Gasification effects in the heterogeneous ignition of a condensed fuel by a hot gas

An analysis is presented to describe the heterogeneous ignition of a condensed fuel suddenly exposed to a hot oxidizing atmosphere. The exothermic heterogeneous reaction, generating gaseous products, is considered to be of the Arrhenius type with an activation energy large compared with the initial thermal energy of the fuel. Instantaneously after contact with the gases the surface temperature rises to a jump value which is calculated allowing for variable transport properties of fuel and gas. The effect of the chemical heat release and the cooling effect due to the gasification flow are taken into account in obtaining an integral equation, involving a single parameter Δ, which is solved to describe the evolution of surface temperature with time. A runaway in surface temperature is found to occur at a well defined ignition time, which is calculated as a function of Δ. For values of Δ above a critical value no ignition occurs because the cooling effects of the gasification flow dominate over the effects of chemical heat release.     

固体推进剂点火的表面沉积模型

本文根据固体推进剂采用含有凝结物质的流动热气体进行点火的特点,提出了一个点火过程的机理,即认为在点燃之前凝结物质的热粒子首先沉积在推进剂的表面上形成一层沉积层,并根据传热理论建立了固体推进剂采用含有凝结物质的流动热气体点火的模型,求得了固体推进剂内部的温度分布和表面温度随时间的变化,以及计算点火延迟时间的解析解,再根据对流换热系数与压力的关系计算出点火延迟时间与压力的关系,将理论计算的点火延迟时间和压力的关系与实验结果比较表明理论模型是合理的。为了验证本文所提出的点火过程的沉积机理,设计了一个实验,实验结果表明在点燃之前推进剂表面确实存在一个沉积层,因而合理的理论模型应该包括这个沉积过程。     

On gas-phase ignition of diffusion flame in the stagnation-point boundary layer

An analytical expression for gas-phase ignition is developed for a diffusion flame in the two-dimensional or axisymmetric stagnation-point boundary-layer flow of a hot oxidizing gas about a vaporizing condensed fuel surface. The analysis is based on the limit of large activation energy for a one-step, irreversible reaction describing the overall combustion process in the gas phase. The approach in this work, following that of our recent analysis on extinction for the same geometry, is to seek an exact correspondence of the parameters of the present problem with those of counterflow diffusion-flame problem of Liñán. Such a correspondence has been found in the frozen-flow regime and as a consequence, the asymptotic structure of the flame in the nearly frozen ignition regime is identical in both the problems. A particular result of this observation is the availability of an analytical criterion for ignition in the present problem. The analysis reveals that contrary to the case of extinction, fluid dynamic details do not have significant effect on the ignition criterion and that Liñán's results may be applied with good accuracy to the condensed fuel problem.     

Ignition delay time in swirling supersonic flow

Supersonic hydrogen–air cylindrical mixing layer is numerically analyzed to investigate the effect of inlet swirl on ignition delay time in scramjets. Combustion is treated using detailed chemical kinetics. One-equation turbulence model of Spalart and Allmaras is chosen to study the problem and advection upstream splitting method is used as computational scheme. The results show that swirling both fuel and oxidizer streams may drastically decrease the ignition distance in supersonic combustion, unlike using the swirl just in fuel stream which has no helpful effect.     

机械冲击载荷下固体推进剂热点微观模型探讨

分析了推进剂内部初始裂纹在机械冲击载荷作用下的扩展以及与反应气体产物相互作用。利用Ⅰ、Ⅱ型裂纹扩展、推进剂分解化学动力学模型,建立微观热点模型,研究了裂纹面摩擦、推进剂分解以及裂纹内部气相反应等微观过程。进行数值模拟计算,得出了推进剂产生高温热点或导致冲击点燃的外部条件。认为裂纹间摩擦和气相产物在高速冲击下压缩可导致推进荆热点产生。     

Recent Advances in the Theoretical and Applied Study on Compressible Turbulent Flow over Aerospace Vehicles

This paper focused on the fundamental and applied research of turbulent flows encountered in the hypersonic flight of aerospace vehicles,which take place in the boundary layer and mixing layer.As to the plate boundary layer,LES approach has been used to simulate the flows over compression corners and incident shock waves,revealing that turbulent flows would significantly inhibit the boundary layer separation caused by shock wave-boundary layer interaction(SWBLI).The boundary layer transition over a circular cone has been analyzed through stability analysis and wind-tunnel test,by which the angle-of-attack effect in case of small angle of attack has been studied.Non-linear evolution process and secondary instability structure in the supersonic mixing layer(Mc=0.5) were initially figured out through the study of mixing layer,and knowledge of the flow control mechanism of the boundary layer and mixing enhancement mechanism of the mixing layer has been obtained through this research.Artificial boundary-layer transition technique based on subharmonic resonance has been proposed and applied to the flow control in a scramjet inlet,inhibiting the flow separation of the boundary layer while improving the inlet performance.To guarantee the mixing of kerosene and supersonic airflow in the scramjet combustor,the mixing enhancement method based on subharmonic resonance has been adopted and a concept of combustor with smooth wall and low internal drag has been proposed for ignition and stable combustion.Finally,future turbulence research and technological development of aerospace vehicles is predicted.     

Chemical aspects in shock ignition of fuel drops

The behavior, in an oxygen atmosphere, of shocked drops of nitromethane, 1- and 2- nitropropane, ethyl and propyl nitrate, decane, and heptane was studied. Results suggest a new mode of ignition for nitrates at high incident shock Mach numbers (M 3.7). At the high incident shock strengths ignition occurs in the boundary layer, but no blast wave develops as is the case for lower shock strengths. Since ignition delay times are very short under these conditions, the absence of blast waves is attributed to the lack of time for the accumulation of fuel in the wake. Gas phase studies of the shock decomposition of fuel molecules were undertaken to determine if gas phase data could be used to explain the trends in the drop ignition observations. Nitromethane and the nitrates were mainly used in this effort. Alternative explanations for the role of gas phase kinetics in the ignition of drops are presented.     

电控固体推进剂点火技术研究

采用一种层状电极式点火装置,分别研究了电极材料、电极形状和电极极性对电控固体推进剂点火过程的影响。试验结果表明,电极材料、推进剂端面电流密度和电极极性是影响电控固体推进剂点火过程的重要因素,当推进剂两端面电流密度相同时,采用不同材料的电极优先点火顺序依次为钛、铝、石墨、铜。当两端电极材料相同时,ESP始终在电流密度较大的一端点火,且电流密度越大,点火效果越好,临界点火电压越低;当两电极与药柱端面的接触面积比为1∶1和0.64∶1时,ESP优先在正极端点火;但当两电极与药柱端面的接触面积比为0.16∶1时,ESP在电流密度较大的一端点火。电控固体推进剂能通过电压控制实现多次点火、熄火循环。     

硅橡胶基防热涂层动态烧蚀行为及机理研究

针对两种典型硅橡胶基防热涂层开展高温燃气流烧蚀实验，通过对烧蚀后涂层的宏观及微观形貌分析，探讨了其防隔热机理及烧蚀模型。研究结果表明：烧蚀后两种涂层均存在液态层、陶瓷层、热解层以及原始层；烧蚀过程中甲基苯基硅橡胶涂层主要发生主链“回咬”成环反应，导致树脂基体交联密度降低，力学性能下降，涂层外表面发生开裂，甲基乙烯基硅橡胶涂层则主要发生侧基交联反应，使树脂基体交联密度上升，促进涂层发生陶瓷化转变；热辐射、热容吸热、热解反应吸热以及热阻塞效应为四种主要的热耗散机制，质量损失产生的原因主要包括反应气体释放以及气动剪切力导致的机械剥蚀。     

液氧／甲烷燃气发生器点火方案研究

在对比化学点火、火药点火及电火花点火优缺点的基础上,选取了技术成熟、点火可靠的火药点火用于液氧／甲烷燃气发生器热试。用黑火药点燃固体推进剂的点火药量计算公式估算了火药点火药量,给出了液氧／甲烷燃气发生器火药点火器的其它参数。根据液氧／甲烷推进剂特点,确定了火药燃气-液氧-甲烷依次进入燃气发生器的点火时序。成功进行了4次液氧／甲烷燃气发生器热试,结果表明：液氧／甲烷燃气发生器点火起动过程平稳,点火品质较好,点火方案合理,适于较宽工作条件下的液氧／甲烷点火。     

Formation routes of interstellar glycine involving carboxylic acids: possible favoritism between gas and solid phase

Despite the extensive search for glycine (NH?CH?COOH) and other amino acids in molecular clouds associated with star-forming regions, only upper limits have been derived from radio observations. Nevertheless, two of glycine's precursors, formic acid and acetic acid, have been abundantly detected. Although both precursors may lead to glycine formation, the efficiency of reaction depends on their abundance and survival in the presence of a radiation field. These facts could promote some favoritism in the reaction pathways in the gas phase and solid phase (ice). Glycine and these two simplest carboxylic acids are found in many meteorites. Recently, glycine was also observed in cometary samples returned by the Stardust space probe. The goal of this work was to perform theoretical calculations for several interstellar reactions involving the simplest carboxylic acids as well as the carboxyl radical (COOH) in both gas and solid (ice) phase to understand which reactions could be the most favorable to produce glycine in interstellar regions fully illuminated by soft X-rays and UV, such as star-forming regions. The calculations were performed at four different levels for the gas phase (B3LYP/6-31G*, B3LYP/6-31++G**, MP2/6-31G*, and MP2/6-31++G**) and at MP2/6-31++G** level for the solid phase (ice). The current two-body reactions (thermochemical calculation) were combined with previous experimental data on the photodissociation of carboxylic acids to promote possible favoritism for glycine formation in the scenario involving formic and acetic acid in both gas and solid phase. Given that formic acid is destroyed more in the gas phase by soft X-rays than acetic acid is, we suggest that in the gas phase the most favorable reactions are acetic acid with NH or NH?OH. Another possible reaction involves NH?CH? and COOH, one of the most-produced radicals from the photodissociation of acetic acid. In the solid phase, we suggest that the reactions of formic acid with NH?CH or NH?CH?OH are the most favorable from the thermochemical point of view.     

固冲发动机补燃室冷流掺混效果与燃烧效率对比研究

在燃气参数相同的条件下,定量分析了多种空气进气形式下的冷流掺混效果和燃烧效率,对其反应流场进行模拟,得到各自的燃烧效率曲线。通过掺混效果和燃烧效率的对比研究,结果表明,冷流掺混效果并不能完全反映二次燃烧效率,原因在于冷流流场分析仅考虑了纯气相流场的掺混效果,而未考虑两相流作用;金属粒子滞留时间对燃烧效率有很大影响。研究结果还表明,提高补燃室燃烧效率,除改善掺混效果外,还应设法延长金属粒子滞留时间。     

大规模固体微推力器阵列点火关键技术

为了将固体微型推力器阵列应用于姿轨控,需要对点火相关技术进行研究。分析了点火电路在姿态、轨道控制上的应用问题;设计了适用于大规模阵列的驱动电路,通断可控,能够满足点火需要;研究了点火延迟时间以及单次多组点火的间隔时间,当点火功率为2 W时,点火延迟时间经测试最大为7.6 ms,而点火间隔时间经测试最小为50μs。经过综合测试实验,点火成功率能够达到100%,验证了点火系统相关模块的可靠性和匹配性;经过控制仿真,验证了该系统能够满足卫星姿轨控需要。     

硼粒子直径对点火位置及燃烧效率的影响研究

采用颗粒轨道模型对非壅塞固冲发动机补燃室内不同直径硼粒子的点火及燃烧进行了数值模拟。其中,气相反应简化为一种等效气体的燃烧,硼粒子与O2的燃烧反应模型采用涡耗散模型。硼粒子的点火过程采用King模型,燃烧过程采用化学动力学控制的燃烧模型。结果表明,直径较小的硼粒子能够在补燃室头部点火,且能随气流旋转,驻留时间较长,燃烧较为充分,直径较大的硼粒子与此相反。     

液体亚燃燃烧室点火装置工作特性数值研究

基于气体动力学和计算流体力学的相关理论,采用CFD-ACE＋流场计算软件,对液体亚燃燃烧室点火装置单独工作时的稳态流场进行了数值模拟.在试验验证的基础上分析了点火器室压、点火导管内径和导管的结构形式对火焰点火性能的影响.结果表明：当点火器室温和燃气流量恒定时,若保持管道的扩张比不变,选用较低室压的点火器更利于点火;在一定范围内增大导管内径可以提高火焰的点火性能;燃气在直管内的流动损失较小,出口射流的速度较高,穿透深度较大,带弯头的点火导管出口火焰特征类似,有无弯头对火焰的影响很大,而角度差异产生的影响很小.     

固体火箭发动机静电的产生与防范

论述了固体火箭发动机产生静电的机理，分析了发动机在系统中的电磁环境，同静电起电有关的位置环境，提出了发动机发生静电激发点火的模式。以复合材料壳体并装有丁羟推进剂药柱的固体发动机为例，对其静电发火可能性及防范措施作了分析。按照有关的静电感度标准和试验方法，对发云南壳体，药柱，片状或粉状推进剂和火工品，进行了静电特性的试验。     

氧气/醇类燃气发生器启动过程试验研究

对氧气/醇类燃气发生器进行了热态试验,对启动过程进行了描述和分析,并引入点火时间和着火延迟两个参数深入研究了燃气发生器的启动规律。研究表明,燃烧室流量密度的增加对燃气发生器的点火时间影响不大,但会引起着火延迟的明显增加;时序中氧气与燃料两种组元进入燃烧室的时刻对启动过程有较大的影响,二者存在一个最优的时间间隔,可以保证燃气发生器快速、平稳、安全的启动。     

壁面孔型对超声速气流中喷注特性的影响

超声速气流中,燃料与来流空气的高效混合是燃烧室实现点火、稳焰及高效燃烧组织的前提。国内外研究者已对比研究了不同壁面孔型对超声速气流中喷注、混合特性的影响,相比于最常见的圆形喷孔,菱形、楔形-半圆、箭形及针形等喷孔用于超声速气流燃料喷注时,不仅有利于降低喷孔前缘边界层的分离,而且也有利于提升射流穿透深度;相比于单孔喷注,组合型喷孔能进一步增强燃料与来流空气在射流远场的混合效果。通过综述各型喷孔的喷注特性,分析提出了适用于超声速燃烧组织的壁面喷注孔型及其工程应用条件。     

固体火箭发动机冷增压试验系统的设计与应用

针对固体火箭发动机药柱点火瞬态过程应变难以测量的工程难题,研制了固体火箭发动机冷增压试验系统.该系统利用高压气体对药柱内腔进行加压,模拟发动机点火增压过程,实现了药柱内表面应变的实时测量.利用该系统对某型号固体火箭发动机进行了冷增压试验,并将试验结果与数值仿真结果进行了对比,二者相对误差在8％以内.该试验系统操作方便,...     

固体火箭点火超压形成机理与影响因子研究

为研究固体火箭点火超压的形成机理和影响因子,以Ariane 5火箭固体助推器1/35缩比模型为研究对象,〖JP+1〗基于可压缩气体三维Navier-Stokes方程建立固体火箭尾焰流场的数学模型。同时,使用有限速率/涡耗散模型表征尾焰复燃反应,采用有限体积法求解火箭尾焰流场控制方程,得到箭体尾部近场的点火超压幅值与分布情况。与试验数据比较,数值结果较好的反映了点火超压的过程特性。进而,采用该数学模型和求解方法,研究了点火超压的影响因子。计算结果表明,尾焰复燃反应对点火超压的影响较小,与无复燃反应的计算结果比较,点火超压的峰值相对变化幅度不大于1.85%,点火超压的波形与分布特性的变化可以忽略;建压速率越快,点火超压峰值越大,且呈非线性比例关系增长;喷管膨胀比主要影响点火超压的波形,对其峰值影响较小。