四旋翼飞行器姿态控制建模与仿真

四旋翼飞行器是典型的欠驱动、非线性、强耦合系统。其姿态控制精度和抗干扰问题一直是研究热点之一。为了实现小型低成本四旋翼飞行器姿态准确控制,详细分析了四旋翼飞行器受力情况,利用牛顿-欧拉方程建立了四旋翼飞行器非线性动力学模型,针对四旋翼飞行器在实际飞行过程中经常会遇到阵风、气流等不确定外界干扰,设计了基于小扰动的PID控制器,并通过对俯仰通道、横滚通道、偏航通道MATLAB/Simulink仿真模型进行仿真测试和结果分析。结果表明:所设计控制算法能够满足四旋翼飞行器姿态控制要求,并具有较好的抗干扰性能。     

飞行器横向运动的优化方法

有控飞行器为了产生一个适合导引规律的空间法向力,轴对称型的理想横向运动应是无静差的。本文通过力矩耦合与运动耦合建立了可控非线性横向运动模型,较全面的分析了两种非线性耦合和自动驾驶仪非线性的影响。提出了对飞行,气动和自动笃驶仪等参数进行多维搜索寻优,可以获得准无静差的优化横向运动,并给出了用单纯彤法寻优的算例。     

空空导弹越肩发射侧向运动控制器设计

针对空空导弹越肩发射过程,设计了偏航及横滚运动的控制系统。首先分析了越肩发射过程中大攻角阶段的气动特性,提出了控制设计的目标,然后建立了包含未建模特性的偏航/横滚运动方程,在此基础上,利用滑模变结构理论设计了两通道的控制系统,仿真结果表明了该设计方法的有效性。     

空空导弹越肩发射侧向运动控制器设计

针对空空导弹越肩发射过程,设计了偏航及横滚运动的控制系统。首先分析了越肩发射过程中大攻角阶段的气动特性,提出了控制设计的目标,然后建立了包含未建模特性的偏航/横滚运动方程,在此基础上,利用滑模变结构理论设计了两通道的控制系统,仿真结果表明了该设计方法的有效性。     

旋转钝锥高超声速自由飞气动导数非对称性北大核心CSCD

分别从采用轴对称假设和考虑非对称性的角运动方程出发,通过对高超声速下(M=6)10°半锥角旋转钝锥双平面拍摄风洞自由飞试验结果进行气动参数辨识,对旋转钝锥高超声速自由飞行状态下气动导数的非对称性问题进行了分析。通过对比辨识曲线与观测值的重合性,证明轴对称旋转飞行器存在气动导数非对称的问题,其动导数和Magnus力矩导数均存在较明显的非对称性,动导数的非对称性尤其严重,而静导数的对称性则较好。进一步分析发现气动导数的非对称性对旋转飞行器的瞬态角运动、及总迎角的峰、谷值及相位均存在明显影响,采用轴对称假设而获得的瞬态角运动将存在一定误差。旋转飞行器气动导数非对称性的影响不可忽略。     

旋转钝锥高超声速自由飞气动导数非对称性

分别从采用轴对称假设和考虑非对称性的角运动方程出发,通过对高超声速下(M=6)10°半锥角旋转钝锥双平面拍摄风洞自由飞试验结果进行气动参数辨识,对旋转钝锥高超声速自由飞行状态下气动导数的非对称性问题进行了分析。通过对比辨识曲线与观测值的重合性,证明轴对称旋转飞行器存在气动导数非对称的问题,其动导数和Magnus力矩导数均存在较明显的非对称性,动导数的非对称性尤其严重,而静导数的对称性则较好。进一步分析发现气动导数的非对称性对旋转飞行器的瞬态角运动、及总迎角的峰、谷值及相位均存在明显影响,采用轴对称假设而获得的瞬态角运动将存在一定误差。旋转飞行器气动导数非对称性的影响不可忽略。     

横滚飞行操纵

横滚飞行是不同于一般运动表演飞行的一种复杂特技飞行。文章对横滚飞行(主要是尾旋横滚)中的必要矢量参数和操纵技术作了介绍。     

机载高超声速飞行器中的轴对称旋成体气动布局研究综述

气动布局设计是机载高超声速飞行器总体设计的必要内容之一，轴对称旋成体布局作为一种机载飞行器应用的主流布局形式之一，有着极为重要的研究价值。本文从总体和气动的视角概述了三款使用轴对称旋成体布局的机载高超声速飞行器。分析了采用此种布局的飞行器在研发过程中可能遇到的难题和阻碍，并站在工程应用的角度给出了解决这些难题和阻碍的手段。最后，展望了轴对称旋成体布局的机载高超声速飞行器在未来的发展趋势，为国内机载高超声速飞行器的研制工作提供借鉴与参考。     

利用压电驱动器改善飞机横滚性能的试验验证

利用分布粘帖在矩形机翼上下两面的压电驱动器,探索使用该类结构提高飞行器横滚能力的可能性。通过风洞模型设计、材料性能测试、模型固有特性测试、压电柔度矩阵测试等试验项目,保证了有限元模型的计算精度,最终通过模型的风洞试验验证了利用气动弹性效应,获得了附加升力与横滚力矩的方案。该原理性试验说明利用分布式压电驱动器改善横滚性能是可行的。     

弹性飞行器伺服气动弹性分析

伺服气动弹性问题是因非定常空气动力、结构弹性与飞行控制系统间的闭环耦合而引起的弹性飞行器新课题。首先,综述了飞行器伺服气动弹性相关问题;其次,考虑飞行器刚体模态与弹性模态的动态耦合,建立了弹性飞行器俯仰通道短周期运动模型;最后,通过编制软件对飞行器伺服气动弹性进行了仿真分析,并得出了相应的结论。     

Nonlinear autopilot for high maneuverability of bank-to-turnmissiles

This paper presents a novel approach to autopilot design for highly maneuvering bank-to-turn (BTT) missiles. In the design and performance analysis of the proposed nonlinear autopilot, all nonlinearities of missile dynamics including the coupling between roll, yaw, and pitch channels as well as the asymmetric structure of missile body are taken into full account. It is shown that through a kind of feedback linearization technique along with a singular perturbation-like technique, the input/output (I/O) dynamic characteristics of pitch, yaw, and roll channels are made linear, decoupled, and independent of flight conditions such as air density and missile velocity. In particular, the proposed autopilot controllers can provide excellent set-point tracking performance for roll and pitch channels while keeping the side-slip angle negligible. The generality and practicality of our approach are demonstrated through mathematical analysis and various simulation results using an ILAAT missile     

Roll-pitch-yaw autopilot design for nonlinear time-varying missile using partial state observer based global fast terminal sliding mode control

The acceleration autopilot design for skid-to-turn (STT) missile faces a great challenge owing to coupling effect among planes, variation of missile velocity and its parameters, inexistence of a complete state vector, and nonlinear aerodynamics. Moreover, the autopilot should be designed for the entire flight envelope where fast variations exist. In this paper, a design of inte-grated roll-pitch-yaw autopilot based on global fast terminal sliding mode control (GFTSMC) with a partial state nonlinear observer (PSNLO) for STT nonlinear time-varying missile model, is employed to address these issues. GFTSMC with a novel sliding surface is proposed to nullify the integral error and the singularity problem without application of the sign function. The pro-posed autopilot consisting of two-loop structure, controls STT maneuver and stabilizes the rolling with a PSNLO in order to estimate the immeasurable states as an output while its inputs are missile measurable states and control signals. The missile model considers the velocity variation, gravity effect and parameters’ variation. Furthermore, the environmental conditions’ dynamics are mod-eled. PSNLO stability and the closed loop system stability are studied. Finally, numerical simula-tion is established to evaluate the proposed autopilot performance and to compare it with existing approaches in the literature.     

吸气式高超声速飞行器俯仰/滚转耦合运动特性

针对一种类似SR-72构型的吸气式高超声速飞机开展了进气道通流状态下俯仰/滚转耦合运动相关研究。通过数值模拟获得了滚转单自由度静稳定性、动稳定性以及强迫俯仰/自由滚转运动下的两自由度耦合动稳定性，研究了飞行器转动惯量以及俯仰运动频率对耦合运动的影响，简要分析了耦合运动的机理。研究发现虽然此飞行器具有滚转静稳定性和动稳定性，但是在强迫俯仰/自由滚转运动过程中，滚转通道却出现了小幅度振荡与大振幅振荡交替出现的情况，最大滚转角超过70°。小幅度振荡出现在正弦俯仰振荡的上半周期，其振荡频率随轴向转动惯量增加而降低，幅值随俯仰振荡频率增加而增大；大振幅振荡出现在下半周期，其幅值基本不变，而振荡频率与俯仰振荡一致。这种现象基本不受惯性耦合作用影响，可以认为是由气动力主导的。     

BTT-180飞行器滚转通道自动驾驶仪优化设计

BTT-180滚转通道自动驾驶仪的主要任务是让飞行器在最短的时间内利用有效的舵资源在有限的最大滚转角速度内实现快速滚转180°的急滚需求。从工程应用的角度出发,提出了两种滚转角指令优化方法。首先提出滚转角指令优化设计的问题来源和在BTT-180飞行器设计滚转通道自动驾驶仪设计中的重要性,然后建立了线性和指数两种形式的优化模型并分别进行了优化方法设计,将结果进行对比,最后提出了滚转指令优化方法的模型选择方法。     

Features of active sidestick controllers

This paper discusses the advantages of incorporating active sidesticks into a modern aircraft cockpit. Active sidestick controllers for manual pilot inputs in pitch and roll are examined for commercial transport aircraft. Options and requirements for sidesticks are reviewed. The recommendation of an active sidestick controller is developed providing both cross-cockpit coupling and autopilot backdrive capability. These characteristics provide pilot cues identical to traditional cable-linked column/yoke configurations     

基于矩阵运算的直升机旋翼/机体耦合动力学模型

针对直升机旋翼/机体耦合动力学建模中,小角度线性简化带来的计算精度下降以及适用范围缩小等问题,在计算桨叶速度及加速度时,基于矩阵运算,保留了运动的非线性。对不同机体运动幅值和频率情况下的小角度线性简化对桨叶速度的影响进行了仿真分析,结果发现,随着机体运动幅值的增加,线性简化影响越来越大,滚转幅值 15°时,简化带来的误差超过 5%;俯仰幅值 15°时,简化带来的误差超过 6%,且随着机体运动频率的减小,误差越来越大。对不同桨距的情况进行仿真,结果表明,所建模型可以很好地模拟直升机的动态响应,采用该模型可进行直升机旋翼/机体耦合动态响应仿真分析。     

细长三角翼摇滚运动数值研究

采用亚迭代耦合求解流体动力学方程和刚体动力学方程数值研究方法,建立流体与刚体运动耦合的无时间滞后的数值手段来分析研究飞行器非定常的耦合运动特征,预测失稳运动的发生与发展。研究表明:在流动结构失稳后机体运动逐步形成极限环振荡的周期性自维持运动,滚转力矩系数滞回曲线呈现典型的”双8”稳定形态,前缘涡的非对称飘起与再附是典型三角翼摇滚的驱动形式;三角翼构型的自由滚振幅随攻角变化呈现阶跃式的变化;自激振荡的幅度及频率与滚动惯量的大小存在对应的规律性关系。非定常自激振动的翼摇滚具有多控制参数、非稳定、非线性的运动特征。     

Missile autopilot design via functional inversion and time-scaled transformation

This paper presents a new approach to acceleration control of STT (Skid-To-Turn) missiles. In the design and stability analysis of our autopilot, we assume perfect roll-stabilization but consider fully all other nonlinearities of the missile dynamics including the coupling effect due to bank angle. Our autopilot controller consists of a partial-linearizing controller and a dynamic compensator. The partial-linearizing controller along with a time scaled transformation can convert the nonlinear missile dynamics to the so-called normalized system which is completely independent of Mach number and almost independent of air density. The dynamic compensator is designed based on this normalized system. This normalized system greatly simplifies the design process of an autopilot controller regardless of flight conditions. Our autopilot controller can provide fast and exact set-point tracking performance but without the slow-varying conditions on angle of attack and side-slip angle required often in the prior works.     

飞机大振幅非定常滚转运动的非线性稳定性分析

本文根据某飞机大振幅非定常滚转力矩的风洞试验结果,采用两种方法,计算了飞机绕体轴作自由滚转运动时的滚转角时间历程,分析研究了飞机非线性滚转运动的稳定性,并对非定常空气动力对飞机稳定性的影响作了较深入的研究。本文通过两种滚转运动时间历程结果的比较,表明了给出的从大振幅实验提取常规动导数方法是可行的;而且也表明了通过测量飞机绕体轴滚转时大振幅非定常滚转运动时的滚转力矩值,可以研究飞机的摇滚（Ｗｉｎｇ     

Compound Control for Hydraulic Flight Motion Simulator

The design of a compound control is presented for the servo system of hydraulic flight motion simulator, which suffers from highly nonlinear dynamics, large parameter time-variation and severe load coupling among channels. The compound control is composed of a robust feedback controller and a feedforward compensator. The design aim is to achieve high tracking performance even in the presence of considerable uncertainty, external disturbance and load coupling among channels. Toward this aim the feedback controller for rejecting perturbation and disturbance is designed by using μ synthesis optimization technique and the feedforward compensator for compensating time lag of dynamic system is established based on the basic idea of zero phase error tracking. To validate the proposed control strategy, simulations and experiments are implemented, and show that the resulting system is highly robust against model perturbation and possesses excellent capability of suppressing the load coupling and improving the tracking performance.