Radar: The Cassini Titan Radar Mapper

The Cassini RADAR instrument is a multimode 13.8 GHz multiple-beam sensor that can operate as a synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imager, altimeter, scatterometer, and radiometer. The principal objective of the RADAR is to map the surface of Titan. This will be done in the imaging, scatterometer, and radiometer modes. The RADAR altimeter data will provide information on relative elevations in selected areas. Surfaces of the Saturn’s icy satellites will be explored utilizing the RADAR radiometer and scatterometer modes. Saturn’s atmosphere and rings will be probed in the radiometer mode only. The instrument is a joint development by JPL/NASA and ASI. The RADAR design features significant autonomy and data compression capabilities. It is expected that the instrument will detect surfaces with backscatter coefficient as low as −40 dB.RADAR Team LeaderThis revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

新运行标准下民用机场临界区与敏感区的设立

随着中国民航近些年来的飞速发展,民用机场已经不仅仅只是承担航空客运单一的载体,而是成为带动周边区域经济及城市建设的引擎。然而,随着机场周边建筑物逐渐增多,机场周围电     

传统雷达的改进与现代雷达的发展并驾齐驱

在西方国家大力开发有源相控阵雷达的同时,传统的机械扫描雷达还大量地存在于现役战斗机中。为提高这部分空中力量的作战能力,老式雷达的技术更新也在加紧进行中     

Nostradamus: An OTH Radar

ONERA, funded by the French Ministry of Defence has conducted the realization and experimentations of the Doppler Skywave OTH radar called NOSTRADAMUS. One of the main characteristics of Skywave OTH radar is the dependence to the ionosphere for successful operation. The use of the HF band allows Skywave OTH radar to bounce radio waves from the ionosphere, receiving tiny signals back from reflecting surfaces as the sea, islands, ships and aircraft. The knowledge of the behavior of the ionosphere in a real time configuration is of primary importance because it influences on the choice of frequencies. Radars systems require developing a real-time frequency management system (FMS) using prediction program or measurements supplied by vertical or oblique sounders. The French OTH radar concept has been developed and implemented so that the radar could be completely autonomous with respect to others "ionospheric information providers." This paper presents the NOSTRADAMUS system, the frequency management system, and shows some results obtained during the past years     

Radar ECCM: A European Approach

The radar designer must optimize parameters for performance in electronic countermeasures (ECM) and avoid any constraints which could be exploited by ECM. ECM/electronic counter-counter measures (ECCM) strategy must take into account electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) including enemy EMC. Electronic scanning improves search performance, but also reduces ECCM performance in other ways. While electronic scanning avoids some constraints, it imposes others, particularly in the frequency domain. It is argued that simple radars of good performance may be as cost effective in ECM as more complex systems. Some examples of recent developments are given.     

Radar Partial Coherence Theory: An Introduction

The nature of physical phenomena is such that scattering from portions of an object, a number of objects, or clutter, is not completely unrelated; the underlying environment causes some degree of order in the phenomenon. Radar partial coherence theory describes a structure for the general target, or clutter, and its relationship to radar cross section, waveform coding, and the radar output signal. The clutter ambiguity function is introduced for extended bodies and embraces the (Woodward) ambiguity function for a point target. Due to nonlinear effects caused by partial coherence within the general target, radar signals and targets are formulated in terms of mutual coherence functions. The basic quantities describing the radar output are 1) the radar mutual coherence function (formulated in terms of the radar waveform) and 2) the target mutual coherence function which depends upon target properties, physical environment, and viewing aspect. Random noise (independent point scatterers) and partially coherent portions of reflecting bodies are made accountable in the theory. Partial coherence effects are treated as patches of reflected energy: self-coherent energy patches plus mutually coherent energy among the patches.     

Radar History: The Need for Objectivity

The shortcomings of sources of historical accounts of radar are discussed. It is believed that an objective account of its technological evolution would be of benefit to students presently entering aerospace engineering.     

"狼群"干扰对单、双基地雷达的干扰分析

"狼群"干扰是美国正在研制的一种分布式干扰.文中分析了"狼群"干扰对单、双基地雷达的影响,结果表明,"狼群"干扰对单、双基地雷达构成了严重的威胁.在理论分析计算的基础上,提出了抗"狼群"干扰的可能方法.     

Radar nomenclature

Like much of the equipment used by the armed forces, both civil and military radar systems may be allocated an identification resolved from a synonym, mnemonic, project name, number, application notation, or specialised nomenclature and sometimes may even be based upon the whims of an intelligence reporting service. Of these, mnemonics are very popular; whilst of designation systems used by the US armed forces is probably best known, whilst the Russian system is least understood. Other well-known identification systems and schemes are those employed in Sweden, France, and the UK and are amplified in this article.     

Radar: the evolution since World War II

Modern radar design has benefited from the evolution of specialized digital processing, allowing high resolution ground mapping, target identification, and target tracking under many conditions. Air-to-air interception makes use of complex decision processes to select from many modes that depend on the clutter backgrounds and flight profiles. Today's multimode radars provide this information for each task while minimizing distractions. Fire control radars support a wide selection of weapons, including cannons and guided missiles. This is possible because of advanced digital processing. In the interval since WW II, radar design evolved from vacuum tubes to semiconductors and then to massively integrated circuits. Computers specialized for fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) have revolutionized radar data processing. System reliability has improved from a few hours to hundreds of hours. Effective built-in test informs ground maintenance personnel of problems for easy maintenance and low failure rates reduce or eliminate field maintenance benches at forward locations. Airborne surveillance radars, such as AW ACS Joint Stars have changed the nature of warfare. Commanders have virtually full view of enemy and friendly forces. Radars, in combination with other remote sensors, provide precise weapon delivery, reducing collateral damage and making all weapons more effective     

Environment and Radar Operation Simulator

The environment and radar operation simulator (EROS) is a hardware system whose function is to produce realistic synthetic radar backscatter, incorporating both target and clutter. The simulator is electrically connected to a subject radar and responds in real time to the radar's antenna scan angle by producing the correct composite video signal.     

ETS-II Experiments Part III: Weather Radar System

The weather radar system used in conjunction with Earth-satellite propagation experiments for quantifying rainfall rate in a unit volume, determined by the beamwidth and the pulselength, is described. Firstly, methods for deriving rainfall rate per unit volume are stated in detail with special emphasis on calibration to determine unknown parameters associated with propagation losses in waveguides and the atmosphere. The calibration method is somewhat different from a conventional one but is useful for routine observation. Secondly, in addition to a simple explanation of the hardware of this radar system, the data modes, developed for measuring rainfall rate along the propagation path and radar reflectivity factor in the horizontal and vertical cross sections around the station are described. These data modes are effectively combined by the operational scanning modes for routine observation of propagation experiments, while each data mode can also be operated independently. Examples obtained by each data mode are also given.     

WARLOC: A High-Power Coherent 94 GHz Radar

This paper describes the development of a high-power, coherent radar system at W-band and discusses potential applications of radars with this new capability. Previous radars in this frequency band were limited by available power-amplifier technology to about 500 W of average power; WARLOC radar represents an increase in power, by 20 times, over previous coherent radars at 94 GHz. This performance improvement is possible due to the development of a gyroklystron amplifier specifically for this and future radars in this frequency band. The gyroklystron amplifier tubes deliver 100 kW peak power and 10 kW of average power at a center frequency of approximately 94 GHz. Other novel features of this radar include the use of highly overmoded waveguides and rotary joints for the transmission of power from the final power amplifier (FPA) to the antenna, and a high-power quasi-optical duplexer. The system uses a relatively large 1.8 m diameter (580-wavelength) Cassegrain antenna, which required the development of an antenna with an rms surface accuracy of 0.0025 in, to obtain long-range detection and identification of small objects. Test data show an antenna gain of 62.5 dB, confirming that the needed surface accuracy was achieved. Two mobile shelters house the radar system, permitting relocation to various test sites. WARLOC is presently operational at the Naval Research Laboratory's Chesapeake Bay Detachment facility, Maryland. It is being employed in radar imaging of airborne and surface objects, and in the scientific study of propagation effects and atmospheric physics phenomena.     

雷达对抗仿真系统中雷达数据库设计与实现

针对当前对雷达对抗系统效能评估的需求和仿真技术的发展,提出基于HLA的雷达对抗仿真系统总体结构及其数据库设计,重点阐述应用面向对象思想的雷达数据库设计,并在VC环境下采用ADO技术访问数据库;最后分析说明一个雷达对抗仿真系统的仿真实例。该系统已应用于工程项目中,取得了较好的效果。     

雷达有源干扰信号对雷达侦察装备的影响

分析了有源干扰信号进入舰载雷达侦察机的条件;根据有源干扰信号特征,讨论了其对雷达侦察装备的影响机理;采用半实物仿真方法验证了压制干扰信号对雷达侦察装备的信号分选能力产生较为直接的影响。     

2D雷达与3D雷达航迹关联问题研究

对2D雷达与3D雷达的航迹关联问题进行了研究,提出了两种通过升维来达到航迹关联的算法,解决了2D雷达与3D雷达同地、异地配置的关联问题。通过典型环境下的仿真,体现了算法较好的关联性能和较强的鲁棒性。     

Radar target identification using the bispectrum: a comparativestudy

Radar target identification is performed using time-domain bispectral features. The classification performance is compared with the performance of other classifiers that use either the impulse response or frequency domain response of the unknown target. The classification algorithms developed here are based on the spectral or the bispectral energy of the received backscatter signal. Classification results are obtained using simulated radar returns derived from measured scattering data from real radar targets. The performance of classifiers in the presence of additive Gaussian (colored or white), exponential noise, and Weibull noise are considered, along with cases where the azimuth position of the target is unknown. Finally, the effect on classification performance of responses horn extraneous point scatterers is investigated