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自2000年以来,为了进一步提高GPS系统的导航定位精度,增强系统的连续性、完好性、可用性、抗干扰和自主生存能力,美国积极推进GPS系统的现代化,使之成为国际卫星导航的标准系统.GPS系统现代化采取的技术措施和步骤包括:①关闭选择可用性(SA)软件;②新增军用M码和民用L2C码;③增设民用频率L5;④实施新一代GPS-3系统计划.当前,正处于GPS系统现代化的第2阶段,即部署现代化改造卫星系列GPS-2RM. 相似文献
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美国联邦航空局(FAA)已终止进一步研制微波着陆系统(MLS),以便集中力量发展GPS着陆系统。FAA终止MLS的研制是因为其价格昂贵,而且GPS技术发展迅速。当前,ILS精密进场系统仍将继续使用,在基于GPS的着陆系统投入使用之前,美国将不会放弃ILS。FAA已通知国际民航组织(ICAO),将取消从1998年1月开始在国际机场安装MLS的承诺。FAA已开始进行Ⅲ类GPS着陆的可行性研究,这些研究将于1995年2月完成。FAA在GPS着陆的研究方面在世界上领先。尽管GPS着陆的适用性还有待证明,… 相似文献
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目前,在美国GPS-2F导航卫星密集发射的同时,全新一代的GPS-3A的研制和生产以及地面段的现代化改造等工作也在紧锣密鼓地进行。1第3颗GPS-2F卫星成功发射2012年10月4日,德尔他-4火箭携带一颗GPS-2F卫星从卡纳维拉尔角发射升空,3个多小时 相似文献
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2004年12月,美国总统布什批准了新的天基定位、导航与授时(PNT)系统政策,用于取代1996年3月发布的GPS系统政策.新政策用于确保美国的天基PNT服务、增强系统、后备支持及服务的拒绝与阻断等能力,从而实现以下目标:①提供不间断的PNT服务的可用性;②满足国家、国土和经济的安全要求及民用、科学与商业增长的需求;③保持卓越的军用天基PNT服务;④连续地提供优于国外民用天基PNT服务及其增强系统,或与其相比有竞争力的民用服务;⑤保持其国际公认的PNT服务的基础性地位;⑥提高美国在天基PNT服务应用领域的技术领先优势. 相似文献
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美国、欧洲、加拿大和日本的地球科学家们正在合作设计一种卫星系列,即地球观测系统(EOS),它将在今后10年逐步取代分散的极轨道气象、陆地和海洋遥感卫星。EOS 的设计宗旨是监视由自然力和人类对地球造成的破坏,并执行传统的气象和科学观测。该系统包括由航天飞机发射的3颗极轨道卫星。其中两颗将由美航宇局和国家海洋大气局提供。这两个美国平台将采用下午1:30穿过赤道的轨道,以便与受太阳热照 相似文献
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□□20世纪70年代,美国国防部因军事目的建立了GPS。该系统在海湾战争、沙漠之狐行动、科索沃战争和阿富汗战争中都得到了广泛的应用。尤其在阿富汗战争中,GPS/INS制导武器得到普遍运用,对战争的进程和发展起到了决定性作用。 为了保住全球霸主地位,美国一方面极力阻挠欧盟 “伽利略”(Galileo)计划的实施,另一方面不断投入巨资更新完善GPS系统,并对GPS系统进行技术攻关。 1 GPS星座卫星的更新换代 GPS系统星座最初使用的是Block-I卫星,接着使用的是Block-Ⅱ、ⅡA,后来是Block-ⅡR,最近使用的是改进型Block-ⅡR… 相似文献
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美国在“国际空间站”上的技术开发与验证应用研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
正作为全球最大的在轨航天器,"国际空间站"(ISS)已实现连续有人驻留超过15年,并在空间应用领域取得了众多成果。"国际空间站"成员国一致认为,最大限度地提高"国际空间站"研究能力可能带来新的探索机遇、促进商业发展并对教育事业产生积极影响。"国际空间站"已在人体学研究、生物学与生物技术、物理科学、技术开发与验证、地球与空间科学、教育等六大领域发挥了重要作用,技术开发领域的应用是其重点。由于美国对"国际空间站"应用的组织管理、项目规划和实施最为系统,因此本文以美国为主,介绍应用情况。 相似文献
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<正>美国东部时间2010年3月27日10点09分,美国航宇局(NASA)从沃洛普斯飞行基地发射了一枚用于试验的探空火箭。火箭进入亚轨道之后,成功释放了两颗由学生建造的立方体卫星。 相似文献
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正2017年6月,由众议员罗杰斯和库珀领导的众议院军事战略力量小组委员会提出了一项法律草案,决定设立太空部队(类似海军陆战队),将太空军事行动与空军其他军事行动分开。罗杰斯和库珀希望尽快促成此事。如果这一草案成为法律,空军将在2019年1月1日之前建立新的军种,司令官将在国防部参谋长联席会议上得到席位,并直接向空军部长汇报。2017年3月以来,美国空军部长希瑟·威尔逊和空军参谋长大卫·古德芬已在参议院拨款委员会、众议院 相似文献
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Wayne E. McGovern 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1981,1(4):189-193
Three topics are considered, all resulting from the desire to maximize the utilization and overall quality of the FGGE data sets.First, the production of Level III-b oceanographic and meteorological analyses in the FGGE format has been undertaken by the Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center. The oceanographic data, in particular the sub-surface oceanographic data, is a unique addition to the FGGE data base.Next, the FGGE Level II-b data set is the most comprehensive set of synoptic-scale meteorological data ever assembled to date. Under development is a program aimed at compacting and restructuring the Level II-b data according to observing systems, so that the data will be more readily usable and more economical for users interested in smaller and/or different portions of the total FGGE Level II-b data set.Lastly, as a result of the United States pre-FGGE Data Systems Tests, a need was indicated for a special effort to edit and enhance satellite soundings and cloud motion wind data during FGGE. A formal program to carry out such an effort has been established jointly by NASA, NOAA, and the University of Wisconsin. 相似文献
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J D Rummel 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1992,12(4):129-131
Through existing treaty obligations of the United States, NASA is committed to exploring space while avoiding biological contamination of the planets, and to the protection of the Earth against harm from materials returned from space. Because of the similarities between Mars and Earth, plans for the exploration of Mars evoke discussions of these Planetary Protection issues. US Planetary Protection Policy will be focused on the preservation of these goals in an arena that will change with the growth of scientific knowledge about the martian environment. Early opportunities to gain the appropriate data will be used to guide later policy implementation. Because human presence on Mars will result in the end of Earth's separation from the martian environment, it is expected that precursor robotic missions will address critical planetary protection concerns before humans arrive. 相似文献
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H.W. Yates 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(6):31-38
Satellites provide two important characteristics to earth climate studies not available from other, conventional sources: (1) full global coverage, and (2) consistency within the data set. This latter arises from the fact that the satellite data are usually derived from one instrument (or at least from a small number) whereas other sources involve large numbers of separate instruments and hence exhibit a substantial standard deviation. Satellite data, of course, are more subject to bias and must therefore be carefully validated, usually via ground truth.The ISCCP and ISLSCP are examples of the increasing reliance on satellite data for climate studies. In addition to the multispectral images, quantitative products of importance are: (1) atmospheric temperature structure, (2) snow cover, (3) precipitation, (4) vegetation index, (5) maximum/minimum temperature, (6) insolation, and (7) earth radiation balance. The U.S. civil space program is presently committed to its current geostationary (GOES) and polar (NOAA) programs through this decade and to continue both programs into the next decade with spacecraft carrying improved and augmented instrumentation. GOES VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) data, presently in research status and available only for special observation periods, will become available operationally in 1987 from the current spacecraft series. GOES-Next will provide additional spectral channels, simultaneous imaging, atmospheric soundings, and possibly increased resolution starting in 1990. The NOAA follow-on spacecraft, in the same time frame, is expected to provide additional spectral channels, improved passive microwave radiometry, and possibly increased spatial resolution. The Landsat program is expected to be continued by a commercial operator following the useful life of Landsat-5. All three follow-on programs are presently at various stages of definition and procurement. Final definition may not be completed until late in 1984. However, their status as of the time of this presentation will be reviewed in detail. 相似文献
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J. Barengoltz P.D. Stabekis 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1983,3(8):5-12
The implementation of planetary protection in the United States space program has reflected the trend in policy from an absolute to a probabilistic prohibition of the contamination of the celestial bodies of the solar system. The early emphasis on spacecraft sterilization (e.g. Ranger) was replaced by the imposition of contamination control procedures on later missions such as Pioneer, Viking, and Voyager. Similarly, analytical and laboratory techniques were developed to demonstrate compliance with probabilistic requirements. Microbial burden reduction methods that are not hazardous for spacecraft reliability supplanted the abstract concept of sterilization. The United States implementation of planetary protection has been completely successful. In an exploration program that has included Mercury, Venus, Mars, the Jovian system, and the Saturnian system, there have been no accidental impacts or detection of false positives (terrestrial microbes). Further, the contamination control and microbial burden procedures have proved beneficial to spacecraft systems and on-board science instruments. We review in this paper the implementation of planetary protection procedures by the Pioneer (10 and 11), Viking and Voyager projects. 相似文献