机载MIMO雷达空时自适应杂波对消器

针对机载多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达杂波分布呈现空时耦合特性,提出一种空时自适应杂波对消器.利用机载MIMO雷达的脉冲回波数据,构造杂波对消器的系数矩阵.通过空时自适应杂波对消器的预处理,可以有效地抑制杂波,并通过与常规空时处理算法的级联,最终可以有效提高动目标的检测性能.实现了由传统地基雷达杂波对消器向机载运动平台的推广.仿真结果表明,这种自适应杂波对消器不仅适用于正侧视雷达,对于非正侧视雷达也同样适用.     

Median cascaded canceller for robust adaptive array processing

A median cascaded canceller (MCC) is introduced as a robust multichannel adaptive array processor. Compared with sample matrix inversion (SMI) methods, it is shown to significantly reduce the deleterious effects of impulsive noise spikes (outliers) on convergence performance of metrics; such as (normalized) output residue power and signal to interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). For the case of no outliers, the MCC convergence performance remains commensurate with SMI methods for several practical interference scenarios. It is shown that the MCC offers natural protection against desired signal (target) cancellation when weight training data contains strong target components. In addition, results are shown for a high-fidelity, simulated, barrage jamming and nonhomogenous clutter environment. Here the MCC is used in a space-time adaptive processing (STAP) configuration for airborne radar interference mitigation. Results indicate the MCC produces a marked SINR performance improvement over SMI methods.     

Clutter Residues of a Coherent MTI Radar Receiver

In moving target indicator radar receivers a saturation is always present in the IF stages in order to compress the dynamic range of large clutter inputs. This nonlinearity greatly affects the performances of the cancelling circuits, because of the spreading of the spectra. A quantitative analysis of this effect has been conducted, with an analytical expression chosen for the limitation characteristic. A high degradation of both single-and double-canceller improvement factors has been obtained. Losses of 20 dB for the double canceller are not uncommon. Clutter residue levels at the receiver output have also been computed in order to see how the performance compares with ideal constant false alarm rate behavior.     

基于数字滤波的低频时码秒脉冲抖动平滑方法研究

低频时码授时信号在接收时,由于环境等因素的影响会导致解调得到的低频时码秒脉冲出现抖动。为减小该抖动现象对低频时码定时精度的影响,基于我国低频时码授时系统(BPC),研究并设计基于数字滤波的秒脉冲抖动平滑方法,通过仿真实验,验证分析了最小均方误差(LMS)自适应滤波算法和卡尔曼滤波算法的有效性和抖动平滑性能。结果表明,低频时码秒脉冲的抖动现象可以通过BPC 1PPS (one pulse per second)和本地1PPS之间的相位差波动情况反映;LMS自适应滤波算法和卡尔曼滤波算法对BPC 1PPS的抖动平滑处理均有明显效果,卡尔曼滤波算法的抖动平滑效果更优,但存在一定的收敛时间,LMS自适应滤波算法的滤波结果响应速度快,但抖动平滑性能受滤波器阶数的影响。所以,在实际应用中,应根据实际需求选择合适的滤波器及相关参数。     

Normalized LMS Algorithm Degradation Due to Estimation Noise

The steady-state weight vector derived by either the least mean square (LMS) or normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithms has random deviations from the optimum values. These deviations increase the steady-state residue power. A previous paper derived the LMS weight noise effects for a multiple sidelobe canceller (MSLC) application. This paper describes the NLMS weight noise effects. It is shown that for a thermal noise environment, the weight noise effect for the LMS algorithm is insignificant but is quite significant for the NLMS algorithm. Calculations for example noise plus interference environments imply that the NLMS weight noise effects are always larger than that for LMS.     

A Self Bit Synchronizer Matched to the Signal Shape

A suboptimum self bit synchronizer is considered that matches the signal shape, i. e., operates making a clever use of the knowledge of the signaling waveform. The noise performance of this system is analyzed for high signal-to-noise ratios, and an expression is obtained for the variance of the timing errors. This variance is compared with that of systems proposed by other authors on the basis of equal closed-loop noise bandwidth and equal signal shape. It is found that the use of this matched synchronizer enables appreciable timing jitter reductions.     

Bit Synchronization for Phase-Noncoherent Reception of Binary FSK Signals

The optimum (maximum likelihood criterion) bit synchronizer for phase-noncoherent reception of binary FSK signals is found and a suboptimum implementation of it is derived. The performance of this circuit is analyzed in the presence of thermal noise, and the expression of the timing jitter variance is obtained in the case of relatively large signal-to-noise ratios.     

异地遥测对接可行性探究

针对现有飞行器测控系统遥测对接试验周期长、效率低的不足,提出一种异地遥测对接方法.通过构建异地遥测对接系统结构,得到异地遥测对接信号链路模型.基于系统时钟抖动的频率、相位和采样时间表达形式,对异地遥测对接链路中的信号进行了具体推导.在此基础上,从频率和相位2个方面,定量分析了系统时钟抖动对异地遥测对接信号相参性的影响.分析结果表明：对于Ka频段信号,当应答机端异地遥测对接系统的时钟短期频率稳定度优于1×10^-11时,异地遥测对接系统引入的频率抖动△f≤0.6 Hz,相位抖动△φ≤0.075 rad,可认为异地遥测对接信号的相参性不受影响,异地遥测对接可行.     

Threshold Control for Automatic Detection in Radar Systems

In automatic detection in radar systems an estimate of background clutter power is used to set the detection threshold. Usually detection cells surrounding the cell under test for the presence of a target are used to estimate the clutter power. In the research reported herein, the target location is taken to be uncertain and thus returns from a target could corrupt this clutter power estimate. It is shown how the threshold should be varied to compensate for the resulting degradation in detection performance. The threshold control procedure is based on a priori information about target location that could be supplied by the radar's tracking system. In addition, a simple procedure for calculating detection and false alarm probabilities for Swerling II target models is presented.     

Time jitter analysis for quadrature sampling

Time jitter in the quadrature sampling processes is modeled and the performance of an adaptive cancellation system in the presence of such time jitter is analyzed. It is shown that the decorrelation due to time jitter depends on the magnitude of the jitter, the sampling scheme used, the bandwidth of the signal and the intermediate frequency (IF) preceding the analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion stages. The performance of a sidelobe cancellation system in the presence of time jitter, for several sampling approaches, is evaluated numerically as well as simulated. The results show that the direct quadrature sampling scheme with a lower IF provides superior performance for an adaptive cancellation system     

单载波干扰对星载扩频应答机码跟踪回路影响研究

扩频码同步是基于扩频体制卫星测控通信中的一项关键技术。研究单载波对星载扩频应答机中全时间超前-滞后非相干跟踪回路的影响,分析单载波干扰存在时跟踪抖动的恶化程度,给出相应的数学表达式,并进行了Matlab仿真。仿真结果表明：在一定的跟踪回路带宽下,恶化程度随着系统的扩频增益或频偏的增加而减小,并随着干信比的增加而增加。单载波干扰不变的前提下,恶化程度随着回路带宽的增加而增加。     

Effect of Sampling Time Jitter on Array Performance

The effect on array SNR of errors in sampling times (jitter) isan analyzed for the "Bryn processor." Jitter is modeled as a discrete-paramter er random process, and expressions for array SNR are determined as a function of signal and noise spectra and jitter characteristics. For a plane wave signal, it is found that jitter in the data used to design the processor has no effect on output SNR if the noise is independent between channels. However, jitter in the input (evaluation) n) data can cause a substantial loss in peak array SNR and in the array's frequency selectivity. These losses can be expected to increase as the high-frequency content of the data increases. The Bryn processor also loses its interpretation as a likelihood ratio processor in the presence of jitter. The effect of jitter can be reduced in many cases by increasing the sampling rate.     

无线电引信抗海杂波干扰方法

无线电引信抗海杂波的能力决定了舰空导弹无线电引信低空和超低空工作性能,针对海杂波对无线电引信的影响,分析了海面回波的平均功率、海面散射系数、海杂波的多普勒频谱等海杂波特性,提出了无线电引信抗海杂波干扰方法。     

Near-Field Analysis of Helicopter Rotating Blades Modulation Interference

A near-field analysis is carried out to obtain the level of modulation interference due to rotating blades in a helicopter-borne pulse Doppler radar system. The interference power spectra are calculated for different values of antenna depression angle and helicopter (radar) speed at a constant helicopter altitude of 300 m. Numerical results for the case of 1 kW radiated power show that blade interference level is about 5 to 8 dBW/Hz less than that of the direct ground clutter in the clutter region. It extends, however, into the clutter-free region which may cause false alarms and degradation of the radar performance.     

Coverage area analysis for decentralized detection in Weibullclutter

The performance of a decentralized constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) detection system with data fusion in homogeneous non-Gaussian background is analyzed in terms of ground area covered. The advantages of using a distributed radar system and the differences between the system behavior in Rayleigh clutter and in Weibull clutter are stressed. Notably, the increasing benefit of cooperative decision making when clutter becomes spikier is pointed out     

Analysis of array errors and a short-time processor in airbornephased array radars

Array errors are inherent in a realistic phased array radar system. The influence of array errors on the clutter degrees of freedom and the clutter subspace in an airborne phased array radar is analyzed. Based on the presented theoretic results, a method of short-time processing followed by coherent integration is proposed for clutter suppression in airborne phased array radars. It can approximate the two-dimensional optimal processor well even in the presence of array errors, clutter fluctuations and aircraft drift, with a considerable saving in computations     

Millimeter wave radar with clutter measurements

A portable millimeter wave test radar system, also suitable for battery operation, gives interesting possibilities for clutter recordings at hard-to-reach sites. The designed system covers all common radar frequencies from the Ka- to V-bands and enables spatial detection of targets or clutter elements within an adjustable time gate, whereby spatial clutter profiles of rain can be analyzed. The construction allows full operation with non-scanning antennas as well. This is advantageous when measuring temporal RCS variations of selected targets or surface clutter from snow dunes.     

Generalized radar clutter model

A commonly used density model for radar clutter is chi-square for power, or, equivalently, Rayleigh for amplitude. However, for many modern high resolution radar systems, this density underestimates the tails of the measured clutter density. Log normal and Weibull distributions have proved to be better suited for the clutter in these high resolution radars. Generalizing the chi-square density by replacing it with the noncentral chi-square density and allowing the mean power level (the noncentrality parameter) to vary, we can both suitably shape the clutter density to produce larger tails and model the fluctuation of the average clutter power, commonly referred to as speckle. The resulting form, although appearing cumbersome, readily allows for efficient and accurate computations of the probability of detection in clutter     

An MTI Technique for Processing Radar Measurements of a Waking Reentry Body

A processing technique based on pulse-cancellation techniques familiar in moving target indicator (MTI) radar is proposed for separating (in Doppler) echoes of a reentry body traveling at hypersonic velocities from those of its lower velocity turbulent wake appearing in the same range cell. The cancellation technique is implemented by forming the sum of the products of binomial weighting coefficients of alternating sign with the complex echoes of a small number of closely spaced transmitted coherent pulses; thereby, in effect, synthesizing a digital canceler. The ability of the two-and three-pulse canceler to estimate body RCS in the presence of attached wake is demonstrated by employing coherent burst data collected by the AMRAD radar for a mission flown at the White Sands Missile Range. Estimates of body RCS obtained from the two-and three-pulse canceler compare favorably to the corresponding estimates obtained from a 30-pulse Doppler periodogram for this mission. Expressions for both the achievable wake rejection ratio and the mean and standard deviation of the body power estimate of the N-pulse canceler are derived as a function of the wake parameters, assuming Gaussian wake statistics.     

Radio Interference in Helicopter-Borne Pulse Doppler Radars

Radio interference generated in a helicopter-borne pulse Doppler radar system due to rotating blades is analyzed for the case that blades are located in the far field region of the radar antenna. A first-order estimate of the blade interference power spectrum is obtained as a function of antenna depression angle and radar (helicopter) altitude and speed. Numerical calculations show that blade interference is very weak compared with the direct ground clutter. It extends, however, into the clutter-free region which causes false alarms and degrades the radar performance.