航空复合材料结构精密干涉连接技术综述

凭借在强度、韧性及寿命上的优势,复合材料尤其是碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）逐渐作为主承力结构应用于飞机产品,但由于极易产生连接损伤,其机械连接正面临"干涉破坏强度,非干涉降低性能"的矛盾。而其关键在于对干涉量的精密控制,即实现复合材料结构的精密干涉连接。针对此问题,本文分析了航空复合材料结构精密干涉连接的特点、难点与应用现状,并提出了航空复合材料结构精密干涉连接技术体系框架,重点归纳总结了航空复合材料结构精密干涉连接的三大核心问题：复合材料干涉连接孔周应力分析方法、干涉连接结构损伤萌生与扩展机理、干涉连接结构力学性能退化机制的学术发展脉络及现有问题,在此基础上,指出了未来航空复合材料结构精密干涉连接技术在模型、紧固件、工艺、材料等层面的发展趋势。     

层合板干涉螺接分层损伤及其临界干涉量

复合材料层合板的干涉配合连接具有优越的性能,是飞机复合材料结构连接的发展趋势。然而,层合板在干涉连接过程中易出现分层损伤。针对以上问题,采用理论建模与有限元模拟方法研究了碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)层合板干涉螺接过程中的分层损伤及其临界干涉量。首先,对CFRP层合板的干涉螺接工艺过程和分层损伤进行力学行为分析;然后,基于虚功原理,建立了各层界面的分层损伤临界轴向力计算模型,结合插钉力与干涉量间的关系,建立临界干涉量的预测模型,求得分层损伤的临界干涉量;最后,采用ABAQUS有限元软件对CFRP层合板干涉螺接过程进行数值模拟,应用内聚力单元建立层合板层间界面,模拟了CFRP层合板在不同干涉量时的分层损伤机理,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)实验观测了细观分层损伤。研究结果显示:干涉量是影响CFRP层合板分层损伤的主要工艺参数;层合板中越靠下边的层间界面,其不产生分层损伤的临界轴向力和临界干涉量越小,即越容易产生分层损伤。     

考虑分层损伤的复合材料螺栓连接强度预测与损伤分析

针对传统复合材料损伤分析方法未考虑界面层的损伤问题,基于三维累积损伤分析方法和内聚力模型方法,建立一套能够综合考虑面内损伤和层间损伤的复合材料螺栓连接数值分析模型。通过对两种典型复合材料单钉接头进行强度分析,表明该计算方法比传统有限元方法具有更高的精度。基于该模型,对接头层合板的分层扩展以及拧紧力矩对接头强度和分层扩展的影响进行研究。结果表明:分层扩展方向和层合板断裂方向是一致的;拧紧力矩对连接强度有明显提高作用,并且对孔边分层扩展有抑制作用。     

含孔薄板孔边疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展

 测试了 Ni基高温合金 GH41 69含孔薄板试件不同应力幅下的低周疲劳寿命,给出了孔边最大应力幅相同时,应力集中因子改变对试件疲劳寿命的影响。结合断口 SEM分析,探讨了应力集中条件下,疲劳短裂纹的萌生和扩展方式。试验结果表明,疲劳裂纹以滑移方式在孔壁与试样表面相交的棱上萌生;萌生期依赖于孔边应力幅的大小,与孔径无关。但疲劳裂纹扩展速率与孔边局部区域的应力分布有关。在孔边应力幅相同的情况下,孔边应力集中因子较大的试样裂纹扩展速率大,疲劳寿命分布带略低于孔边应力集中因子较小的试样。短裂纹阶段,疲劳裂纹以角裂纹的形式向内扩展;长裂纹阶段,疲劳裂纹以穿透裂纹的形式进行扩展。稳定扩展阶段疲劳裂纹以穿晶的韧性撕裂方式发展,但在靠近失稳扩展区域疲劳裂纹呈准解理断裂方式扩展。试验未观察到疲劳短裂纹群的连接与合并现象。     

火焰筒掺混孔边裂纹萌生和扩展机理研究

利用有限元法，结合瞬态传热过程研究了火焰筒掺混孔内孔边裂纹形成和扩展机理，应用应变疲劳理论和裂纹扩展分析方法对裂纹萌生时间和扩展能力进行分析。由于火焰筒在热循环载荷作用下各处升温速度不一致．引起结构上的相互约束，使掺混孔边产生循环塑性变形导致疲劳裂纹萌生；裂纹萌生后会继续扩展，但这种扩展能力有限；孔边冷却区域大小会对裂纹扩展能力产生较大影响。     

铺层比例对层合板连接结构损伤特性影响分析

复合材料螺栓连接结构,其铺层比例、铺层顺序对整体结构连接效率具有重要影响.基于ABAQUS有限元软件平台,对其进行二次开发定义材料损伤退化方法,建立三维渐进损伤模型对不同铺层比例复合材料层合板螺栓连接结构的损伤扩展及破坏特性进行数值模拟分析,计算结果与验证试验结果吻合较好.分析仿真与试验结果表明:对于CCF300/BA9916Ⅱ型复合材料层合板螺栓连接结构,铺层比例对结构连接效率有重要影响,合理确定±45°层比例可以显著提高孔边应力集中区的抗挤压和抗剪切能力,有效改善连接结构的破坏模式;在±45°层比例增加到50％之后,复合材料层合板螺栓连接结构的连接强度将不再显著提高.     

复合材料沉头双钉单搭接连接静强度分析

对复合材料沉头双钉单搭接机械连接接头进行了静态拉伸试验,并建立了三维有限元模型,编写了材料失效准则和刚度退化准则的累积损伤程序,计算了连接孔的挤压应力和接头损伤,预测了连接的失效载荷。数值计算表明:单搭接产生的附加弯矩使孔边应力沿板厚呈三角形分布;孔边挤压损伤和螺帽的侧向压缩损伤以及极限载荷与试验结果吻合;位于搭接板自由端的钉孔弯曲变形较小,应设计为沉头孔。     

拉伸载荷下正交三向机织复合材料接头失效多尺度渐进损伤分析

针对机械打孔三维机织复合材料耳片接头的单轴拉伸破坏性能，采用多尺度分析方法研究孔边纱线破坏过程。结果表明，正交三向（ORT）机织复合材料接头孔边的连续的经纱出现大量的纵向损伤；纬纱单元出现大量横向损伤，损伤沿着孔边45°方向逐渐扩展，纬纱发生剪切失效，最终接头的损伤形式为剪切破坏。数值模拟和试验结果的误差为1.14％，验证了多尺度有限元仿真方法的正确性。孔边细观区域的纱线损伤从孔边扩展到边接头边缘。孔边纱线的分布位置不同，纱线的破坏形式虽不一样，但是不影响破坏的扩展趋势。     

单面螺纹抽钉干涉配合复合材料连接件挤压强度研究

由于连接技术是复合材料连接结构设计中的关键环节,所以本文通过试验研究了干涉配合对复合材料单钉双剪连接件挤压强度的影响作用,并建立了能预测复合材料连接件挤压强度的三维有限元数值模型.该模型考虑了钉孔接触、渐进损伤以及大变形理论,并采用了Hashin失效判据以及Tan材料性能退化准则,研究了不同干涉量(0％,0.5％,3％)配合方式对连接强度和刚度的影响作用.结果表明适量的干涉能提高连接挤压强度,而3％的过量干涉配合降低了连接挤压强度,却有较高的挤压弦向刚度,与试验结果相比,吻合较好.     

复合材料与金属毛化连接试验及仿真分析

针对典型复合材料层合板与钛合金的电子束毛化连接问题,进行了典型拉伸破坏试验,建立有限元细节模型及整体模型,并进行了数值模拟,将分析结果与试验结果进行对比,显示了二者在毛化连接区域的损伤扩展过程、破坏载荷及破坏模式方面基本一致。该数值分析方法可以用于研究复合材料与金属毛化连接。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

ν-gap度量及其在飞行控制律评估中的应用

 传统控制律评估方法主要用于单输入单输出（SISO）系统，且对模型参数摄动考虑不够全面,针对这些不足，研究了ν-gap度量方法。在介绍系统广义稳定裕度相关概念的基础上，给出了ν-gap度量的定义、特点和性质以及近似摄动模型的计算，提出ν-gap度量评估控制律的步骤。实例结果表明，该方法不仅克服了上述传统评估方法的缺陷，而且还有根据所求的各摄动影响情况忽略影响小的元素，以减少计算量及可以找到最坏情况下的参数摄动组合等优点。     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.