Preoperational testing of data link-based air traffic managementsystems in Magadan, far East Russia

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used in many ways which were unimagined by its original planners and implementers. This paper discusses one such application; the surveillance of commercial aircraft in a developing airspace environment. GPS provides system users with the ability to determine their own position with an accuracy, reliability and cost that is unprecedented. Voice procedures augmented by radar have been the primary tools for air traffic surveillance since the end of World War II. But for some countries the equipage of aircraft with GPS and a data link capable of carrying position reports to the ATC authorities is providing a viable alternative to long-range secondary radar systems. In the summer and fail of 1995, ARINC installed and demonstrated equipment in Magadan, Russia which permits air traffic controllers of MagadanAeroControl to monitor GPS position reports generated by aircraft as far away as Canada and the South Pacific. The position reports were displayed against maps and flight tracks. This equipment has clearly demonstrated an alternative technology for the upgrading of the ATC system in Siberia and other remote areas     

低空无人机交通管理概览与建议综述

大量无序飞行的低空无人机运行会对地面设施、公共安全、空中载人飞行器等带来危害。然而,目前民航空中交通管理不能适应未来数以百万架的无人机。为了应对该挑战,世界各国针对低空无人机空中交通管理开发了新框架。低空无人机空中交通管理属于近几年出来的新事物。藉此聚焦于低空无人机交通管理,从4个方面进行概览：低空无人机相关的空中交通基本概念及现状、低空无人机交通管理介绍、低空无人机交通管理的关键技术和低空无人机交通管理相关科学问题,以期望对无人机产业健康发展有一定的建议意义。     

对航空发动机研究和发展规律的认识

探讨了世界上航空发达国家航空发动机技术加速发展的态势。分析了甸航空动力技术预先研究的现状及存在问题。加深了对航空发动机发展规律的认识。对如何振兴航空、动力先行,把我国航空发动机搞上去,走自主创新的发展道路提出了建议。     

我国部门预算改革的制约因素及对策

部门预算主要反映的是政府部门的收支活动，编制部门预算是发达国家和多数发展中国家的通行做法，也是我国当前预算管理制度改革的主要内容之一。虽然部门预算在我国已全面铺开，但在进一步深化过程中仍面临很多问题。文章就我国部门预算改革存在的问题进行了系统的考察，然后分析其中的制约因素，最后从技术操作和制度安排两个方面，提出了深化我国部门预算改革的对策建议。     

近距平行跑道航班着陆调度研究

针对我国航空运输业快速发展导致空中交通拥挤以及航班延误问题,研究了近距平行跑道航班着陆调度问题,以缓解空中交通拥挤和减少航班延误.以配对进近的形式,考虑时间、配对、间隔、排序等因素,建立航班着陆调度模型.针对机场小规模的进场航班流量,采用穷举法求解,并用算例进行仿真验证.结果表明,与先到先服务原则相比,经算法调度的进场航班总的延误时间减少了33%.     

无人战斗机的发展及其关键技术

回顾了无人战斗机（UCAV）的发展背景，简要介绍了目前国外无人战斗机的发展现状和重点研究方向。分析了其关键技术和发展过程中应解决的主要问题，详细介绍了其系统构成和技术要求，研究了未来无人战斗机系统成功的关键技术和人员因素问题，对我国UCAV的研制和发展具有指导意义和参考价值。     

新疆管制区域扇区容量评估与划设研究

新疆是连接我国与中亚、欧洲等国家的重要地区,是我国“一带一路”陆上至关重要的支点。随着航班量的逐年递增,新疆管制区域的管制压力逐年增大,负荷分布不均匀、扇区内冲突点增多的问题愈发严重。面向我国“一带一路”和“空中丝绸之路”的发展要求,预测2035 年新疆管制区域的流量增长情况;基于管制员的工作负荷对当前的扇区划分方案进行容量评估,结合流容比指标对新疆区域2035 年的扇区划分提出合理化的建议以满足流量增长的保障需求;采用计算机仿真技术对2035 年扇区划设方案进行仿真评估。结果表明：新的扇区划分能够有效地减少高峰日流量和高峰小时流量,之前管制员负荷较高的扇区通过合理的划分,管制压力也得到了明显缓解。     

Dynamically adaptable m-best 2-D assignment algorithm andmultilevel parallelization

In recent years, there has been considerable interest within the tracking community in an approach to data association based on the m-best two-dimensional (2D) assignment algorithm. Much of the interest has been spurred by its ability to provide various efficient data association solutions, including joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) and multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT). The focus of this work is to describe several recent improvements to the m-best 2D assignment algorithm. One improvement is to utilize a nonintrusive 2D assignment algorithm switching mechanism, based on a problem sparsity threshold. Dynamic switching between two different 2D assignment algorithms, highly suited for sparse and dense problems, respectively, enables more efficient solutions to the numerous 2D assignment problems generated in the m-best 2D assignment framework. Another improvement is to utilize a multilevel parallelization enabling many independent and highly parallelizable tasks to be executed concurrently, including 1) solving the multiple 2D assignment problems via a parallelization of the m-best partitioning task, and 2) calculating the numerous gating tests, state estimates, covariance calculations, and likelihood function evaluations (used as cost coefficients in the 2D assignment problem) via a parallelization of the data association interface task. Using both simulated data and an air traffic surveillance (ATS) problem based on data from two Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) air traffic control radars, we demonstrate that efficient solutions to the data association problem are obtainable using our improvements in the m-best 2D assignment algorithm     

Radar network system to observe & analyze Tokyo Bay vessel traffic

A complete grasp of the actual vessel traffic flow by accurate observation is essential to carry out vessel traffic management, design of vessel traffic route, plan of port construction, etc. Up to now, the observation of vessel traffic has needed many efforts such as the use of a special ship or car equipped with radar observation systems and the observation staff preparation for a considerably long period. In order to perform accurate observation of vessel traffic without such efforts, the authors have developed a completely automated radar network system covering the main traffic route of Tokyo Bay. In August 2003, as the second remote radar station attaching AIS equipment was set at East Ogishima (the first was installed at the National Defense Academy in 2002), the observing range could be enlarged and cover most traffic routes in Tokyo Bay. These two radars can observe the vessel traffic in Tokyo Bay simultaneously so as to know the traffic flow accurately on the basis of analyzing the integrated radar data. In addition to the development of a radar network system, the software to analyze observed vessel traffic flow has been developed. This software has various functions such as tracking of ship's position, automatic determination of ship's size, animation of ship's movements, superposition of successive radar images, display of ship's tracks, calculation of ship's speed distribution, extraction of dangerous ship encounters using subjective judgment value and bumper model, etc. Some analyzed results on vessel traffic flow observed by the remote radars in January and September 2003 are shown in this paper.     

Measuring air traffic complexity based on small samples

Air traffic complexity is an objective metric for evaluating the operational condition of the airspace.It has several applications,such as airspace design and traffic flow management.Therefore,identifying a reliable method to accurately measure traffic complexity is important.Considering that many factors correlate with traffic complexity in complicated nonlinear ways,researchers have proposed several complexity evaluation methods based on machine learning models which were trained with large samples.However,the high cost of sample collection usually results in limited training set.In this paper,an ensemble learning model is proposed for measuring air traffic complexity within a sector based on small samples.To exploit the classification information within each factor,multiple diverse factor subsets (FSSs) are generated under guidance from factor noise and independence analysis.Then,a base complexity evaluator is built corresponding to each FSS.The final complexity evaluation result is obtained by integrating all results from the base evaluators.Experimental studies using real-world air traffic operation data demonstrate the advantages of our model for small-sample-based traffic complexity evaluation over other stateof-the-art methods.     

关于发展中国家跨国公司理论的研究现状

通过对英国经济学家邓宁、拉奥和美国经济学家威尔斯等人关于发展中国跨国公司理论的综述，阐述了发展中国家的经济发展水平与跨国公司直接投资的关系，以及经济落后国家的企业如休拥有竞争优势等问题。     

The Role of Scientific and Engineering Societies in Development: Present Perspectives and Future Prospects

There can be no doubt that engineers and scientists have a vital role to play in the developmental processes by which the na tions of the Third World will bring greater health, safety, pro sperity and self-reliance to their peoples, but the role that the professionalengineering and scientific societies must play re mains undefined. In this paper the roles these societies perform for themselves and their members are defined, how they have been and are becoming effective in the international sphere at large is examined, and how they are and can become effective in that most difficult area of international relations, the mutual support of the developed and the developing nations is described. Only the particular set of professional societies whose members practice engineering, the applications of natural science, and social science are discussed. These three groups are involved with the special needs of the developing countries only on a limited scale. They have a much larger role to play than they presently undertake, a heavier responsibility, in fact, than many of them understand is demanded of them.     

空域网格化方法及其在空管中的应用研究

传统的空域理论方法面临交通密度快速增长、空域管制对象复杂多类异构等一系列问题,研究空域数字化建模,发展出新的空中交通四维时空框架,在此基础上开展全新的空域与空中交通流量协同管理是当前的迫切需要。本文聚焦包括平面格网模型以及空域空间格网模型的空域网格化方法的总结,并对空域网格化方法的空管应用研究进行综述,在此基础上,对空域网格化及数字化研究重点及发展趋势进行综合分析。本文研究能够为空域网格化及数字化理论与应用的可持续发展提供科学指引。     

Control in the cockpit: crews vs. computers

In the no-holds-barred competition between Boeing and Europe's Airbus Industrie for dominance in the world's commercial jet airliner markets, the question of who--or what--is in charge in the cockpit has been a significant selling point. Airbus, which pioneered highly automated flight controls with its A320 narrow-body transport in the late 1980s, likes to emphasize the "protection" features built into the aircraft through those automated systems. Boeing, which employs many of the same concepts in its new 777 twin-engine widebody transport, tends to put more emphasis on crew involvement in the operation of that aircraft. Is there a difference? In fact, the question has broader implications than those involving the marketing battle between Boeing and Airbus. Airlines, aircraft manufacturers, flight training specialists, human factors gurus, and aviation authorities in various countries are struggling with the isse as automation becomes more and more prevalent on passenger and cargo-carrying aircraft around the world.     

Image understanding research for automatic target recognition

Automatic target recognition (ATR) is an important capability for defense applications. Many aspects of image understanding (IU) research are traditionally used to solve ATR problems. The authors discuss ATR applications and problems in developing real-world ATR systems and present the status of technology for these systems. They identify several IU problems that need to be resolved in order to enhance the effectiveness of ATR-based weapon systems. They conclude that technological gains in developing robust ATR systems will lead to significant advances in many other areas of applications of image understanding     

浅析辽宁省生态农业的发展

农业作为人类最古老的产业,现在已迈向生态型农业探索的新时期。因此,研究生态农业十分必要。辽宁省十分重视生态农业的发展,并积累了宝贵的经验,通过对几个生态农业典范市县分析,得出如下结论;如本溪县可持续发展有资源优势且带动性强的产业,岫岩县促进生态优势转化为经济优势的经验及盘锦市西安生态养殖场的“四步净化、五步利用”的综合利用模式,实现了农业经济循环,增加了农民收入,繁荣了城乡市场,改善了环境。     

运用多重属性风险评估量化跑道侵入严重等级

随着航空运输业的迅速发展,交通密度逐渐增大,机场跑滑系统越来越复杂,航空安全问题也随之增多,其中跑道侵入是影响航空安全的重要方面.引起跑道侵入的因素多种多样,本文主要研究人为因素对跑道侵入严重性等级的影响,根据跑道侵入严重等级的划分,利用多重属性风险评估模型对跑道侵入严重性等级进行量化,通过实例计算和对所得数据的分析,表明多重属性风险评估模型可为跑道系统提供通用的跑道侵入风险评估方法,并指出实际工作中存在的问题及预防措施.     

Overview of multiple satellite communication networks

Recently interest in packet communications has stimulated an interest in constellations of low altitude satellites. Such a configuration would have less propagation delay and be cheaper to launch than satellites at higher or geosynchronous altitude. However, many more satellites are necessary at low altitude to achieve reasonable coverage of the earth and insure availability of the resource. Further, the geometry of such a constellation would be dynamic with communication links of short duration as the satellites speed past each other or a ground site. The most difficult design issue in these systems is a stable method of routing messages that will sustain a reasonable level of traffic. This paper explores the problems of routing and switching messages through a constellation of low altitude satellites and examines some of the related demands on technology. The dynamic nature of crosslinks, uplinks, and downlinks requires a very agile antenna system, and the volume of information for routing of traffic is overwhelming. Use of some type of facetted phased array antenna is advocated to solve the former problem, but the latter problem is more subtle. Since the volume of ephemeris and constellation data as well as the rate of update is unmanageable, schemes relying on some form of broadcast or random access may be considered. It is concluded that none of the known or examined approaches to routing and switching is completely satisfactory     

Satellite Charges for a Mixed Pre-Demand-Assigned System

The problems of satellite charges with reduced G/T stations for different pre-assigned and demand-assigned modes of operation are considered. A mixed pre-assigned demand-assigned operation is assumed as a model, in which large standard stations use the demand-assigned system for their overflow traffic. Determination of the optimum percentage of overflow for each link and of the global satellite revenue and occupancy, in terms of a general traffic matrix, is carried out and then used in the specific case of the Atlantic satellites to establish demand-assignment and pre-assignment charges as a function of G/T, based on a cost per unit bandwidth criterion. The effects of various demand-assignment systems on the economic balance is also considered.     

基于MBSE的通用质量特性建模分析技术研究

航空装备的可靠性、安全性、测试性分析在工程应用中存在大量重复性工作,如重复开展 FMEA 等;传统 FMEA 存在很多管理和技术问题,且 GJB/Z 1391—2006 中给出的功能及硬件 FMEA 方法自身也存在一定的技术缺陷,导致 FMEA 应用效果差,甚至很多外场真实故障应用传统 FMEA 是无法分析出来的。本文首先从 MBSE 角度着手,充分融合产品研制流程和通用质量特性的设计分析评估过程,以产品功能作为通用质量特性的输入,基于功能故障逻辑建模分析,对飞控系统功进行案例应用。结果表明：基于 MBSE 的通用质量特性建模分析技术可有效避免重复工作,并能解决“两张皮”问题。