一种改进的直方图概率多假设多目标跟踪方法

直方图概率多假设跟踪（H-PMHT）方法及其变形泊松分布直方图概率多假设跟踪（P-HPMHT）方法的一个主要缺点是其量测模型仅考虑了背景杂波而没有考虑传感器噪声,从而导致在低信噪比条件下检测概率较低。针对这一问题,提出了一种带传感器噪声模型的H-PMHT方法,通过将传感器噪声引入量测模型,从而明显提高了对低信噪比目标的跟踪检测能力。该方法的计算量与目标数保持线性关系,仍然适用于目标数目较多的情况。仿真实验表明：该方法在误跟踪比率为1‰,信噪比为6 dB时,检测比率可提升近20%,信噪比为3 dB时,可提升近10%。     

低压涡轮的气动-声学三维数值优化: 倾斜导叶策略

 低压涡轮既是飞机进场着陆时发动机的重要声源,也是发动机中对效率要求很高的部件之一,为了实现低压涡轮低噪声的设计目标必须同时兼顾气动性能指标。研究给出了高效低噪声低压涡轮气动-声学三维优化的思路,即首先通过计算流体力学(CFD)定常计算评估三维设计变化对气动性能的影响;然后利用非定常CFD方法与三平面压力模态匹配(TPP)方法的结合来评估其降噪的效果与非定常气动影响;最后确定最佳的设计方案。以GE-E³(Energy Efficient Engine)低压涡轮末级为算例,数值模拟了导叶倾斜作为低压涡轮降噪措施的潜力。计算结果表明,正倾斜导叶角度小于19°时单级涡轮气动性能较直列叶栅要好,效率最大提高了0.3%。对单音噪声级的评估指出,正倾斜由于改变了导叶的尾迹特征,涡轮级噪声水平是增大的,因此不能作为有效的降噪策略。数值研究的结果表明CFD方法能够同时反映出叶片三维设计的细节变化对气动和噪声级的影响,可以作为三维气动-声学优化的手段。     

WO3基低浓度NO2气敏传感器的研究

分别采用改进前后的溶胶-凝胶法制备WO3纳米材料,制作成直热式球形气敏元件,对低浓度的NO2气体进行测试.结果表明,改进后的溶胶-凝胶法制备的WO3材料,粒径小,表面疏松,对低浓度甚至极低浓度的NO2气体有很好的灵敏度,响应恢复时间很快,选择性好,而且所有元件都在较低的工作电压下有最高的灵敏度,说明工作温度低有利于降低功耗.     

Cubature Kalman filter with closed-loop covariance feedback control for integrated INS/GNSS navigation

Cubature Kalman Filter (CKF) offers a promising solution to handle the data fusion of integrated nonlinear INS/GNSS (Inertial Navigation System/Global Navigation Satellite System) navigation. However, its accuracy is degraded by inaccurate kinematic noise statistics which originate from disturbances of system dynamics. This paper develops a method of closed-loop feedback covariance control to address the above problem of CKF. In this method, the posterior state and its covariance are fed back to the filtering process to constitute a closed-loop structure for CKF covariance propagation. Subsequently, based on the maximum likelihood principle, a control scheme of the prior state covariance is established by using the feedback state and covariance within an estimation window and further adopting a proportional coefficient to amplify the feedback terms in recent time steps for the full use of new information to reflect actual system characteristics. Since it does not directly use kinematic noise covariance, the proposed method can effectively avoid the adverse impact of inaccurate kinematic noise statistics on filtering solutions. Further, it can also guarantee the prior state covariance to be positive semi-definite without involving extra measures. The efficacy of the proposed method is validated by simulations and experiments for integrated INS/GNSS navigation.     

传感器位置误差条件下的约束总体最小二乘时差定位算法

 现代定位系统中,传感器往往被安放在运动平台上,其位置无法精确得知,存在估计误差,将严重影响对目标的定位精度。针对这一问题,提出基于约束总体最小二乘(CTLS)的到达时差(TDOA)定位算法。首先通过引入中间变量,将非线性TDOA定位方程转化为伪线性方程,再利用CTLS技术,全面考虑伪线性方程所有系数中的噪声。在此基础上推导了定位方程的目标函数,再根据牛顿迭代方法,进行数值迭代,快速得到精确解。采用一阶小噪声扰动分析方法,对该算法的理论性能进行了分析,证明了算法的无偏性和逼近克拉美-罗下限(CRLB)。仿真实验表明,该算法克服了现有总体最小二乘(TLS)算法不能达到CRLB、两步加权最小二乘(two-step WLS)算法在较高噪声时性能发散的缺陷,在较高噪声时定位精度仍然能达到CRLB。     

Extension of a Two-Step Calibration Methodology to Include Nonorthogonal Sensor Axes

We present an extension of the nonlinear two-step estimation algorithm originally developed for the calibration of solid-state strapdown magnetometers. We expand the algorithm to include nonorthogonality within a sensor set for both two- and three-axis sensors. Nonorthogonality can result from manufacturing issues, installation geometry, and in the case of magnetometers, from soft iron bias errors. Simulation studies for both two- and three-axis sensors show convergence of the improved algorithm to the true values, even in the presence of realistic measurement noise. Finally the algorithm is experimentally validated on a low-cost solid-state three-axis magnetometer set, which shows definite improvement postcalibration. We note that the algorithm is general and can be applied to any two- or three-axis sensor set (such as accelerometers) with an error model consisting of scale, offset, and nonorthogonality errors.     

Feedback median filter for robust preprocessing of glint noise

Glint noise may arise in a target tracking system. The non-Gaussian behavior of glint noise can severely degrade the tracking performance. Measurement preprocessing at the front-end of the tracker is an effective method to reduce glint noise. The preprocessor proposed by Hewer, Martin, and Zeh (1987), which used the computationally intensive M-estimator, may not be suitable for practical implementation. An alternative method employing the median filter is studied here. The median filter is well known for its simplicity and robustness. However, the efficiency of the median filter can be seriously degraded if input samples are not identically distributed. This is what we may encounter in the tracking problem. A feedback median filter is then proposed to overcome this impediment without substantially increasing complexity. Simulations show that the new preprocessor can greatly improve tracking performance in the glint noise environment.     

先进战斗机对机载射频孔径系统隐身的需求及解决方案

 大量的研究结果已经表明：机载天线等传感器孔径的分布与形状特征,对飞机隐身效果具有举足轻重的影响,如果不能有效控制机载射频(RF)孔径系统的特征信号(包括雷达散射截面(RCS)和电磁辐射控制),则通过外形、结构和材料隐身而达到的整机高隐身水平就会受到破坏。迄今为止,天线散射特性的评估是尚未完全解决的问题,而减缩天线RCS的手段和方法也有待深入研究。总结了F/A-22和F-35等国外先进隐身战斗机机载射频孔径系统隐身设计特点,从飞机总体隐身方案设计角度提出了对机载射频孔径系统隐身的需求,并针对具体应用提出最小化天线孔径数量、减小天线孔径外形尺寸、减缩天线孔径特征信号、采用低截获概率（LPI）技术等概念性解决方案。     

基于LMI和离散模型的航空发动机压气机传感器鲁棒故障诊断

针对航空发动机压气机健康监测提出了一种基于线性矩阵不等式(LMI)和H_∞优化理论的航空发动机压气机传感器鲁棒故障诊断的方法.在航空发动机具有模型不确定性和外界噪声的情况下,应用基于神经网络的线性拟合方法实现航空发动机压气机离散模型的建立;并通过LMI和H_∞优化问题的求解得到未知输入观测器的设计参数,实现具有强鲁棒性的传感器故障诊断.该方法比以前研究中未知输入观测器故障诊断方法的优点在于能够同时处理模型不确定性和外界噪声.应用ALSTOM公司提供的燃气涡轮压气机模型进行了仿真验证,在压气机具有白噪声模型误差和正弦外界干扰的情况下,实现对小于测量范围2%的传感器故障的检测和诊断.      

Periodic acoustic source tracking using propagation delayed measurements

There exist a large class of acoustic sources which have an underlying periodic phenomenon. Unlike the well-studied Bearings-Only Tracking(BOT) of an aperiodic acoustic source,this paper considers the problem of tracking a periodic acoustic source. For periodic acoustic tracking, the signal emission time is known. However, the true measurement reception time is unknown because it is corrupted by noise due to propagation delay. We augment the sensor’s signal reception time onto bearing measuremen...     

Prediction of noise radiation from basic configurations of landing gears by means of computational aeroacoustics

Noise radiation from aircraft during the takeoff and landing has become a major issue for inhabitants living in the vicinity of airports and thus for regulation authorities and aircraft developers. However the numerical simulation of aeroacoustic noise, especially for complex geometries like a landing gear, remains one of the most difficult challenges in aeroacoustics. The present study, aiming at predicting noise radiation from basic geometries as well as the noise radiation of a simplified landing gear, employs a hybrid approach that combines a CFD simulation with the decoupled computational aeroacoustics (CAA) simulation. Flow-induced noise is assumed to originate from turbulence. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with different closure approaches can be employed to gain the required turbulent quantities. Subsequently, quantities as the mean flow velocities, pressure, density, turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate of the CFD simulation are the starting point for the generation of the transient acoustic sources by the stochastic noise generation and radiation (SNGR) method. It is assumed that the acoustic phenomena do not provide feedback to the mean flow field and turbulence and thus a recalculation of the flow field is not required. Since the propagation of sound is insignificantly influenced by turbulent and viscous effects, it can be described by the Euler equations in the near field. The CAA simulation is extended with a Ffowcs Williams Hawkings (FWH) module that calculates the noise levels in the far field upon integrating the surface source terms on a porous FWH surface within the CAA domain. The results of the simulations are compared with experimental data, obtained by measurements in an acoustic wind tunnel.     

基于人工免疫网络模型的航空发动机传感器故障诊断

提出了一种用于传感器故障诊断的免疫网络,对其结构和特点进行了分析,给出了相应的诊断算法。对传感器典型故障进行了故障诊断仿真,分析了免疫网络能检测出的最小故障偏差水平以及在不同噪声水平下的故障诊断效果。仿真结果表明,所研究的方法能有效检测到故障传感器,并具有良好的灵敏性及抗噪声干扰能力。     

低速航空声学风洞背景噪声测试技术研究

介绍了在国内第一个全新设计的0．55m×0．4m航空声学引导风洞开展风洞背景噪声测量的技术方案和方法,对电容式麦克风、脉动压力传感器、预极化和非预极化传声器、自由场和压力场传声器、传声器安装方式以及声学频谱算法进行了比较实验和分析。在初期实验过程中,根据测试结果优化了风洞降噪方案,达到了较为理想的风洞背景噪声指标。测试结果表明：采用电容式麦克风比采用脉动压力传感器得到的频谱和声压级精度高;在消声部段前后的同一侧洞壁上测量,可以得到消声部段传声损失;压力场和自由场传声器在修正后可以互换使用;为得到重复性较好的背景噪声频谱和有效声压级,采用频谱线性平均算法。实验结果对低速航空声学风洞背景噪声测试具有一定的指导意义。     

An Analysis of the Performance of the Oscillating Limiter Driven by FM Signals Corrupted by Noise

The behavior of the oscillating limiter (OL) driven by FM signals is surveyed, and its performance with signal corrupted by noise is investigated. For high values of the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), if the frequency deviation of the signal is small in comparison with the locking range of the OL, it is calculated, and experimentally verified, that a system OL discriminator is equivalent to a system bandpass limiter discriminator followed by a linear network whose frequency response has been specified. When the frequency deviation is not so small, the baseband noise power increases with it; a formula is given that allows the calculation of this power when the signal is such that the circuit operates in quasistationary fashion. For low values of the CNR, a mathematical analysis presents unsurmountable difficulties. However, heuristic argumentation leads to an interpretation of the operation of the OL in the threshold region, which is substantiated by an experimental investigation. The results of this paper enable a comparative evaluation of a system OL discriminator and a system bandpass limiter discriminator, to which the former reduces when the feedback path in the OL is open.     

Intelli-FIELDTM: the next generation electrostatic fielddisturbance sensor

Outdoor perimeter volumetric field disturbance sensors must reliably detect perturbations to the field caused by an intruder, while rejecting noise and environmental changes that may be orders of magnitude greater than the target response. Currently, E-Field(R) systems are widely deployed in nuclear, correctional, and industrial sites to provide perimeter security. These systems are effective in rejecting the majority of noise and environmental stimuli through combined fixed attribute threshold comparison techniques. However, some environmental stimuli closely mimic target stimuli, so improved discrimination techniques have been sought. We describe the results of current studies and investigations of electrostatic sensor system response to targets and to various environmental changes. Fundamental principles in the character of sensor response to these varied stimuli are discussed. Techniques and methods that may be used to exploit the difference between intruder and environmental responses, while using cost-effective discrimination methods, are described. We show how the new Intelli-FIELD system was created, using currently available technologies, to provide both excellent detection properties, and an extremely low nuisance alarm rate, while, at the same time, greatly simplifying installation, calibration, and maintenance. The details of the new system hardware components and test results from initial field installations are described. A comparison of field performance with the previous E-Field product is provided to indicate the advantages of this new sensor technology     

电子阻尼的增进——局部激励应变的补偿

分析了以压电陶瓷片为作动和测量元件,构成速度负反馈的闭环控制的“电子阻尼技术”之所以不能大幅度增加结构阻尼的原因。提出了“局部激励应变补偿”和把通常的微分负反馈改为低截止频率的惯性环节正反馈的控制新方案。压电悬臂梁的实验表明,它们能使结构模态阻尼比大幅提高。     

基于多边形膜片弹簧与压电致动器复合的一体化主被动Stewart减振系统

随着遥感卫星光学成像设备等精度的不断提升,其对振动环境的要求也在不断提高,简单的线性被动Stewart平台已经无法满足苛刻使用要求。提出了一种新型基于多边形膜片弹簧与压电致动器复合的一体化主被动Stewart减振平台,其单自由度元件主要由多边形膜片弹簧、压电致动器、力传感器以及柔性铰链组成。相较于传统线性隔振器存在的高静刚度和低动刚度之间的固有结构矛盾,所提出的多边形膜片弹簧作为隔振器的关键原件,兼具高静-低动（HSLD）特性,能够使隔振系统同时具备较高的静态刚度进行静态承载以及较低的动刚度进行动态减振。为了降低被动隔振系统中存在的共振峰幅值,本文在被动膜片弹簧元件的基础上串联一个压电致动器与力传感器组成的主动控制元件进行主动振动控制。仿真结果表明,采用比例积分力（PIF）反馈控制算法的主动控制系统,在频域上不仅可以通过积分力环节搭建出天棚阻尼的效果来降低共振峰峰值（11.19 dB）,而且其比例-力环节可等效为增大了质量矩阵项,能够有效降低减振系统的固有频率（20.9 Hz）,拓宽其减振带宽,并同时能维持高频段的高衰减性,在时域上也能够将系统的加速度振动幅值从±0.6g降低至±0.07g,振动衰减达88%。     

Interferometer Design for Elevation Angle Estimation

Radars that are developed for the purpose of monitoring aircraft landings in the terminal air traffic control system can be designed to exploit the relatively high signal-to-noise ratio that characterizes the power budgets calculated for such a link. An interferometer using a pair of low gain antennas can be used to obtain passive coverage over a targe azimuth and elevation sector. A large baseline can be used to obtain the desired elevation angle estimation accuracy. In this paper an optimal tradeoff between the width of the subarray aperture and the width of the interferometer baseline is performed that achieves a specified elevation angle estimation error while minimizing the overall height of the interferometer configuration. The algorithm searches through the class of antenna patterns that can be synthesized from so-called finite impulse response, linear phase digital filters. For the specific problem of designing an elevation sensor for monitoring landing aircraft on final approach, the elevation angle can be estimated with no more than 1-mrad rms error when the aircraft is within ± 60° azimuth, 2.5° to 40° elevation, using two 7-wavelength subarray antennas spaced 8 wave-lengths apart. The design of a separate sensor for resolving the interferometer ambiguities is formulated as a hypothesis testing problem and solved using statistical decision theory. A bound on the probability of an ambiguity error is derived that accounts for the effects of ground reflection multipath and receiver noise.     

Now You See It, Now You Don't

The signal enhancement properties of a single-loop delayline integrator (DLI) are derived for operation in the presence of correlated noise. The signal is assumed periodic with a period equal to the delay of the DLI and present only for a finite time interval. The noise is assumed additive, zero mean, statistically independent from the signal, and present for an infinite time. The noise also is assumed covariance stationary with a specified auto correlation function. Enhancement is defined as the ratio of the increase in average signal power to the increase in average noise power due to integration. The results are general in that the enhancement is derived in terms of the autocorrelation coefficients of the input noise. Plots of enhancement versus number of signal observations and feedback gain are shown for uncorrelated and exponentially correlated noise. The plots show graphically the optimum choices of feedback gain and number of signal observations for a specified auto correlation function and signal observation time. When strongly correlated noise, characteristic of 10-GHz backscatter from salt flats at low incidence angles, rather than uncorrelated noise is assumed present at the input of the DLI, an example, using DLI parameters typical of modern airborne radars, shows a degradation in the maximum achievable enhancement of 9 dB.     

High dynamic output feedback robust control of cascaded extended state observer

High dynamic tracking performance is a key technical index of hydraulic flight motion simulator(HFMS). However, the strong nonlinearities, various model uncertainties and measurement noise in hydraulic actuation systems limit the high dynamic performance improvement. In this paper, the outer axis frame of a HFMS is taken as a case study and its nonlinear dynamic model with consideration of strong nonlinearities, matched and mismatched uncertainties is established.A novel cascaded extended state ...