内埋武器投放分离相容性的风洞投放试验预测与评估

采用基于运动动力学相似的风洞投放试验对先进战斗机内埋武器投放分离相容性进行预测与评估，给出载机在不同飞行马赫数、攻角、弹舱长深比及舱内武器剩余数量、不同弹射力、折叠翼是否展开下，内埋导弹从载机弹舱投放分离后的运动轨迹和俯仰姿态角变化规律，研究这些因素对内埋导弹投放分离相容性的影响。结果表明：处于超声速飞行状态下（马赫数为1.5）的载机，攻角处于0°、2°、3°时投放内埋导弹后弹体俯仰角处于低头状态，利于攻击载机前下方敌方目标；在给定的初始分离条件下，对于两种不同的弹舱长深比，内埋导弹均能安全分离，但对内埋导弹俯仰方向运动影响较为显著；弹舱内武器剩余数量对内埋导弹分离特性影响较小，导弹能快速地远离载机干扰流场，投放分离后弹体俯仰角一直处于低头状态；随着内埋导弹初始分离速度增大，可使弹体快速地穿过载机的下洗流场，有利于内埋导弹与载机的安全分离；导弹的不同气动布局对内埋导弹分离相容性有一定的影响。     

内埋武器重力分离特性分析

以某型飞机内埋弹舱为参考模型,考虑舱门的影响,采用数值仿真方法分析了重力分离方式下内埋武器的分离特性。针对分离过程中弹体俯仰角变化过大的问题,提出了通过改变弹体安装角来改善分离特性的方法。分析结果显示,低头安装角越大,弹体远离载机的速度越快,俯仰角变化越小。采用合适的弹体安装角可以实现内埋武器与机体的安全分离和快速点火发射。     

采用流动控制的超声速内埋物投放特性研究

针对马赫数Ma3飞行状态下的内埋物安全投放难题,提出了两种适用于非平坦舱体外形的超声速内埋物投放分离过程的流动控制方法:第一种方法采用了圆棒扰流器,第二种方法采用气帘喷流。为了验证两种不同流动控制方法的效果,引入结构嵌套六自由度动态网格技术和基于k-ω湍流模型的Navier-Stokes方程计算,对包括重力投放、弹射投放、采用圆棒扰流器的重力投放和采用气帘的重力投放等4种不同的投放分离状态进行了动态全过程的计算对比分析。通过对仿真计算结果分析发现,当来流马赫数Ma∞3时,采用流动控制的投放物分离运动特性产生了明显的变化。由投放物下落过程中的俯仰偏航特性可以得出:采用圆棒流动控制有利于安全分离;气帘流动控制具有应用潜力,但采用这种方法需要针对特定的投放条件进行优化,否则可能诱发投放物在俯仰方向的姿态发散。     

武器分离及舱门开启过程数值模拟研究

基于非结构重叠网格技术,发展了一套能较好模拟空腔流动和武器分离问题的数值计算方法.通过模拟典型空腔流动和WPFS模型分离轨迹,并与试验结果比较,说明本文方法可较好模拟空腔复杂流动和武器分离轨迹.采用发展的数值方法对某内埋弹舱舱门开启过程和内埋武器分离轨迹进行了数值模拟,研究了舱门运动的非定常效应对舱门气动特性的影响.研究表明:一定条件下,舱门运动产生的非定常效应对舱门气动特性影响较大,舱门和舱门控制系统设计时必须考虑;在本文给定条件下,弹舱内的内、外侧导弹均能安全分离.通过研究,为内埋弹舱的舱门设计和内埋武器分离安全评估提供了技术手段和依据.     

内埋武器舱关键气动及声学问题研究

以风洞试验为手段,在高速风洞中对内埋武器舱关键气动问题进行了深入研究。利用静态压力测量、脉动压力测量、网格测力等测试手段,获取了典型弹舱流场静压分布特性、气动声学特性以及武器分离特性。研究结果表明：舱内静压分布变化明显,可以此定义弹舱流场类型;开式弹舱流场气动声学环境恶劣,总声压级强度可达170dB 以上,且频谱曲线上存在多个明显的能量尖峰;武器从舱内分离过程中可能产生较大的抬头力矩,影响机/弹安全分离;在弹舱前缘施以流动控制能降低舱内静压梯度、抑制气动噪声,且有利于改善武器分离特性。     

扰流板对内埋导弹偏航姿态角的影响

在内埋武器舱前缘设计扰流板进行流动控制,可改善内埋导弹分离过程的偏航力矩特性,从而使弹头反向舱门,保证分离航向安全。为了研究该问题,通过理论分析在内埋武器舱前缘设计了不同高度的扰流板;通过部件测力风洞试验研究了不同高度扰流板对舱内流型、内埋导弹偏航力矩特性的影响,进而分析了扰流板对内埋导弹偏航分离特性的影响;通过轨迹捕获风洞试验验证了分离偏航姿态角特性分析的可靠性。研究结果表明：在内埋武器舱前缘设计一定高度的扰流板可以有效控制舱内流型,改善内埋导弹分离的航向气动特性,提高分离航向安全性。     

内埋武器舱动态流动特性及降噪控制方法研究

流动经过武器舱会产生诸如边界层分离、剪切层失稳、气动噪声等一系列复杂流动特征,进而可能对舱内设备和结构造成破坏。本文以近真实复杂内埋武器舱为研究对象,通过高精度数值仿真获取内埋武器舱动态流动特性;根据流场特性,分析武器舱内噪声产生机理,提出了前缘扰流片、导波管以及前缘吹气三种流动控制方案。通过高速风洞试验,系统分析了舱门开度、内埋武器挂载等因素对武器舱内噪声水平的影响,并且对不同扰流装置的降噪效果进行了测试分析。结果表明：内埋武器舱内流动以小尺度湍流结构为主;前舱在舱门小开度时总声压级较高,随开度增加后舱总声压级增大,舱门开到一定程度后,舱内总声压级分布基本一致。舱内挂载武器减弱流动对各壁面的拍击强度,使得舱内各壁面总声压级降低。三种控制方式均能够抬高剪切层,减弱武器舱内的能量注入,进而对武器舱内总声压级产生一定的降噪效果。在本文研究范围内,前缘扰流片的降噪效果最为显著,降噪幅值达5 dB。     

基于嵌套网格的内埋物单侧投放影响研究

内埋物投放分离技术是新一代飞行器研制的关键技术之一。首先，基于动态嵌套非结构网格耦合求解流场非定常N-S方程和刚体动力学方程，实现了内埋物投放的精确模拟；然后，研究载机不同飞行姿态对内埋舱内左侧无挂载、仅右侧挂弹投放过程的影响。研究结果表明：正迎角工况对弹体投放分离影响较小，负迎角工况将引起弹体有较大的反方向的横向运动和偏航；负侧滑工况对弹体投放影响较小，正的小侧滑角工况下，在投放分离过程中弹体气动力和气动力矩存在较强的脉动变化；随着侧滑角进一步增大，弹体气动特性的脉动变化减小。     

内埋武器机弹分离相容性研究进展综述

为满足新型有人或无人作战飞机高隐身、高速和高机动性等要求，作战飞机普遍采用武器内埋挂载方式。当高速气流流过内埋武器舱的空腔时，将引发边界层分离、舱口附近会存在复杂的剪切流动、舱内会产生极为恶劣的噪声环境等非定常流动现象，这些复杂的非定常流动现象严重影响内埋武器机弹分离相容性（ASSC）。首先，给出内埋武器机弹分离相容性的重要研究意义；接着，重点介绍内埋武器机弹分离相容性的研究进展；最后，论述和总结了国内外采用4种方法（理论分析与建模、风洞试验、数值模拟和飞行试验）研究内埋武器机弹分离相容性及其流动控制方法的进展，指出内埋武器机弹分离相容研究存在的主要问题，并给出几点建议。     

内埋式弹舱流场特性及武器分离特性改进措施

为改善内埋弹舱的流场特性以及内埋武器分离特性,采用在弹舱前缘悬细金属条的方法对弹舱流场进行流动控制,并在高速风洞中进行了试验研究。通过分析舱底静态压力试验结果以及脉动压力试验结果,研究了武器模型处于不同分离位置时流动控制对弹舱流场特性的影响;通过测量武器模型力和力矩,研究了流动控制对武器分离特性的影响。研究结果表明：武器模型处于不同分离位置时,该流动控制方法对弹舱底部静态压力分布以及总声压级分布的影响是相似的;当弹舱的流场类型为过渡／闭式穴流动时,采用该流动控制措施能有效降低舱内的静态压力梯度,并能有效改善武器的分离特性;当弹舱的流场类型为开式穴流动时,采用该流动控制措施能有效抑制舱内产生的气动噪声。     

投掷激光制导炸弹后无人机的航路规划

对地攻击是无人机在现代战场中的重要应用之一。以无人机为平台,以激光制导炸弹为武器,在满足对目标进行连续照射的前提下,研究了投放武器后无人机的航路规划问题。以攻击后无人机航路必须遵守的3条原则为基础,得出了3种可行的航路方案。通过仿真,验证了3种方案的可行性。通过对3种方案优缺点的比较,得出了每种方案的优、缺点。     

Optimization and verification of free flight separation similarity law in high-speed wind tunnel

Based on the similarity of separation time, a similarity law optimization method for high-speed weapon delivery test is derived. The typical separation state under wind load is simulated by the numerical method. The real separation data of aircraft, separation data of previous test methods, separation data of ideal wind tunnel test of previous methods, and simulation data of the proposed optimization method are obtained. A comparison of the data shows that the method proposed can improve the performance of tracking. Similarity law optimization starts with the development of motion equations and dynamic equations in the windless state to address the problems of mismatching between vertical and horizontal displacement, and to address the problems of separation trajectory distortion caused by insufficient gravity acceleration of the scaling model of existing light model. The ejection velocity of the model is taken as a factor/vector, and is adjusted reasonably to compensate the linear displacement insufficiency caused by the insufficient vertical acceleration of the light model method, so as to ensure the matching of the vertical and horizontal displacement of the projectile, and to improve the consistency between the test results of high-speed projection and the actual separation trajectory. The optimized similarity law is applicable to many existing free-throwing modes of high-speed wind tunnels. The optimized similarity law is not affected by the ejection velocity and hanging mode of the projectile. The optimized similarity law is suitable not only for the launching of the buried ammunition compartment and external stores, but also for the test design of projectile launching and gravity separation.     

Full mode flight dynamics modelling and control of stopped-rotor UAV

The Stopped-Rotor(SR) UAV combines the advantages of vertical take-off and landing of helicopter and high-speed cruise of fixed-wing aircraft. At the same time, it also has a unique aerodynamic layout, which leads to great differences in the control and aerodynamic characteristics of various flight modes, and brings great challenges to the flight dynamics modelling and control in full-mode flight. In this paper, the flight dynamics modelling and control method of SR UAV in full-mode flight is st...     

某型飞机无动力投放模型自由飞控制律设计

针对某型飞机无动力投放模型自由飞试验中,由于受载机螺旋桨滑流影响,模型与载机分离后发生滚转、难以保证水平飞行的问题,根据模型自由飞试验不同阶段的飞行特点开发了专用控制律,具备直接链、投放控制、失速尾旋3种控制模态。论述了控制律的设计过程,以及在模型自由飞试验中的应用情况。试飞结果表明,该控制律很好地解决了模型与载机安全分离和大迎角水平飞行控制问题,提高了模型试验动作精准度。     

风洞投放试验技术的研究现状与应用综述

多体分离是航空、航天和武器系统总体部门一直极为关注的关键问题,多体间的流场干扰效应产生的气动力和力矩对悬挂物分离相容性有重要影响,基于运动动力学相似的风洞投放试验技术是预测和评估多体分离是否相容的一种非定常试验方法。根据飞行器多体分离相容性的研究需求,结合作者在风洞投放试验技术的研究成果和经验,对风洞投放试验技术的国内外研究现状进行综述。首先回顾了风洞投放试验技术的发展历史,然后对低速和高速风洞投放试验的相似准则及缩比关系进行详细地论述与分析,进而对风洞投放试验的几个关键技术进行综述,最后对风洞投放试验技术存在的问题提出思考与展望。     

An experimental system for release simulation of internal stores in a supersonic wind tunnel

Aerodynamic parameters obtained from separation experiments of internal stores in a wind tunnel are significant in aircraft designs. Accurate wind tunnel tests can help to improve the release stability of the stores and in-flight safety of the aircrafts in supersonic environments.A simulative system for free drop experiments of internal stores based on a practical project is provided in this paper. The system contains a store release mechanism, a control system and an attitude measurement system. The release mechanism adopts a six-bar linkage driven by a cylinder, which ensures the release stability. The structure and initial aerodynamic parameters of the stores are also designed and adjusted. A high speed vision measurement system for high speed rolling targets is utilized to measure the pose parameters of the internal store models and an optimizing method for the coordinates of markers is presented based on a priori model. The experimental results show excellent repeatability of the system, and indicate that the position measurement precision is less than0.13 mm, and the attitude measurement precision for pitch and yaw angles is less than 0.126°, satisfying the requirements of practical wind tunnel tests. A separation experiment for the internal stores is also conducted in the FL-3 wind tunnel of China Aerodynamics Research Institute.     

Unmanned aerial vehicle strike on a flat plate: Tests and numerical simulations

The incursion of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) into airports often occurs due to the popularity of drones, which may lead to a threat to aircraft flight safety. Therefore, estimating the dynamic impact load caused by drone strikes is essential. This paper proposes a test method with high precision and low cost involving launching of a UAV to impact a flat plate specimen by using an air gun. The test results of UAVs impacting flat plates at different impact velocities, such as the UAV damage deformation captured by a high-speed camera and strain vs time dynamic response curves of plates, were obtained and analysed. At the same time, a corresponding numerical simulation was carried out by using the explicit finite element software LS-DYNA. The predicted damage to the UAV and strain on the flat plate during the strike process were compared with the test results. The overall trend of the simulation results is in good agreement with the test results, at least for the first three milliseconds of the event. This shows that the numerical simulation model established in this paper is reasonable. The UAV numerical method established in the present paper can be used to carry out numerical simulations and evaluations of the collision safety of UAVs against large aircraft and high-value ground targets. The results show that the local deformation of the impacted target is uneven due to the distribution of concentrated mass components such as motors, battery, and camera. As the impact velocity of the UAV increases, all parts of the UAV are seriously damaged and basically in a fragmented state, and the battery is greatly deformed. The interaction between the UAV and the flat plate specimen is approximately 2.7 ms, and the UAV numerical simulation model established in this paper can well simulate the real UAV impact process.     

无人机机动轨迹跟踪系统设计

对无人机机动飞行轨迹跟踪系统的内环姿态控制律和外环轨迹跟踪控制律两部分分别进行了设计。利用非线性动态逆方法设计了内环姿态控制律。外环轨迹跟踪控制律采用逆动力学前馈加模糊反馈的控制结构,提高系统对飞行条件及期望轨迹剧烈变化时的跟踪精度。仿真结果表明,所设计的系统能够控制无人机精确跟踪指定的机动轨迹,且相对于固定增益系统具有更好的鲁棒性。