屏蔽材料对木星轨道卫星内部介质充电效应的影响研究

在木星轨道的空间辐射环境中,占主导地位的粒子是能量大于1MeV（甚至高于100MeV）的高能电子,这可能会产生卫星内部介质充电效应。在卫星的防辐射设计中,通常需要一定厚度的材料来屏蔽这些电子,使得进入卫星内部的电子通量达到安全的水平。利用所建立的GEANT4-RIC（radiation induced conductivity）方法,研究了运行于木星轨道的卫星对高能电子的最佳屏蔽材料设计。研究了铝、钛、铁、铜、钽和铅作为卫星屏蔽材料的可能性。研究结果表明,在木星探测任务中,为了减轻卫星内部介质充电效应,高原子序数材料比低原子序数材料在相同质量下提供的屏蔽效果更好。因此,用钛、铁、铜、钽或铅代替地球轨道卫星上常用的屏蔽材料铝,可以节省屏蔽质量。     

英国研制成防止卫星带电的新型复合材料

最近,英国航空宇宙公司空间通信部研制了一种用于轨道卫星的新型复合材料,由于这种材料的应用,在卫星受到高能电子轰击时,不至于引起损伤或整个计划的失败。高能电子的轰击,可在卫星的外部隔热层表面产生高达二万伏的静电。而当电压达到隔热层的击穿电压时,就在材料中发生自然放电。这样,不仅放电处的隔热层要损坏,而且放电引起的强电磁脉冲还会在卫星的电子线路上产生伪信号。这些伪信号在未得到地面指令纠正之前,一直会干扰卫星的正常工作。而更为严重的情况是当卫星在     

高中低能电子联合辐照电介质薄膜充放电效应

高能(350KeV)-中能(18—30KeV可调)-低能(4—5KeV可调)电子联合辐照聚酯薄膜和特氟隆薄膜,得到与中能电子辐照、高-中能电子联合辐照以及中-低能电子联合辐照不同的结果。实验结果表明,高能电子能诱发电介质薄膜充放电。特氟隆薄膜的三能电子联合辐照实验结果与Coakley和Treadaway的1-100keVdN/dE∝E~(-2)谱电子辐照实验结果以及NASCAP计算机模拟结果符合。得出结论,三能电子联合辐照可较为完善地模拟静止卫星电介质的充放电效应。论证了选用三种能量电子的充分性和必要性。推断出,如果在星食期遇到象1979年4月24日磁层亚暴事件,则静止卫星表面某些电介质局部电位有可能超过SCATHA卫星近期数据给出的和NASCAP计算的-2—-4KV,而且会出现大的放电。     

太阳帆板驱动机构内带电效应试验

太阳帆板驱动机构（Solar Array Drive Assembly,SADA）是长寿命、大功率航天器能源系统的关键部件.在空间高能电子环境下,SADA内部会发生静电放电甚至诱发二次放电,导致航天器丧失能源.利用双束加速器建立试验平台,对SADA进行内带电效应试验.试验中高能电子束的电子能量为2MeV,束流密度为5pA·cm-2,模拟SADA工作电压为50~150V,工作电流为0.5~1.5A.试验样品充电电位在辐照5h后达到平衡,形成的电场约为5×106V·m-1.相同工作电流下的放电次数随工作电压增大而明显增加,说明工作电压形成的电场与高能电子沉积形成的电场叠加会增加SADA发生放电的风险.依据试验结果,提出SADA抗内带电设计方案:一是降低SADA介质盘的体电阻率;二是改进导电环结构体的结构设计,降低导电环间电压在介质盘上形成的电场.      

基于神经网络及深层充电的电子通量反演模型

为了实现对空间高能电子通量的估计及航天器深层充放电的风险评估,基于深层充电和空间电子环境的关联性,利用人工神经网络（ANN）建立了一种由深层充电反演空间高能电子环境的模型。以深层充电探测电流密度及电子能量作为模型输入,电子通量作为模型输出,使用AE9模型对神经网络进行训练,将神经网络的MSE降低到了0.04122,并使用Giove A卫星的深层充电探测数据及GOES卫星的电子通量探测数据验证了模型反演电子环境的准确性。同时对由探测电流计算航天器典型介质材料最大内电场的神经网络模型进行了研究,以实现对航天器内充电风险实时评估。     

由高能电子引发的风云二号C星跳变事件概率分析

通过对地球同步轨道高能电子监测数据(来自GOES)与风云二号卫星跳变事件的对比分析发现, 跳变事件均发生在高能电子增强事件即所谓高能电子暴期间, 因此初步断定, 跳变事件与高能电子引起的卫星介质深层充放电事件有关. 通过对不同通量高能电子增强事件期间所发生的跳变事件发生率进行量化计算, 给出跳变事件发生概率的计算方法, 为卫星在轨运行管理及防护提供参考.      

在地面研究卫星带电现象

当美空军的科学家和工程师们正等待他们的卫星带电研究卫星(研究因电孤击穿使卫星失灵的卫星)在空间的试验结果时,Parker公司已收到一项在地面,而不是在空间,研究同样问题的合同。这项价值十五万美元的合同是国际通信卫星组织授与的。要求Parker公司建立一种可精确预测各种不同介质材料,在不同能量和电流的电子     

探测-1发现陌生空间现象

□□中国探测-1卫星于1月3日开始向地面传回数据。科学家对数据分析后发现,探测-1首次探测到了一种陌生的空间现象,即在其轨道运行空间内有一种新的高能电子分布规律,这在以往的空间探测中从未发现过。探测数据显示,在距离地球比较远的时候,高能电子探测器探测到的电子分布状况     

电子束撞击介质表面引发的带电现象分析

现有关于介质微波部件微放电的相关研究多从谐振条件及出射电子产额方面出发分析微放电发生原因及其抑制方法,而很少分析航天器表面电位对于微放电发生的影响。文章对碰撞电子与介质表面相互作用后二次电子发射特性进行综合分析;重点研究了不同介质表面初始电位情况下,恒定能量的电子束流持续轰击介质表面时介质表面电位及电子束流碰撞能量的变化趋势;并对稳定后的电子束流碰撞能量和介质表面电位进行了理论计算,计算结果表明系统平衡状态时的表面电位受初始电子能量及第二临界能量影响有明显改变。此外,文章探究了单一能量及连续能量入射介质表面时表面带电对于二次电子发射的影响,研究表明：带有电位φ的表面会使临界能量发生偏移量-eφ的相对偏移;对于连续能量的入射电子束,介质表面带电会很大程度上改变入射电子束的能量范围,从而影响微放电发生的风险。     

影响卫星故障的空间天气分析

基于美国国家地球物理数据中心(NGDC) 2384例和中国19颗卫星的263例卫星故障信息, 结合1963-2012年小时平均的多种空间环境数据, 定量分析了三种卫星故障发生期间的空间要素特征, 探讨单粒子锁定(SEU)、表面充电致静电放电(ESD)和内部深层充电所致电子引起的电磁脉冲(ECEMP)与空间天气事件的可能联系, 得出以下主要结论. (1)大部分SEU和ECEMP发生于空间天气平静时, 但在其前后3日内地磁活动达到了磁暴水平, 相对来说比例最大的发生在Dst_min之后第3日 (48～72h). (2) ESD受地磁活动和高能电子通量影响明显. 与磁暴、相对论电子通量增强事件的季节性相对应, 两分点附近ESD和ECEMP的发生率高; 93.6% 的 ESD发生前后72h内地磁活动达到磁暴水平, 故障发生时间均匀分布在 Dst_min前0～48h 和后0～24h; 54.9%的ESD 发生时处于地磁暴期(Dst <-30nT), 以-50～-30nT的小磁暴水平居多; 40.6%的ESD发生于高能电子通量高水平期(≥ 103pfu, 1pfu =1cm-2·s-1·sr-1), 81.9%的ESD发生前后72h 内高能电子通量峰值≥ 103pfu, 发生率最高时段为电子通量峰值前 48～72h. (3)高能电子对中国同步轨道卫星的SEU影响明显, 42.5% 故障发生 时高能电子通量≥ 103pfu, 故障在峰值前48～72h和峰值后48～72h 的发生概率相当, 约为23.0%. (4)同步轨道卫星SEU受太阳质子事件的影响相对较大, 22.5%的中国同步轨道卫星故障发生前后72h内发生了太阳质子事件, 季节性不明显.      

太阳风里高能电子自发辐射的Langmuir波

本文讨论太阳风里太阳耀班高能电子产生的Langmuir波的自发辐射。理论估计得出,在时间尺度γ_km-1内,Langmuir波自发辐射的电场幅值约为10-3-10-2mV/m(依赖于高能电子速度分布的具体形式),这里γ_km为在波数k处的峰增长率。此理论结果比飞船在太阳风里的观测值低2-3个数量级。因此认为,太阳风里自发辐射产生的Langmuir波辐射是可以忽略的。      

卫星介质深层充电中的主要物理问题

卫星介质深层充电效应是诱发地球同步轨道卫星运行故障和异常的重要因素之一，通过计算机模拟对介质深层充电的时间常数、电场特征、以及屏蔽、介质厚度和接地方式对充电所致最大电场的影响等主要物理问题进行了详细的分析，并给出了初步的防护措施．     

The effect of the longitudinal propagating waves on the electron acceleration in the reconnecting current sheet

Based upon the most efficient electron acceleration near the midplane of 3D non-neutral driven reconnecting current sheet (RCS) and the electrostatic wave excitation by the drift Maxwellian distribution of electrons in Vlasov simulation, we assume that the electrostatic waves mainly propagate opposite to the reconnecting electric field and investigated how these waves affect the electron acceleration. The main results are: (1) when the electron’s velocity equals to the phase speed of the waves, they will be trapped and have the different accelerating characteristics from the untrapped electrons through solving the momentum equations of electrons analytically; (2) the test particle simulations further prove that the number of the energetic electrons decreases with the increasing intensity of unstable waves, and the distribution of the energetic electrons takes on the double power-law.     

Possible influence of cosmic rays on climate through thunderstorm clouds

With decreasing of cosmic ray (CR) intensity caused by increasing of solar activity (SA) or in some short periods of Forbush-decreases, the intensity of secondary CR relativistic electrons decreases and the probability of formation of thunderstorm clouds and discharges between clouds or between clouds and ground is also expected to decrease. This will influence on weather and climate. In this case is very important to have more detail information on the atmospheric electric field distribution in the atmosphere, additional to information what gave now electric field sensors (EFS) only in about one point near the ground. We show that CR not only influenced on atmospheric electric field phenomenon, but can give practically continuous information on the atmospheric electric field distribution in the atmosphere. We extend our theory of CR atmospheric electric field effect on electron–photon, muon and neutron component including different multiplicities. We take into account that about 0.07 of neutron monitor counting rate caused by negative soft muons captured by lead nucleons and formed mesoatoms with generation of several MeV energy neutrons from lead. In this case the neutron monitor or neutron super-monitor works as analyzer that detects muons of only one, negative sign. It is very important because the atmospheric electric field effect have opposite signs for positive and negative muons that main part of this effect in the muon telescope or in ionization chamber is compensated and we can observe only small part of total effect of one sign muons. On the basis of our general theory of CR atmospheric electric field effects with taking into account of negative soft muon acceleration and deceleration in the Earth atmosphere (in dependence of direction and intensity of electric field) we discuss the possibility of existing this effect in CR neutron monitor counting rate and in different multiplicities and calculate the expected effects in dependence of atmospheric electric field distribution in the atmosphere. We show that the comparison of observed effects with theoretically expected will give important information on the value of atmospheric electric field and its distribution in the atmosphere. We consider also the possible influence of secondary relativistic electrons of CR and relativistic electrons precipitated from the Earth’s radiation belts on thunderstorms and lightnings, and through this – on climate change.     

Field formation around negatively biased solar arrays in the LEO-plasma

Heavy emission caused by impacting plasma ions results in a fast discharging effect of the initially large surface potentials on the dielectric solar cells. This eventually counteracts the energization process of the plasma ions to the cover glasses and leaves no significant electric fields. Thus, with an existing thermal plasma, electrons are again able to reach dielectric surfaces. Strong localized electric fields of the order of several 10 kV/cm form near the interconnector-cover glass interface.     

Temporal profiles of solar energetic particle events from SOHO/EPHIN data

Temporal profiles of energetic ions and electrons observed at 1 AU during solar energetic particle events are mainly determined by particle injection features, the observer location relative to the source region at the Sun, and the interplanetary space plasma and field conditions during particle transport. In this work, temporal profiles of 18 solar energetic particle events have been analyzed by fitting a pulse function to them in order to find a set of parameters which can be used to characterize the events.     

On high-altitude electric fields in the auroral downward current region and their coupling to ionospheric electric fields

The downward field-aligned current region plays an active role in magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling processes associated with aurora. A quasi-static electric field structure with a downward parallel electric field forms at altitudes between 800 km and 5000 km, accelerating ionospheric electrons upward, away from the auroral ionosphere. Other phenomena including energetic ion conics, electron solitary waves, low-frequency wave activity, and plasma density cavities occur in this region, which also acts as a source region for VLF saucers. Results are presented from high-altitude Cluster observations with particular emphasis on the characteristics and dynamics of quasi-static electric field structures. These, extending up to altitudes of at least 4–5 Earth radii, appear commonly as monopolar or bipolar electric fields. The former occur at sharp boundaries, such as the polar cap boundary whereas the bipolar fields occur at softer boundaries within the plasma sheet. The temporal evolution of quasi-static electric field structures, as captured by the pearls-on-a-string configuration of the Cluster spacecraft, indicates that the formation of electric field structures and of ionospheric plasma density cavities are closely coupled processes. A related feature of the downward current is a broadening of the current sheet with time, possibly related to the depletion process. Preliminary studies of the coupling of electric fields in the downward current region, show that small-scale structures are typically decoupled from the ionosphere, similar to what has been found for the upward current region. However, exceptions are also found where small-scale electric fields couple perfectly between the ionosphere and Cluster altitudes. Recent FAST results indicate that the degree of coupling differs between sheet-like and curved structures, and that it is typically partial. The electric field coupling further depends on the current–voltage relationship, which is highly non-linear in the downward current region, and still unrevealed, as to its specific form.     

准平行无碰撞激波上游能量粒子的观测研究

通过Cluster卫星在2005年3月16日观测到的一个准平行激波观测事例,研究了准平行激波上游低频等离子体波动与能量离子之间的关系.卫星观测结果表明,在准平行激波上游,离子微分能通量受到了非线性波动的调制.在磁场强度较小区域,离子微分能通量较高.产生这种现象的可能原因是准平行激波上游的非线性波动可以捕获离子,被捕获的离子在波动中来回弹跳并被电场加速,从而导致磁场强度较小区域离子微分能通量较高.这一观测结果与已有的混合模拟结果相吻合.      

关于磁尾高能粒子脉冲的一些特性

利用行星际监察卫星IMP-J取得的高能粒子探测数据(质子能档P4:230keV>E>160keV)与极光电激流指数AE作相关分析,在地心太阳磁层坐标下,按照Fairfield关于中性片对地心太阳磁层"赤道面"的偏离模式,把磁尾分成三个区域:中性片区域、低纬区域和高纬区域。结果表明:(1)高能粒子脉冲的平均强度在中性片区域最强,低纬次之,高纬最弱,表明高能粒子脉冲源区在中性片区域;(2)中性片附近,粒子脉冲和AE指数相关最好,达0.59,低纬次之,高纬几乎无相关,表明粒子脉冲与亚暴事件有关,它是磁尾中性片附近磁力线重联产生的感应电场加速的结果;(3)粒子加速区局限于中性片附近的薄层内,与国外结果完全一致。