An energy management system to improve electric vehicle range andperformance

An electric vehicle (EV) energy management system (EMS) developed to accurately predict and extend the usable driving range and the life of the battery pack is discussed. The EMS monitors and records battery state of charge, vehicle performance, power consumption of key components, and driver's actions. Convenient drive inputs in conjunction with memorized energy consumption profiles allow accurate prediction of driving range and selection of appropriate recharging profiles. EV range extension is accomplished by identifying inefficient use of energy, resulting in EMS modification of energy usage by offending subsystems or EMS suggestion to the driver of improved driving habits or vehicle use. Factors affecting the accuracy of range prediction and the amount of range extension are described     

Commercialization of advanced batteries

Mader & Associates has been working as a contractor for the South Coast Air Quality Management District (District) as well as domestic and off-shore battery developers for the past several years. During this period, it has performed various assessments of advanced battery technology as well as established the Advanced Battery Task Force. The following paper is Mader's view of the status of battery technologies that are competing for the electric vehicle (EV) market being established by the California Air Resources Board's Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandate. The ZEV market is being competed for by various advanced battery technologies. And, given the likelihood of modifications to the Mandate, the most promising technologies should capture the following market share during the initial 10 years: lead-acid-8.4%; nickel metal hydride-50.8%; sodium nickel chloride-7.8%; and lithium ion-33.0%. However, today there is much less certainty associated with EV market prediction due to changes in the ZEV regulations     

Market mature 1998 hybrid electric vehicles

Beginning in 1990, the major automotive passenger vehicle manufacturers once again re-evaluated the potential of the battery powered electric vehicle (EV). This intensive effort to reduce the battery EV to commercial practice focused attention on the key issue of limited vehicle range, resulting from the low energy density and high mass characteristics of batteries, in comparison to the high energy density of liquid hydrocarbon (HC) fuels. Consequently, by 1995, vehicle manufacturers turned their attention to hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). This redirection of EV effort was highlighted finally in 1997, at the 57th Frankfurt Motor Show, the Audi Duo parallel type hybrid was released for the domestic market as a 1998 model vehicle. Also at the 1997 32nd Tokyo Motor Show, Toyota Hybrid System (THS) Prius was released for the domestic market as a production 1998 model vehicle. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the key features of these two 1998 model year production hybrid systems. Among the conclusions, two issues are evident: one, the major manufacturers have turned to the hybrid concept in their search for solutions to the key EV issues of limited range; and, heating/air conditioning; and two, the focus is now on introducing hybrid EV for test marketing domestically     

Charge measurement circuit for electric vehicle batteries

Calculating the state of charge (SOC) of an electric vehicle (EV) battery is an inherently error prone process that depends on several variables. However, the accuracy of the required charge flow measurements can be greatly improved by using a voltage to frequency (V/F) converter in conjunction with a digital counter to integrate the measured battery current.     

航空蓄电池能量均衡技术研究

航空电池组中单体电池之间会逐渐出现不一致性,会降低电池组性能和使用寿命,甚至引发安全事故。本文提出了一种基于主动均衡的航空蓄电池组能量均衡系统结构,提出了一种能量集中式双向传递的Cúk型均衡电路,设计了顶部均衡和底部均衡的均衡控制策略。开发了航空镍镉蓄电池能量均衡系统,进行了镍镉电池组能量均衡实验分析,实验结果表明新型能量均衡器具有均衡速度快、均衡电池单体可任意选择、能量双向传递的优点,通过电池组能量均衡控制能明显改善电池组内单体之间的不一致性,提高电池组容量利用率和使用寿命。     

容错航空蓄电池电源及其均衡管理

航空蓄电池在实际使用中会出现电池性能衰退与退化速率不一致,电池组容量与使用寿命降低,甚至可能出现严重的安全事故。针对电池单体不一致性和故障隔离问题,提出一种蓄电池电源系统容错体系结构和分级容错控制策略,提出基于电池单体动态重构的主动均衡管理新方法,设计基于"冒泡沉底（BS）择优上岗"的电池单体实时动态重构策略。开发容错航空镍镉电池电源原理样机,给出系统实验性能分析,实验结果表明所提出的系统技术方案可行有效,能够快速隔离故障失效电池单体,明显改善电池不一致性,提高了电池组容量利用率和剩余使用寿命。     

基于平衡计分卡的民航快递服务管理

在剖析平衡计分卡战略思维的基础上，对民航快递服务质量展开实证调查，探讨中国民航快递公司在知识经济浪潮的冲击下，如何从新的战略视野设计服务运营平衡计分卡，建立战略管理绩效评估体系，全面实施服务管理，以改善服务遭遇，提升员工素质，优化顾客关系，为发展第三方物流奠定基础。     

Considerations regarding the comparison of traction batteries

S.E.A. has been developing, since 1983, the zinc-flow-battery to be ready for mass production. In 1993 the Boston based Power Cell Corporation (PCC) acquired S.E.A. and the new company intends to erect a facility to produce 150.000 kWh at the end of 1994. Since 1985 zinc-flow-batteries are used to power electric-vehicles in capacities between 5 kWh and 45 kWh at voltages between 48 V and 216 V. A 22.5 kWh/96 V battery assembled in a Fiat-Panda is shown, which achieves 260 km per charge at 50 km/h constant. This Panda participated in several rallies. A purpose designed 15 kWh/144 V battery for the Hotzenblitz-EV is also shown, which demonstrates the design-flexibility of the battery. The battery is mounted from underneath the car body between the four wheels and does not consume valuable space in the front or rear of the car. This position is a significant contribution to the safety of passengers. Mass production for this EV is foreseen in 1995. About 50,000 kms of testing experience partially in direct comparison with originally assembled lead acid batteries showed results with zinc-flow-battery equipped EVs, which were significant better than was expected. Referring to about the same battery weight a two- to threefold range was experienced with the zinc-flow-system independent of the driving cycle and independent of the battery capacity compared     

A maintenance-free lead acid battery for inertial navigationsystems aircraft

Historically, aircraft inertial navigation system (INS) batteries have utilized vented nickel-cadmium batteries for emergency DC power. The United States Navy and Air Force developed separate systems during their respective INS developments. The Navy contracted with Litton industries to produce the LTN-72 and Air Force contracted with Delco to produce the Carousel IV INS for the large cargo and specialty aircraft applications, over the years, a total of eight different battery national stock numbers (NSNs) have entered the stock system along with 75 battery spare part NSNs. The standard hardware acquisition and reliability program is working with the Aircraft Battery Group at Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, Naval Air Systems Command (AIR 536), Wright Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, and Concorde Battery Corporation to produce a standard INS battery. This paper discusses the approach taken to determine whether the battery should be replaced and to select the replacement chemistry. The paper also discusses the battery requirements, aircraft that the battery is compatible with, and status of Navy flight evaluation. Projected savings in avoided maintenance in Navy and Air Force INS systems is projected to be $14.7 million per year with a manpower reduction of 153 maintenance personnel. The new INS battery is compatible with commercially sold INS systems which represents 66% of the systems sold     

飞机碱性电瓶最佳充电方式研究及其实现

应用电瓶最佳受电原理，对常用飞机碱性电瓶的充电方式进行了分析和比较，提出了脉冲恒流二阶段充电法是电瓶的最佳充电方法之一的设想，其可行性已被试验证实。利用该充电方法，研制成了飞机碱性电瓶专用充电器．实验结果表明该充电方法能大大提高电瓶的充电效率，延长电瓶的使用寿命。     

从Zeithaml和Berry服务质量模式看如何提高航空服务质量

目前,服务性行业为了提高整体服务质量,着重强调首先了解消费者的期望的服务是什么,在此基础上满足和超过消费者的期望服务质量,最终使消费者满意。服务质量模式揭示了消费者期望服务和实际获得服务之间的差别,显示了招致提供服务失败的五个差距。作为服务性行业的航空公司可从中进一步了解旅客的需要,减少差距,提高服务质量。     

基于直流微电网的混合储能协调控制策略仿真研究

针对直流微电网中光伏发电单元出力的波动性和间歇性造成系统内部功率不平衡的问题,混合储能系统可以同时发挥蓄电池高能量密度和超级电容高功率密度的优势,根据直流母线电压进行混合储能单元间的协调控制策略。该策略将直流母线电压进行分层控制,采用四个电压阈值共分成五个控制区域,以直流母线电压为信息载体,决定储能系统的运行状态,实现对混合储能单元的充电、放电模式间自主切换。电压分层控制有效地避免了蓄电池由于电压波动而频繁进行充放电切换,从而延长了电池的使用寿命。最后,MATLAB/Simulink的仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的可行性。     

金融品牌资产的构建

随着我国金融行业的全面开放和发展，金融行业的竞筝越来越激烈，品牌已经成为金融企业获取长期竞争优势的重要来源。在服务品牌资产模型的基础上，结合金融行业自身的特点，构建金融品牌资产模型。通过从金融企业服务营销努力，到金融品牌知识建立，再到金融品牌关系形成，最后到金融品牌市场表现四个阶段来创建金融品牌资产。最后还提出了运用模型创建金融品牌资产的方法要点。     

基于主成分和聚类分析的管制系统质量评估模型

为进行管制系统运行的质量服务水平评估,建立了初始管制系统质量评估指标体系,先用主成分分析剔除存在相关性、信息重叠的指标,再用聚类分析的迭代思想进行分类,得到最终管制系统质量评估指标体系。在此基础上用物元分析对管制系统质量进行综合评估。最后,通过算例分析验证了评估方法的可行性。     

Battery charge controller characteristics in photovoltaic systems

Typical strategies for battery charge regulation and load control in stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems are presented. Several charge algorithms (methods of controlling current to the battery) are presented, along with terminology used by the PV industry for battery charge controllers. Information gained from an extensive evaluation of commercially available charge controllers and data collected from tests on PV systems in the field are discussed. An overview of battery performance characteristics needed for the successful design and long-term operation of PV systems is presented with the intent of soliciting feedback on the information presented from the battery industry     

Satellite communication system integrated into terrestrial ISDN

This paper presents an advanced satellite communication system named DYANET II. This system uses satellite channels as subscriber lines for ISDN customers as well as trunk circuits for overflow traffic. The system can offer the same ISDN services to satellite customers as those available to terrestrial subscribers in terms of numbering, signaling, and charging systems as well as user-network interfaces. It can also set up satellite channels on a demand assignment basis to achieve efficient satellite channel utilization, and to connect customers by single-hop satellite connections. A compact, lightweight Earth station has been developed for remote customers and temporary demands such as exhibitions.     

基于改进层次分析法的机场道面综合评价

以机场道面的损坏状况、平整性能、抗滑能力和承载能力四个方面作为机场道面的使用性能评价指标,较为系统地建立了机场道面使用性能的评价体系：提出了基于改进层次分析方法和模糊理论的机场道面综合评价模型,对机场道面的使用性能从整体上进行综合评判,结合实例验证了模型的准确性和可行性。     

Heating and cooling battery electric vehicles-the final barrier

Battery electric vehicles (EVs) present a particular challenge to the development of more efficient and effective heating and cooling systems for automotive applications. Because heating-ventilating-air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are electrically powered, vehicle range is reduced when the HVAC system is operating. The alternative solutions to HVAC battery electric vehicles are identified and evaluated. These include a basis for determining HVAC boundary design assumptions and showing mathematical methods for estimating the HVAC load and energy requirements, and evaluation of the new European and Japanese approaches to wintertime heating, such as NaS battery, motor and component waste heat recovery, electric seat warmer, radiant foot warmer, electric windshield and backlight defrost, molten salt latent heat storage, metal hydride hydrogen storage and catalytic heater, and liquid fueled heater     

我国零售业实施服务营销战略存在的问题及对策

我国零售业的服务状况近年来有了较大的改观，但整体水平不高，与外资零售企业相比仍有较大差距。分析了我国零售业服务营销方面存在的诸多问题，具体表现在：经营者的服务意识有待提高，营业员服务素质较差，购物环境缺乏“人性化”设计，服务创新能力低，等等。建议通过采取重视顾客服务需求，构建服务营销体系，提供优质服务，建设优秀的员工队伍，为顾客创造温馨、舒适的购物环境，努力实施服务创新，积极与顾客沟通等措施来解决以上问题。     

非车载充电机仿真建模

在阐述电动汽车非车载充电机的基本结构的基础上,根据非车载充电机的基本原理,针对不可控整流型非车载充电机,分析高频隔离式DC/DC变换器和充电机的控制电路,在Matlab-Simulink的平台上进行建模,对相关参数进行仿真,并对其注入电网和输出充电的电能进行评估。