过被动热控装置有效控制其与外部环境的换热量,使其本体温度维持在工作或储存温度范围内。文章分析了月面载荷与外部空间环境换热方式;论述了低当量发射率多层隔热组件设计与结构组成;讨论了月面载荷最外表面辐射屏ε和αs特殊设计及对其表面辐射平衡温度影响;指出利用月壤恒温层及其特性,展开式外多层隔热组件可以在载荷所在月面处形成一个温度相对稳定的月面小环境,其平均温度与当地月壤恒温层温度相当。 相似文献
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R. Hollmann R.W. Mueller A. Gratzki 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2006,37(12):2166-II
In the phase of redefinition of the EUMETSAT ground segment seven so called Satellite Application Facilities (SAF) each of them serving dedicated user groups have been established in Europe. The SAF on climate monitoring (CM-SAF) will deliver a comprehensive set of climate variables, including from different cloud products, radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere, surface radiation budget and tropospheric humidity. A consistent dataset of cloud and radiation products in a high spatial resolution on a uniform grid is derived. The CM-SAF is a joint project of the German Meteorological Service, EUMETSAT and five other European Meteorological Services. It is dedicated to produce climate datasets using data from instruments onboard of METEOSAT Second Generation and polar orbiting satellites NOAA and METOP. After the development phase, the CM-SAF has started its initial operational phase in the end of 2003. In this context, the algorithms have been implemented at the processing centres and the processing of satellite data from the polar orbiting satellites of NOAA has commenced. This paper gives an overview of the first products of surface radiative fluxes and their validation with selected surface sites. 相似文献
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“嫦娥三号暠月面探测器上安装的地形地貌相机工作时直接暴露在月面高温环境下,受月表红外辐射影响很大,给热控设计带来很大难题。为解决设备工作时的高温问题,在外热流分析的基础上提出了以“最佳散热位置暠为核心的热控方案,设备处于“最佳散热位置暠时能够获得较好的初始温度和最快的降温速率;另外通过把散热面布置在月表红外辐射热流最小的位置并在除散热面以外的其他表面包覆多层隔热组件这两个措施,可以最大程度减小月表红外辐射的影响。地形地貌相机在轨开机工作前的各飞行阶段遥测数据均满足存储温度指标要求并且有较大余量;开机工作环拍一周的遥测数据满足工作温度指标要求并且与热分析结果符合较好,初始温度与遥测温度数据偏差为-1灡7曟,温升速率和降温速率偏差分别为14灡9%和16灡9%。这表明该热控方案正确可行,可为后续中国深空探测类似热控问题参考。 相似文献
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提出了一种原位探测月表电场的新技术及相应计算方法, 以满足探测南极月面电场环境特性的需求. 根据仿真结果, 月表电场精细测量需要低能散、高电流的平行电子束发射能力, 设计的低能层流电子枪在10–8~10–5 A的发射电流下, 能散<0.4 eV, 且随发射电流减弱而降低; 通过控制发射电流、调整阳极孔径, 可对电流进行调控; 采用pierce电子枪的阴阳极结构和静电透镜对电子束的平行度进行进一步控制, 仿真显示10–7 A电子束的扩散效果较弱, 各方面性能符合探测需求. 此外, 构建通过电子束返回时间测量垂直电场的探测方式, 模拟验证月表光照区向上发射电子束时相应的电场计算结果可反映背景电场, 返回电子式月表电场探测技术达到了执行月表电场测量所需的要求. 相似文献
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伴随着中国月球探测计划的进展, 特别是载人登月计划的实施, 建设综合性的月球科研基地已成为正在设计和即将实施的国家规划. 为了充分发挥月球科研基地的作用, 针对月基对地观测特点和潜在应用展开分析. 根据月球轨道的独特视角, 从地球系统科学、可持续发展、空间物理和空间环境监测等方面讨论多个相关需求和潜在的研究方向. 这些需求和研究方向能够为无人或载人月球科研基地的设计, 以及制定未来发展规划提供必要参考. 同时, 这些思考和建议也为地球系统科学研究提供了新的研究视角. 相似文献
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《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2020,65(8):1922-1940
Time-varying spherical harmonic coefficients determined from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data provide a valuable source of information about the water mass exchange that is the main contributor to the Earth’s gravity field changes within a period of less than several hundred years. Moreover, by measuring seawater temperature and salinity at different layers of ocean depth, Argo floats help to measure the steric component of global mean sea level (GMSL). In this study, we quantify the rate of barystatic sea-level change using both GRACE RL05 and RL06 monthly gravity field models and compare the results with estimates achieved from a GMSL budget closure approach. Our satellite altimetry-based results show a trend of 3.90 ± 0.14 mm yr−1 for the GMSL rise. About 35% or 1.29 ± 0.07 mm yr−1 of this rate is caused by the thermosteric contribution, while the remainder is mainly due to the barystatic contribution. Our results confirm that the choice of decorrelation filters does not play a significant role in quantifying the global barystatic sea-level change, and spatial filtering may not be needed. GRACE RL05 and RL06 solutions result in the barystatic sea-level change trends of 2.19 ± 0.13 mm yr−1 and 2.25 ± 0.16 mm yr−1, respectively. Accordingly, the residual trend, defined as the difference between the altimetry-derived GMSL and sum of the steric and barystatic components, amounts to 0.51 ± 0.51 and 0.45 ± 0.44 mm yr−1 for RL05 and RL06-based barystatic sea-level changes, respectively, over January 2005 to December 2016. The exclusion of the halosteric component results in a lower residual trend of about 0.36 ± 0.46 mm yr−1 over the same period, which suggests a sea-level budget closed within the uncertainty. This could be a confirmation on a high level of salinity bias particularly after about 2015. Moreover, considering the assumption that the GRACE-based barystatic component includes all mass change signals, the rather large residual trend could be attributed to an additional contribution from the deep ocean, where salinity and temperature cannot be monitored by the current observing systems. The errors from various sources, including the model-based Glacial Isostatic Adjustment signal, independent estimation of geocenter motion that are not quantified in the GRACE solutions, as well as the uncertainty of the second degree of zonal spherical harmonic coefficients, are other possible contributors to the residual trend. 相似文献
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目前,月面复杂场景下的无人车自主导航仍面临巨大挑战,研究面向月面非结构化环境的自主导航方法具有重要意义。提出了一种基于地形约束的非结构化环境下的自主导航方法,采用一种基于八叉树地图的高效路径搜索和轨迹优化算法来生成轨迹,该算法可以有效地避开环境中的各种障碍物,到达指定的目的地。在Gazebo中进行了仿真实验,结果表明所提方法在无地图导航任务中取得了优异的性能。考虑到Gazebo在人机交互方面存在不足,进一步采用Windows中的Unity进行人机交互。在ROS与Windows交互方式上,设计了基于rosserial_serve的TCP连接,并采用Visual Studio解决方案生成Win32控制台应用程序,通过IO流读写本地文件的方式,完成目标点等信息的交互;同时结合PhysX物理引擎与人机交互的方式,提供了再现车辆在月面位姿、设置危险区域与规划路径点的功能,完成了基于Unity的寻路场景重现。 相似文献
19.
向月球飞行轨道的若干特性研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用圆锥曲线拼接技术,研究从地球圆形停泊轨道飞向月球的轨道及月球卫星轨道的轨道特性.当地月转移轨道平面与月球轨道平面共面时,月心轨道和地月转移轨道射入条件的关系可用一组代数方程描述;不共面时,可用一组超越方程迭代求解.数字仿真得到了有益结论. 相似文献
20.
针对可移动非接触式月球表面电位探测器的电位无扰动测量单元对低能远焦电子束的需求,设计了低能远焦电子枪。以平板二极管电子枪为电子源,匹配两个静电聚焦透镜,将电子源引出的发散电子束聚焦为需要的形状,并加速至所需能量。优化电子枪的几何参数以及施加在电极上的电位,电子枪引出的电子束能量在5~500 eV内,并且具有良好的电子光路特性。电子束能量为5 eV时,初始半径r为5 mm,束腰至电子枪出口的距离p约为133 mm。随着能量增加,r逐渐减小至500 eV时的3 mm左右,p逐渐减小至105 mm。电子束经月球表面电场反射被电子收集平极接收,仿真数据和理论分析结果均表明,电子枪的工作距离为400~600 mm,平板接收的电子占发射电子比例在96%以上。电子枪结构质量仅408 g,满足探测器对电子枪的质量需求。 相似文献