Effect of Particular Gain Changes upon LFM Sidelobes

The envelope variation of an LFM waveform due to transmitter droop or receiver STC tends to cause range sidelobes. A parametric analysis of the magnitude of the sidelobes has been performed. It is shown that the sidelobes can be quite high at the matched filter output, but are low at the output of the sidelobe reduction filter. 40-dB sidelobes can be achieved even with a 4-dB envelope droop. It is shown that these results are consistent with conventional paired-echo theory. Similar results are shown to hold for droop variations of the filter transfer function.     

Pulse Compression Results Using Metallic Reflective Array Lines

Radar pulse-compression results are presented for the first reflective-array compressor (RAC) dispersive delay lines (DDL) with both metallic reflecting arrays and phase-compensating films. The time-bandwidth product of the devices reported is approximately 400. Operation in a recirculation loop with a 37.5-dB Taylor weighting filter yielded 36-dB near-in range sidelobes. RMS phase errors less than 0.71 degrees across the band were achieved. Greater than 50-dB rejection of spurious response is achieved in the far-out range gate region. The potential for high-quality cost-effective fabrication of metallic RAC DDL for system applications is explored.     

Mismatched Filtering of Sonar Signals

A replica correlator (matched filter) is an optimum processor for a receiver employing a pulse of continuous wave (CW) signal in a white Gaussian noise background. In an active sonar, however, when the target of interest has low Doppler shift and is embedded in a high reverberation background, this is not so. High sidelobes of the correlator frequency response pass a significant portion of the signal contained in the mainlobe of the reverberation spectrum. In order to reduce the sidelobes of the correlator output spectrum and at the same time keep the increase in its 3 dB bandwidth to a small amount, we propose lengthening of the replica of the transmitted signal and weighting it by a Kaiser window. It is demonstrated that by extending the weighted replica by 50 percent compared with the transmitted signal, it is possible to reduce the sidelobe levels to at least 40 dB below the mainlobe peak, with the concomitant increase of the 3 dB band-width by less than 5 percent. The degradation in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance for such a ?mismatched? filter receiver with respect to the matched filter is less than 1.5 dB.     

Remarks on ?Comments on 'Signal Resolution via Digital Inverse Filtering'?

Published comments on a recent paper criticized the use of inverse filtering as applied to resolution of overlapping radar signal returns. It is shown that an inadequate model of the inverse filter was assumed by the critic, which lead him to predict excessive time sidelobes at the filter output. It is demonstrated, by computer simulation, that the time sidelobes at the output of the true inverse filter are down 30 dB or more.     

Minimum Peak Range Sidelobe Filters for Binary Phase-Coded Waveforms

Linear programming techniques are utilized to determine the optimal filter weights for minimizing the peak range sidelobes of a binary phase-coded waveform. The resulting filter is compared with the filter obtained by use of the least square approximation to the ideal inverse filter. For a test case using the 13-element Barker code the linear programming filter is found to have peak sidelobes as much as 5 dB lower than the least squares filter of the same length.     

Mismatched-filter design for periodic binary phased signals

A mismatched filter design is introduced whereby the receiver filter coefficients are optimized with the property that all sidelobes of the cross-correlation function (CCF) are zero. Some results are given for binary sequences and the associated mismatched filters. For each length N>2 there exist at least one sequence and an associated mismatched filter with an ideal impulselike CCF, which means that there are no sidelobes at all in the receiver output signal     

凝聚式过滤器的开发与设计

着重介绍了凝聚式过滤器的开发、设计及与空气压缩机厂原有产品在性能上是有区别的。新的凝聚式过滤器实现了对压缩空气进行切向进气，用丝网除沫器和精滤芯等代替原有的陶瓷管堆积过滤和毛毡缠绕过滤法。在过滤精度，气流均匀性阻力特性等性能上有一定优势，且成本低、数命长，经济实用。     

Reciprocal radar waveforms

Digitally coded radar waveforms can be used to obtain large time-bandwidth products (pulse compression ratios). It is demonstrated that periodic radar waveforms with zero sidelobes or almost zero sidelobes can be defined. A perfect periodic code is a periodic code whose autocorrelation function has zero sidelobes and whose amplitude is uniform (maximum power efficiency=1). An asymptotically perfect periodic code has the property that as the number of elements in the code goes to infinity the autocorrelation function of the code has zero sidelobes and its power efficiency is one. The authors introduce a class of radar waveforms that are either perfect or asymptotically perfect codes. These are called reciprocal codes because they can be derived through a linear transformation of known codes. The aperiodic performance of the reciprocal code is examined     

Optimum Mismatched Filters for Sidelobe Suppression

This paper discusses the application of least-mean-squares approximate inverse filtering techniques to radar range sidelobe reduction. The method is illustrated by application to the 13-element Barker code. The performance of the least-mean-square inverse filter is compared with the matched filter and with the simplified sidelobereducing filters of Rihaczek and Golden. A filter which completely suppresses the range sidelobes of a 13-element Barker sequence is only 0.2 dB worse than a matched filter in noise.     

Range Sidelobe Suppression for Barker Codes

The utility of Barker-type phase-reversal codes is extended by the use of sidelobe suppression techniques that can be easily implemented in digital form. It is shown that sidelobe suppression techniques can be found where the tapped delay line used to reduce the sidelobes has only a few distinct tap weights, in which case the complexity of the digital processor is greatly reduced. An example is given where the technique is applied to Barker codes with positive sidelobes, specifically, the 13-element Barker code. If higher pulse compression factors are desired than are obtainable with Barker codes, multistage Barker codes may be used. The sidelobes then may be suppressed for any one or all of the different coding stages.     

Detection Performance of Soft-Limited Phase-Coded Signals

General analytic expressions are developed for the soft-limited digital pulse compressor (matched filter). This theoretical development is then used for the hardware realization of a two-channel (I,Q), 3-bit-limited digital pulse compressor with a compression ratio of 255: 1. The realized hardware uses state of the art integrated circuit devices. An experimental laboratory setup is described. This setup is used to study hard-limited versus 3-bit-limited matched-filter performance characteristics with the data in the following areas: 1) constant false alarm rate (CFAR) characteristics as a function of threshold settings and noise levels; 2) single target detection characteristics as a function of input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); and 3) two target performance characteristics: a) the amplitude of a weaker target as a function of target ratio and target overlap; and b) the detection characteristics of a weaker target as a function of weaker target SNR, strong target SNR, and target overlap.     

Group-Complementary Array Coding for Radar Clutter Rejection

A radar waveform design technique which utilizes Lagrange's method of multipliers to control temporal sidelobes and to reduce Doppler sidelobes is described. This classical method of constrained optimization is applied to the problem of synthesizing a radar wave-form where mismatch loss is the objective function to be minimized. The associated constraints are taken from expressions for the composite temporal sidelobes of the cross-correlation response and the peak correlation response where sets of code words are used to modulate a series of radar pulses. The resulting code sets and receiver reference sets are called group-complementary and produce a trench parallel to or on the range axis of the cross-ambiguity surface.     

Doppler Compensation & Single Pulse Imaging using Adaptive Pulse Compression

The effects of target Doppler are addressed in relation to adaptive receive processing for radar pulse compression. To correct for Doppler-induced filter mismatch over a single pulse, the Doppler-compensated adaptive pulse compression (DC-APC) algorithm is presented whereby the respective Doppler shifts for large target returns are jointly estimated with the illuminated range profile and subsequently incorporated into the original APC adaptive receive filter formulation. As a result, the Doppler-mismatch-induced range sidelobes can be suppressed thereby regaining a significant portion of the sensitivity improvement that is possible when applying adaptive pulse compression (APC) without the existence of significant Doppler mismatch. In contrast, instead of compensating for Doppler mismatch, the single pulse imaging (SPI) algorithm generalizes the APC formulation for a bank of Doppler-shifted matched filters thereby producing a sidelobe-suppressed range-Doppler image from the return signal of a single radar pulse which is applicable for targets with substantial variation in Doppler. Both techniques are based on the recently proposed APC algorithm and its generalization, the multistatic adaptive pulse compression (MAPC) algorithm, which have been shown to be effective for the suppression of pulse compression range sidelobes thus dramatically increasing the sensitivity of pulse compression radar.     

基于低雷诺数条件的风扇/增压级气动设计

本文针对低雷诺数工作条件下的某风扇/增压级进行了通流设计、流道结构设计、各叶片排叶片几何设计及三维数值模拟。在完成气动设计循环、确定风扇/增压级流道结构形式和叶片叶型几何造型等根据设计需求进行的工作之后,使用商用软件NUMECA对该风扇/增压级12 km、0.6 Ma飞行条件100%和95%折合转速以及地面标准大气条件86.6%(简称87%)和80%折合转速的特性曲线进行了数值计算。前者用于考察巡航状态性能及流场特征,后者对应于地面起飞的最大状态。就目前设计方案的三维数值模拟结果表明,外函完全达到了设计需求指标的要求,内函除效率外,其它均达到设计要求。     

Adaptive pulse compression via MMSE estimation

Radar pulse compression involves the extraction of an estimate of the range profile illuminated by a radar in the presence of noise. A problem inherent to pulse compression is the masking of small targets by large nearby targets due to the range sidelobes that result from standard matched filtering. This paper presents a new approach based upon a minimum mean-square error (MMSE) formulation in which the pulse compression filter for each individual range cell is adaptively estimated from the received signal in order to mitigate the masking interference resulting from matched filtering in the vicinity of large targets. The proposed method is compared with the standard matched filter and least-squares (LS) estimation and is shown to be superior over a variety of stressing scenarios.     

Optimum Constrained Image Restoration Filters

An optimum image restoration filter is described which minimizes the radius of gyration of the corrected or composite system point-spread function subject to constraints on the radius of gyration of the restoration fitter point-spread function, the total noise power in the restored image, and the shape of the composite system frequency spectrum. The filter function is obtained as the solution to a set of simultaneous differential equations subject to nonlinear integral constraints. Except for an assumption regarding the general shape of noise spectral density, the filter design is data independent. By constraining the radius of gyration of the restoration filter point-spread function, truncation errors resulting from edge effects are controlled. An iterative technique is introduced which virtually eliminates the sidelobes of the composite system point-spread function. The resulting suboptimal restoration filter effectively suppresses undesirable secondary oscillations which may otherwise appear in the composite system point-spread function and introduce "ghosts" in the restored data. A detailed study of the restoration filter performance as a function of its parameter variations is described and a number of examples are provided to demonstrate the fundamental properties of the restoration filter.     

Clutter Suppression by Complex Weighting of Coherent Pulse Trains

Uniform coherent pulse trains offer a practical solution to the problem of designing a radar signal possessing both high range and range-rate resolution. The Doppler sensitivity provides some rejection of off-Doppler (clutter) returns in the matched filter receiver. This paper considers the use of a processor in which members of the received pulse train are selectively weighted in amplitude and phase to improve clutter suppression. The techniques described are particularly suitable for rejecting interference entering the processor through ambiguous responses (range sidelobes) of the signal. The complex weights which are derived are optimum in the sense that they produce the maximum clutter suppression for a given detection efficiency. In determining these weights, it is assumed that the distribution of clutter in range and range rate relative to targets of interest is known. Thus, clutter suppression is achieved by reducing the sidelobe levels in specified regions of the receiver response. These techniques are directly applicable to array antennas; the analogous antenna problem would be to reduce sidelobe levels in a particular sector while preserving gain. Complex weighting is most successful when the clutter is limited in both range and velocity.     

Comments, with reply, on 'A new algorithm to optimize Barker code sidelobe suppression filters' by X.H. Chen and J. Oksman

In the above-titled paper (see ibid., vol.26, no.4, July 1990), the authors presented a simple approach to suppressing Barker code compression sidelobes. It consists of approximating an inverse filter in a finite series of terms with unknown coefficients. The coefficients are then determined by a simplex solution to an appropriate linear programming problem. The commenter indicates the results are correct, but the steps taken contain two errors which, however, compensate for each other. The corrections are given by the authors in their reply.<>     

Poly-phase codes and optimal filters for multiple user ranging

A technique is introduced to select poly-phase codes and optimal filters of a pulse compression system that have specific temporal and frequency characteristics. In the particular problem under study, multiple vehicles are assigned unique codes and receiver filters that have nearly orthogonal signatures. Narrowband users, that act as interference, are also present within the system. A code selection algorithm is used to select codes which have low autocorrelation sidelobes and low cross correlation peaks. Optimal mismatched filters are designed for these codes which minimize the peak values in the autocorrelation and the cross correlation functions. An adjustment to the filter design technique produces filters with nulls in their frequency response, in addition to having low correlation peaks. The method produces good codes and filters for a four-user system with length 34 four-phase codes. There is considerable improvement in cross and autocorrelation sidelobe levels over the matched filter case with only a slight decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the system. The mismatched filter design also allows the design of frequency nulls at any frequency with arbitrary null attenuation, null width, and sidelobe level, at the cost of a slight decrease in processing gain     

箭载SINS快速自对准技术

为适应运载火箭快速发射需求,捷联惯导系统采用自对准技术逐渐取代了复杂的光学瞄准系统。针对初始对准中Kalman滤波器收敛缓慢的问题,提出了基于低通滤波的运载火箭快速自对准方法。该方法基于凝固惯性系自对准算法,采用移动窗双矢量构造方案,实现了自对准实时解算。通过在凝固惯性系间姿态转换矩阵后端引入低通滤波器,降低杆臂效应引起的有害加速度影响,保证自对准精度。该方法不需要进行复杂的Kalman滤波运算,能够快速收敛,工程实现简单。数字仿真和试验数据表明,采用基于低通滤波的凝固惯性系自对准方法可以达到Kalman滤波对准同等级精度的同时缩短对准时间到5min以内,验证了该方法的有效性。