一种基于FPGA的超高速32k点FFT处理器

采用FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Arrays)实现了一个超高速的32k点的流水线FFT(Fast Fourier Transform)处理器.FPGA的工作频率为125MHz,可以处理连续的1Gs/s(1 Giga-samples per second)的复数数据.该FFT处理器主要基于二维分解算法,采用MDF(Multi-path Delay Feedback)流水线结构,并结合MDC(Multi-path Delay Commutator)及SDF(Single-path Delay Feedback)结构的特点.处理器的内存资源消耗相对MDC结构有所减少,而运算速度相对SDF结构有所提高.建立了处理器的算法和设计模型,并根据模型对处理器的3个组成模块进行了优化以减小资源消耗.利用VHDL语言在Xilinx ISE工具上进行了设计,FPGA的布局布线结果验证了设计的可行性.     

基于BM3803的1553B总线通信软件设计

在某卫星地面检测设备中使用BM3803处理器来模拟卫星中的总线控制端对远程终端进行检测,构建了比传统的Windows+1553B_PCI板卡方案实时性更强的卫星数据仿真平台。首先向BM3803移植了实时操作系统μC/OS II,设计了适用于BM3803的板级支持包,保证了软件的可在轨更新和任务的实时性,确定了用户任务与硬件高度分离的软件结构。在设计μC/OS II的用户任务时,充分利用BM3803和B61580的校验功能,提高了软件的可靠性。最后令本设计和Windows+1553B_PCI板卡方案完成相同的用户任务,对比可得本设计有更好的实时性,可满足卫星高层通信协议对实时性的要求。     

基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号模拟

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）共视（CV）技术应用中需要对GNSS共视信号进行模拟仿真,可以降低对共视接收机和共视算法进行测试过程中的成本。为此,提出了一种基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号的双路信号模拟方法。首先,对GNSS共视技术原理进行了分析。然后,根据GNSS直射信号的模拟思路,设计了基于GNSS直射信号模拟器的GNSS共视信号模拟方法,对共视信号传播过程中可能产生的误差进行了分析。最后,对零基线、短基线、长基线3种场景下仿真的共视信号,以及实场采集的试验数据进行了验证分析。验证的结果表明,仿真的GNSS共视信号定位准确,定位精度在米级;共视比对结果均方根值（RMS）精度优于12 ns,可以进行共视法时间传递,证明了提出的共视信号模拟方法能够有效地用于GNSS共视信号生成。对GNSS共视信号模拟器、共视接收机的研制和共视算法的研究具有一定的理论参考意义和实际应用价值。      

涌浪及降雨影响下的GNSS海面反射信号建模

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）海面反射信号的模拟仿真采用的海浪谱多为风驱模型,而忽略了真实复杂环境中涌浪、降雨的影响。为此,提出了一种涌浪、降雨影响下的GNSS海面反射信号模型。首先,对Elfouhaily海浪谱、涌浪谱、降雨谱分别进行仿真,从海浪谱的角度分析涌浪、降雨对GNSS反射信号的影响。然后,设计了引入涌浪、降雨影响因子后的GNSS反射信号建模的方法,并建立噪声模型。最后,对星载场景下仿真得到的二维时延-多普勒相关功率分布图像（DDM）、时延相关功率波形（DW）进行分析,并与英国技术演示卫星（UK TDS-1）实测数据的处理结果进行了对比验证。结果表明:涌浪主要形成对GNSS反射信号影响较大的大尺度粗糙海面,而降雨对GNSS反射信号影响较小;仿真的DDM与实测数据结果的波形有很好的一致性,DW对比的相关系数达到0.92,优于未修正模型的对比结果,模拟的反射信号更为真实,证明了提出的GNSS反射信号建模方法的可行性、有效性。对真实复杂环境下的GNSS反射信号建模及GNSS反射信号星载探测应用研究具有一定的参考意义和实用价值。      

基于GNSS的高轨卫星定位技术研究

利用全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)进行导航定位具有全球、全天候、实时和高精度的优点,应用于高地球轨道(HEO)卫星的定位,能够提供精确的轨道和姿态确定,并且可以克服目前主要利用地面测控系统对HEO卫星进行定位的设备复杂、投资高等缺点,使得自主导航成为可能.本文对利用GNSS的高轨卫星定位相关技术进行了研究,分析了单一GNSS系统和多个GNSS组合系统的卫星可见性、动态性和几何精度因子(GDOP).通过仿真分析表明,利用组合GNSS系统并通过提高GNSS接收机灵敏度的方法,可以解决GNSS进行HEO卫星定位的相关问题,并能保证HEO卫星定位精度的要求.      

一种适用于高轨空间的GNSS矢量跟踪方案设计

高轨空间中全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）信号可用性严重变差，对GNSS接收机的跟踪性能提出更高要求。利用GNSS信号传播链路模型分析了高轨空间GNSS信号特点，对比了标量跟踪和矢量跟踪这2类典型跟踪环路在高轨空间的适用性，进而设计了一种适用于高轨空间的GNSS矢量跟踪方案。该方案通过估计载噪比确定量测噪声方差阵，以对各通道量测信息进行加权处理来获得高精度的导航参数；并根据高轨航天器的动态性能确定过程噪声方差阵，利用轨道动力学模型对导航参数进行一步预测，从而实现了对各通道信号跟踪参数的准确预测及联合跟踪。仿真验证表明:所设计的跟踪方案可实现高轨空间中强信号对弱信号的辅助跟踪，从而提高了高轨空间中弱信号的跟踪性能及可用性，并对中断信号具有一定的桥接能力。      

基于Krylov子空间的多级维纳抗干扰滤波设计

全球卫星导航系统(GNSS, Global Navigation Satellites System)空时抗干扰要求有较好的实时处理能力,常规矩阵求逆的算法由于计算量太大限制了其在GNSS中的应用.在分析多级维纳滤波(MWF,Multi-stage nested Wiener Filter)原理的基础之上,结合Krylov子空间性质,设计出一种应用于GNSS空时抗干扰的自适应多级维纳滤波器,从而实现了在Krylov子空间中降维滤波,避免了矩阵求逆的大运算量.仿真结果表明,该算法在保证抗干扰性能不受影响的前提下,降低了GNSS空时抗干扰算法的计算量,提高了实时处理能力.     

星载GNSS海洋反射信号建模与仿真

星载GNSS反射信号建模与仿真对GNSS反射信号正逆问题的研究及接收机算法和性能的评估非常重要。从几何、信号和信息的角度建立了星载GNSS反射信号分层建模方法。详细论述了星载GNSS反射信号的双基几何关系,建立了海风、涌浪和降雨驱动的线性组合海浪谱,并基于此计算了GNSS反射信号双基散射系数,基于各散射单元独立散射的假设推导了反射信号模型,通过仿真产生了星载GNSS反射信号及时延-多普勒相关功率,并与UK TDS-1卫星实测相关功率进行了对比分析。结果显示,通过先产生反射信号后处理得到的相关功率和直接端对端产生的相关功率与UK TDS-1卫星实测的相关功率的余弦相似度分别为0.97和0.94,所提架构和方法可正确对星载GNSS反射信号进行建模和仿真。同时,通过所建平台分析了涌浪和降雨形成的海浪谱对星载GNSS反射信号的影响。结果发现,涌浪主要影响低风速探测而对高风速无影响,降雨对星载GNSS反射信号无明显影响。      

谐振式液体密度传感器的频率解算方法研究

为实现高精度测量谐振式液体密度传感器的输出信号频率,在现有的FFT频率解算理论基础上,引入更符合实际情况的加窗插值FFT频率解算方法,并分析频率变化以及噪声对解算结果的影响。通过Matlab仿真实验对该方法中常用的窗函数进行对比分析,最终选择加入Rife_Vincent窗的插值FFT算法作为输出信号频率的解算方法,并在所设计的硬件系统上进行了实验验证,结果表明,采用加Rife_Vincent窗的插值FFT算法解算传感器输出信号的频率,其解算误差小于0.1Hz,解算精度高且易于实现。     

谐振式液体密度传感器的频率解算方法研究

为实现高精度测量谐振式液体密度传感器的输出信号频率,在现有的FFT频率解算理论基础上,引入更符合实际情况的加窗插值FFT频率解算方法,并分析频率变化以及噪声对解算结果的影响。通过Matlab仿真实验对该方法中常用的窗函数进行对比分析,最终选择加入Rife_Vincent窗的插值FFT算法作为输出信号频率的解算方法,并在所设计的硬件系统上进行了实验验证,结果表明,采用加Rife_Vincent窗的插值FFT算法解算传感器输出信号的频率,其解算误差小于0.1Hz,解算精度高且易于实现。     

Accuracy analysis of GNSS-IR snow depth inversion algorithms

In recent years, with the continuous development of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), it has been applied not only to navigation and positioning, but also to Earth surface environment monitoring. At present, when performing GNSS-IR (GNSS Interferometric Reflectometry) snow depth inversion, Lomb-Scargle Periodogram (LSP) spectrum analysis is mainly used to calculate the vertical height from the antenna phase center to the reflection surface. However, it has the problem of low identification of power spectrum analysis, which may lead to frequency leakage. Therefore, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectrum analysis and Nonlinear Least Square Fitting (NLSF) are introduced to calculate the vertical height in this paper. The GNSS-IR snow depth inversion experiment is carried out by using the observation data of P351 station in PBO (Plate Boundary Observatory) network of the United States from 2013 to 2016. Three algorithms are used to invert the snow depth and compared with the actual snow depth provided by the station 490 in the SNOTEL network. The observations data of L1 and L2 bands are respectively used to find the optimal combination between different algorithms further to improve the accuracy of GNSS-IR snow depth inversion. For L1 band, different snow depths correspond to different optimal algorithms. When the snow depth is less than 0.8 m, the inversion accuracy of NLSF algorithm is the highest. When the snow depth is greater than 0.8 m, the inversion accuracy of FFT algorithm is higher. Therefore, according to the different snow depth, a combined algorithm of NLSF + FFT is proposed for GNSS-IR snow depth inversion. Compared with the traditional LSP algorithm, the inversion accuracy of the combined algorithm is improved by 10%. For L2 band data, the results show that the accuracy of snow depth inversion of various algorithms do not change with the variations of snow depth. Among the three single algorithms, the inversion accuracy of FFT algorithm is better than that of LSP and NLSF algorithms.     

Demonstration of a high sensitivity GNSS software receiver for indoor positioning

Advances in signal processing techniques contributed to the significant improvements of GNSS receiver performance in dense multipath environments and created the opportunities for a new category of high-sensitivity GNSS (HS-GNSS) receivers that can provide GNSS location services in indoor environments. The difficulties in improving the availability, reliability, and accuracy of these indoor capable GNSS receivers exceed those of the receivers designed for the most hostile urban canyon environments. The authors of this paper identified the vector tracking schemes, signal propagation statistics, and parallel processing techniques that are critical to a robust HS-GNSS receiver for indoor environments and successfully incorporated them into a fully functional high-sensitivity software receiver. A flexible vector-based receiver architecture is introduced to combine these key indoor signal processing technologies into GSNRx-hs™ – the high sensitivity software navigation receiver developed at the University of Calgary. The resulting receiver can perform multi-mode vector tracking in indoor environment at various levels of location and timing uncertainties. In addition to the obvious improvements in time-to-first-fix (TTFF) and signal sensitivity, the field test results in indoor environments surrounded by wood, glass, and concrete showed that the new techniques effectively improved the performance of indoor GNSS positioning. With fine GNSS timing, the proposed receiver can consistently deliver indoor navigation solution with the horizontal accuracy of 2–15 m depending on the satellite geometry and the indoor environments. If only the coarse GNSS timing is available, the horizontal accuracy of the indoor navigation solution from the proposed receiver is around 30 m depending on the coarse timing accuracy, the satellite geometry, and the indoor environments. From the preliminary field test results, it has been observed that the signal processing sensitivity is the dominant factor on the availability of the indoor navigation solution, while the GNSS timing accuracy is the dominant factor on the accuracy of the indoor navigation solution.     

Characterisation of residual ionospheric errors in bending angles using GNSS RO end-to-end simulations

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) is an innovative meteorological remote sensing technique for measuring atmospheric parameters such as refractivity, temperature, water vapour and pressure for the improvement of numerical weather prediction (NWP) and global climate monitoring (GCM). GNSS RO has many unique characteristics including global coverage, long-term stability of observations, as well as high accuracy and high vertical resolution of the derived atmospheric profiles. One of the main error sources in GNSS RO observations that significantly affect the accuracy of the derived atmospheric parameters in the stratosphere is the ionospheric error. In order to mitigate the effect of this error, the linear ionospheric correction approach for dual-frequency GNSS RO observations is commonly used. However, the residual ionospheric errors (RIEs) can be still significant, especially when large ionospheric disturbances occur and prevail such as during the periods of active space weather. In this study, the RIEs were investigated under different local time, propagation direction and solar activity conditions and their effects on RO bending angles are characterised using end-to-end simulations. A three-step simulation study was designed to investigate the characteristics of the RIEs through comparing the bending angles with and without the effects of the RIEs. This research forms an important step forward in improving the accuracy of the atmospheric profiles derived from the GNSS RO technique.     

基于LabWindows/CVI的IGS实时数据自动下载软件开发

随着全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）的日益发展,国际GNSS服务组织（IGS）所产生的各项数据以及产品日趋精确,应用也非常广泛。本文基于Labwindows/CVI开发平台,设计了从IGS的FTP服务器下载实时数据或产品的自动运行软件。该软件目前运行稳定、可靠,可以为IGS数据或产品的使用者提供自动化服务。     

一种高动态环境下卫星扩频信号的快速捕获方法研究

现代卫星导航及测控应用对接收机在高动态环境下实现测量通信提出了迫切需求。为了解决大多普勒频偏扩频信号的快速捕获问题,提出了一种在频域并行搜索码相位及多普勒频偏的双频域快速捕获方法。采用双块补零算法将长的相关积分操作分割为多个短的相关积分操作,然后采用快速傅里叶变换进行圆周相关,大大节约了处理时间,利用频域圆周移位与时域载波剥离等价的原理,大幅提高了频率搜索效率。与时域相关算法和单频域计算方法相比,在捕获灵敏度不变的条件下,该方法将计算量减少90%,显著提高了运算速度,适合高动态环境下扩频信号的快速捕获。该方案应用于星载接收机平台FPGA实现,测试结果表明该方案可以在0.1s内完成±500kHz频偏下扩频信号捕获。