高超声速湍流直接数值模拟技术

概述了近年来国内外高超声速湍流直接数值模拟(DNS)技术方面最新的研究进展,主要集中在高精度、高鲁棒性数值方法方面,同时也介绍了近年来典型的高超声速湍流DNS算例。在数值方法方面,主要介绍了高精度激波捕捉格式以及保持计算稳定的数值技术,重点是WENO格式及高阶保单调格式的最新进展。在高超声速湍流DNS算例方面,介绍了压缩性影响、壁温影响、真实气体效应以及高超声速转捩等方面的DNS研究。此外,还简要介绍了作者开发的可压缩高精度计算流体力学软件OpenCFD。     

On management and control of turbulent shear flows

Concepts of turbulent flow control have become of growing importance during the last few years, following increased interest in the detailed structural scenario of turbulence—in particular our improved understanding of coherent structures on the one hand (the prerequisite), and a need for improvement of technological processes on the other (the goal). These considerations have mainly been followed by engineers and physicists concerned with problems in aerodynamics. It is our aim to draw the attention of a wider group of engineers to turbulent flow control in order to speed up the transfer of knowledge from aerodynamics to applications in other fields of engineering.

In this paper an attempt is made to compile a major body of the available knowledge on flow control in separated and wall bounded turbulent flows. After a brief introduction of the basics of control theory (Section 2) and of the major flow structures and their stability characteristics (Section 3) free and wall bounded turbulent shear flows are discussed (Sections 4 and 5). This discussion summarizes the main relationships between structure and flow behaviour and shows possibilities of influencing properties of these flows such as increasing mixing or avoiding separation.     

气固紊流剪切流中颗粒弥散的拉格朗日模拟

本文提出了一种对于气固两相紊流剪切流中圆形固体颗粒弥散的拉格朗日拟计算方法，其中考虑了颗粒间的磁撞对流体相和颗料相的影响，应用该方法对一气固紊流剪切流场进行了模拟计算，并对有、无颗粒间磁撞情况下的模拟计算结果与Lavieville用大涡模拟方法的研究结果进行了比较，并进行了讨论。     

Nonlinear eddy viscosity and algebraic stress models for solving complex turbulent flows

Nonlinear eddy viscosity and algebraic stress models are currently providing an invaluable link between the more common linear eddy viscosity turbulence models and the full differential Reynolds stress forms. With the increased popularity has come an abundance of different formulations. The purpose of this review is to provide a cohesive framework for the variety of models proposed and to highlight the various similarities and differences among the models. Their link with differential Reynolds stress models and their improved predictive capability over linear eddy-viscosity models is also highlighted.     

不可压缩湍流的多尺度模型

基于可变时间间隔平均方法,提出了一种不可压缩湍流多尺度模型及平均流动方程.与传统的单尺度湍流模型不同,该模型在建立的过程中,保留了湍流的多尺度特性,结合平均流动方程,可以更好地预测湍流流场特征.通过模拟平面后台阶流动和不对称平板扩压器流动,并将预测结果与标准k-ε模型的预测结果对比,初步验证了其可信性及优越性.结果表明:计算所得的平面后台阶流动的流向再附长度与台阶边压力系数比比标准k-ε模型提高精度约20%;平板扩压器流动的回流区位置误差约为7%、倾斜壁面摩擦因数误差约为5%,而标准k-ε模型未能预测出分离现象.可以看出该模型适用于典型的分离流动,在湍流流场的预测中表现优异,具有一定的工程应用价值      

不可压缩湍流的色散模型

分析了广泛存在于湍流运动中的能量逆转现象,揭示了其产生的原因,提出了湍流的色散性质.在此基础上,修改了Boussinesq假设,建立了包含色散效应的新的雷诺应力封闭式和湍流色散系数,给出与不同模型相结合时,湍流色散系数所具有的不同形式,并阐述了湍流运动中能量的传递方向及条件.采用不可压缩平板边界层流动和平面后台阶流动验证了其可信性和优越性.平板摩擦阻力系数及边界层速度型与实验结果吻合良好,平面后台阶流动的流向再附长度、台阶边压力系数及湍流强度等参数均比标准k-ε模型更接近实验结果.结果表明:色散项的加入可以在不显著增加计算量的同时显著改善预测精度,模型具有一定的工程应用价值.      

高超声速电离绕流的数值模拟

本文从三维N－S方程出发，采用稳式L－U分解算法和7组分15个反应的化学模型，数值模拟高超声速电离空气绕流。首先采用对称TVD格式、AUSMPW＋格式和Van Leer的矢通量分裂格式计算了高超声速球头绕流，并对它们的计算结果做了对比分析。然后用前两种格式，对RAM－C飞行试验模型三个再入高度（81km、71km、61km）的流场进行了数值模拟，计算的流场电子数密度值和试验测量数据符合较好。     

六类高超声速激波-激波干扰的数值模拟研究

基于粘性全N-S方程，利用有限体积法进行数值离散，对Ⅰ到Ⅵ六种类型的激波一激波干扰现象进行了数值模拟，其中采用了二阶Harten-TVD格式，LU隐式算法以及Baldwin-Lomax代数湍流模型。每种类型都得到了清晰的干扰流场结构，其中Ⅳ型干扰的模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较，符合较好。数值模拟结果的对比指出，由入射位置差异引起的不同类型激波-激波干扰结构有很大不同，对壁面压强分布的影响也存在较大差异。     

抛物化Navier-Stokes方程在求解高超声速流动稳定性分析 的基本流中的应用

通过在边界层内部使用边界层上缘的流向压力梯度代替该处的流向压力梯度,对传统抛物化Navier-Stokes(PNS)方程求解中的流向压力梯度的处理方法进行改进,从而使它可以求解用于稳定性分析的高超声速流动的基本流,并分别计算了平板、零攻角钝锥和小攻角钝锥三种典型算例.对于流向没有分离,且横向流动不强的流动,使用PNS方程计算高超声速流动稳定性分析用的基本流是可靠的.特别是改进后的方法求得的基本流的稳定性分析结果与直接求解Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程的结果非常吻合,但计算的时间消耗和空间占用都减少了一个数量级.     

高超声速气动热辨识技术实验研究

为估计高超声速飞行中的气动热流,采用热流辨识技术研究了平板表面的气动热流。首先采用仿真数据对辨识方法进行验证,结果表明,在测量噪声较低时热流辨识结果误差较小。此后,开展了平板的高超声速气动热风洞实验,通过内埋热电偶测量平板内部温度,采用热流辨识法获得平板表面的气动热流,采用辅助测点对比验证了内埋测点辨识结果的可信度。最后将辨识结果与平板边界层热流理论估算结果进行对比,分析了两者产生误差的原因。本文的研究为热流辨识技术的实际应用奠定了基础。     

高超声复杂流动中湍流模式应用的评估

本文选择几个高超声速基准流动：二维可压缩拐角、锥柱裙组合体绕流、斜激波与湍流边界层干扰，采用几个常见的湍流模式，BL模式，CHκ-ε模式，κ-ε模式，SST模式，CMOTTκ-ε模式，SHIHκ-ε模式，通过将数值计算结果和实验结果进行比较，对有关的湍流模式地 评估，得到一些有意义的结论。     

Coherent structures in turbulent flows

Coherent structures—loosely defined as regions of concentrated vorticity, characteristic and flow-specific organization, recurrence, appreciable lifetime and scale—have been the foremost object of scientific curiosity and dispute in turbulence research for more than ten years past. The concept, based on visual observations, that turbulence, hitherto viewed as a purely random phenomenon, appears to contain a constituent of clearly organized structure promised an alternative to the frustrating verdict that turbulence can only be understood and tackled on statistical grounds. After a first period of enthusiasm, which was then nourished by a few supportive survey papers, the concept was challenged and criticism as to the uniqueness, the ubiquity and finally the importance of those structures was put forward.Although a great number of turbulent flow configurations—essentially all of ‘classical’ flows—have to some extent been investigated and scrutinized for their content of structural organization, many questions remain open and the dispute is by no means settled. In this review we shall restrict ourselves to trying to summarize a few of the more important results and issues without trying to settle this argument. At the same time some open questions will be discussed.Meanwhile an abundance of knowledge has been collected on some free flows, in particular the mixing layer, the wake and—to a lesser extent—the turbulent far jet. All free flows undergo at least one transformation before they become self-similar and unique (do they indeed become unique?). Thus, the mixing layer is the eventual outcome of the transformation of the boundary layer flow from the nozzle. Jets and wakes in their early stages go through intermediate mixing-layer manifestations. Little wonder that also in those cases we often find more than one characteristic structure.Different structural developments appear to be related to different behaviours of the basic flow: The more complex structures, characterized by three-dimensional (Reynolds number and/or lifetime-dependent) agglomerations of hairpin, ring and spiral vortices as in a spot or a puff, are found in those flows which are primarily frictionally unstable (wall flows). Particularly in the boundary layer, we observe a whole zoo of structures, some of which (e.g. the wall streaks) clearly violate the obviously too limiting ‘classical” definition of coherent structures being exclusively ‘large scale’ events. Consequently, as much as these findings undoubtedly add to our understanding of turbulent processes, the concept of coherent structures forfeits some of its original meaning for a more refined picture, the larger the structural multitude becomes.In those flows where inviscid (inflection-point) instability dominates, we find comparatively simpler structures of large scales like single line or ring vortices as in mixing-layer, jet and wake flows, with three-dimensionalities following secondary instabilities. But also there we find the corresponding ‘small scale structures’, longitudinal vortices along the interconnecting braids between the large-scale structures. The common aspect then for all shear flows seems to be the existence of at least two coherent scales, the small one with longitudinal (stretched) vortices being responsible for turbulence-energy production, while the large scale takes care of part of the diffusion. An independent aspect is introduced by the consideration of spiral turbulence as being an intrinsic feature of turbulence eventually leading to the formation of coherent structures in all three-dimensional flows. Formation of coherent structures, as we observe it, touches on a phenomenon of greater generality and significance: spontaneous formation of organized structures from a state of relative disorder is found in organic as well as in inorganic nature. This process is known as Synergetic, and chaos theory is but one of the theoretical tools of this discipline.It is evident that organized structures could not be observed or educed by methods applying any indiscriminate averaging scheme such as Reynolds-averaging. As a consequence, after existence of those structures was evident from visualization, adequate techniques had to be developed to educe repetitive flow events of a certain similarity. The true fraction of coherent energy in the overall turbulent energy can, however, not possibly be assessed with any claim to accuracy. Estimates (their reliability supported by the fact that different methods give similar numbers) show the coherent structures to be responsible for between 10% and 25% of the turbulent energy in most of the flows considered (contrary to Townsend's “big eddies” whose energy content was assumed to be essentially negligible). This figure emphasizes the importance of coherent structures in correctly modelling turbulent flows and, even more so, as a medium to manipulate turbulence (by mechanical, acoustical or chemical means) and thereby influence its most notable technical consequences: noise, mixing, combustion and drag.     

一种改进的类DES湍流模拟方法

构造了一种基于一方程S-A(Spalart-Allmaras)模型和一方程Yoshizawa亚格子模型的混合RANS/LES(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes/large eddy simulation)湍流模拟方法.在涡黏假设的基础上,将Yoshizawa亚格子湍动能方程转化为等效的亚格子湍流涡黏性输运方程,并采用混合函数将其与S-A模型方程进行混合,从而改进了DES(detached eddy simulation)模型的亚格子行为,同时克服了其依靠网格控制模型转换的缺点.模拟了超声速的带斜坡凹腔流动,并与相同网格下的LES及DES结果进行了比较,结果表明该混合RANS/LES方法在远离壁面的自由剪切流区域与LES行为一致,而在附着边界层区域表现优于LES和DES方法.      

A hybrid lattice Boltzmann flux solver for integrated hypersonic fluid-thermal-structural analysis

In this paper, a hybrid Lattice Boltzmann Flux Solver(LBFS) with an improved switch function is proposed for simulation of integrated hypersonic fluid-thermal-structural problems. In the solver, the macroscopic Navier–Stokes equations and structural heat transfer equation are discretized by the finite volume method, and the numerical fluxes at the cell interface are reconstructed by the local solution of the Boltzmann equation. To compute the numerical fluxes, two equilibrium distribution functi...     

高超声速化学非平衡流动Navier-Stokes/DSMC耦合算法

基于相同的化学反应模型,在已有计算流体力学（CFD）和直接仿真蒙特卡罗（DSMC）方法及程序的基础上,采用Modular Particle-Continuum（MPC）耦合技术,建立了包含化学非平衡Navier-Stokes/DSMC耦合算法。算法结构中DSMC计算区域在CFD计算结果上根据当地克努森数自动选取。发展了适用于流场分区信息交换的亚松弛技术,抑制DSMC方法对CFD计算的影响。把DSMC方法和CFD的应用范围拓展到过渡流区,为复杂飞行器近连续过渡流区高超声速化学非平衡流动数值模拟研究提供了一种工程适用的预测分析手段。通过对二维圆柱高超声速化学非平衡绕流的算例与其他结果的比较研究,表明耦合算法不论在流场结构、流场非平衡现象,还是飞行器表面参数、整体气动力/热特性方面,都能够得到与全DSMC计算吻合的结果,证实了所建立的Navier-Stokes/DSMC耦合计算模型与方法的有效性和可靠性。仿真了某航天器解体碎片在过渡区的化学非平衡流动,得到碎片在过渡区的气动力/热特性,为碎片的陨落计算提供依据。     

类航天飞机前身结构与高超声速流场的耦合传热模拟分析

开展了高超声速流场与结构温度场的耦合数值计算.流场部分求解了三维非定常全Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程,空间差分采用Harten-Yee的TVD(总变差衰减)格式,时间离散采用双时间步推进.固体结构传热部分求解了三维非稳态的热传导方程.通过流固交界面,流体从固体部分得到温度边界条件,固体从流体部分得到热流边界条件,从而实现流场和固体温度场的紧耦合计算.用绕无限长圆柱的气动加热计算验证了该算法的有效性,并对类航天飞机前身结构在气动加热过程中的温度变化做了比较详细的分析.计算结果表明,固体结构在遭遇到气动加热后的一段时间内,壁面温升对壁面热流的影响是很大的,由于一体化计算能很好的综合考虑热壁的影响,因此,开展一体化计算是很有必要的.      

Maxwell气固相互作用模型对稀薄高超声速凹腔绕流流动特征和热环境的影响

针对高空航天飞机等再入飞行器表面缺陷或防热瓦缝隙导致的局部压力过高和气动加热问题,采用直接模拟Monte Carlo （DSMC）方法研究了飞行高度为80 km的稀薄流区高超声速凹腔绕流问题,考虑气固相互作用（GSI）模型对凹腔流场特征和表面压力、热流的影响。结果表明：稀薄流条件（80 km）下,GSI为完全漫反射时,在凹腔前缘分离的剪切层再次附着在后缘,在凹腔内部形成一个充满腔体的单涡结构;随着GSI从完全漫反射向镜面反射变化,气体与凹腔表面之间的切向动量交换减弱,即黏性剪切作用减弱,外部气流被卷入凹腔的程度减弱,导致涡结构不断减小直至消失,凹腔底部逐渐出现所谓的"死水区"。与完全漫反射相比,镜面反射或近镜面反射会导致凹腔上游侧面的峰值压力和峰值热流以及下游侧面的峰值压力剧烈增大,在飞行器设计中,应特别留意上述表面的压力载荷和热载荷。     

用于可压缩自由剪切流动的湍流混合长度

抓住可压缩流动变密度特性,构造出基于有效涡量的三维von Karman混合长度。湍流模型采用仅依赖湍动能k的单方程KDO(Kinetic Dependent Only)模型,引入新构造的混合长度替换旧尺度得到CKDO模型。为了验证其描述可压缩自由剪切湍流的能力,选择无壁面束缚、密度梯度大和可压缩效应强的自由剪切混合层为算例,其对流马赫数Ma_c=0.8。计算结果表明,KDO模型对混合层的速度分布有着良好的控制和模拟,而经可压缩修正后的CKDO模型与原模型及其他可压缩修正模型相比,所计算的速度分布、主雷诺剪切力和混合层厚度与试验结果更加接近,说明了该混合长度对可压缩混合层这种自由剪切湍流有着良好的刻画能力。