关于我国低空空域管理问题的思考

低空空域管理的目的是为了在确保国家安全的前提下,更好地开发利用空域这个重要的国家资源,在避免影响军事航空、公共运输航空飞行的基础上,尽可能满足并促进通用航空的发展。因此,我们从低空空域使用者的需求特点和发展需求入手,借鉴航空发达国家的先进经验,从国家空域系统的发展方向进行分析,阐述了实现上述低空空域管理目标的设想。一、低空空域与通用航空(一)低空空域属性空域是国家重要资源,其资源价值体现在为公共运输、通用航空和军事航空(包括警用飞行)服务。低空空域是国家空域体系的重要组成部分,按照国际民航组织的空域分类标准,…     

我国低空空域开放有关问题的思考

随着我国国民经济的迅速发展和改革开放的不断深入,人民生活水平的不断提高,航空领域呈现出前所未有的发展形势,通用航空的需求与日俱增,国家和公众对低空空域的需求与可供使用的低空空域     

结合通用航空飞行特点加强低空空域管理

随着我国国民经济的迅速发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，通用航空的市场需求和使用范围越来越大，低空军事飞行、公务飞行、治安巡逻、海关缉私等飞行与日俱增，低空空域的飞行矛盾日益突出，改革旧的低空空域结构和管理方式，对低空空域实施科学有效的管理，提高空域的利用率，是摆在我们面前急需解决的一个重要课题。本文结合通用航空飞行特点，就新形势下低空空域的管理问题作一些探讨。     

加强空域管理，提升空域整体效益

近年，民用航空运输以年均15％的速度增长，飞行流量高速增长与空域管理能力不足的矛盾日显突出，造成空域资源利用率低，空域结构设置不合理，军、民航对空域需求逐年增加，地方民用机场的开航加剧了对空域资源的旺盛需求。要充分发挥空域资源优势，提供可靠的空中交通管制服务，就必须对空域资源问题进行探讨，集中分析空域管理中存在的问题，提出解决办法。     

浅析相似航班号与空管安全

伴随民用航空业的高速发展．航班流量的持续增长,航空管制在得到发展机遇的同时也面临更多挑战。除了空域资源稀缺、管制手段相对简单等不利条件外．越来越多的相似航班呼号给管制工作带来的不便,甚至对飞行安全的影响愈发显现。这一现象在一些空域结构复杂、日均航班繁忙区域更为突出。     

终端区设计与运行管理

近年来，随着我国民用航空飞速发展，日益增长的空域用户需求与空域资源的有限性之间的矛盾更加突出。为了适应民用航空发展，我国先后建立起了北京、上海和广州三大区域管制中心，划设了相应的终端区管制，并在终端区内使用雷达管制，有效地缓解了这些地区有限空域与飞行需求的矛盾，在我国其它飞行繁忙地区也开始划设终端区，并在雷达监视下进行有效的程序管制。     

美国空域内空中交通管制运行探析

随着我国航空事业迅猛发展,空域用户及航空器数量的不断增加,缩小垂直间隔的顺利实施,尤其终端管制区在民用航空领域的应用,对现有空域的划设、使用、管理和运行准提出了新的标准和要求,空域整体规划与管理改革迫在眉睫。为科学合理地规划空域,满足军民航飞行对空域资源的需求,现将本人翻译的《美国终端区标准间隔》一书中“空域内空中交通管制运行”相关内容呈现给读者,仅供大家学习参考。     

英国和西班牙联合成立SACTAATM公司

近期，英国和西班牙联合成立SACTAATM公司，并将致力于发展各自的空中交通管理系统，西班牙的SACTA空中交通管制系统将具备管理英国空域的能力。此公司将由NATS（英国国家空中交通服务公司）和Aena（西班牙国家机场和航空局）联合掌管，两个航空导航服务公司能在商业领域合作在世界上还是开了先河。     

航空器防相撞技术体系研究

近年来,随着我国航空运输业的高速发展．航空运输的飞行量快速增长,使航空器空中相撞事故征候不断增多,飞行协调的难度不断加大,飞行冲突矛盾非常突出。在目前我国防相撞技术体系尚未完善的情况下．这些飞行冲突基本上只能靠协调和协商来解决。不仅影响了空域和航线的有效利用,也极大地制约了我国航空运输业的发展。     

整合珠三角空管资源 促进航空运输持续发展

珠江三角洲地区飞行密集,空域狭小,广州、深圳、珠海、香港、澳门5大民用机场和众多军用、通用机场分布其中,是世界上空域环境最为复杂的地区之一。同时,珠三角地区又是我国经济最为活跃的地区之一,航空需求旺盛,民用航空运输量迅速增长。据预测,2020年该区域内航空旅客年吞吐量将达到2亿人次,飞行架次176万,约是目前的3倍。迅速增长的航空需求给空中交通管理带来了巨大的挑战,也引起了社会各界的广泛关注,如何缓解目前珠三角地区的航班延误,解决不断增长的流量需求和有限的空域容量之间的矛盾,满足该地区持续增长的航空运输对空中交通安全…     

Developments in space activities in Poland

Poland has a long-standing tradition in space activities. Polish institutions have participated as co-investigators in almost all European Space Agency (ESA) science projects, as well as on many other missions. However, the first Polish satellite (PW-SAT) was only launched in 2012. Poland was one of the first Eastern European countries to conclude a Cooperation Agreement with ESA in the peaceful use of outer space; it was signed in 1994 and followed by a second in January 2002. Negotiations on Polish membership in the ESA were started in autumn of 2011, and ended in April 2012. Following ratification of the agreement, Poland officially became the 20th Member State of ESA on 19 November 2012. This article examines how Poland is setting its way as a space nation. It describes recent developments in the Polish space programme, including the road to Poland's full membership in the European Space Agency.     

“战术战斧”2003年将装备美军

战斧，是一个耳熟能详的名字，９０年代以来的几场局部战争使其名声大振。自１９９１年以来，美国海军平均每年要消耗１００枚战斧导弹。从海湾战争到科索沃，近千枚战斧从一艘艘美国战舰和潜艇上发射，使得战斧成为美国强权政治的急先锋，也成为对别国实施远距离精确打击的中坚力量。 但近几场局部战争同时也提出了要发展一种造价便宜、全天候作战、精确打击以及可对加固目标进行打击的新型战斧的要求。在这种背景下，战术战斧（ＴａｃＴｏｍ）应运而生。北约空袭南联盟后，美国海军根据战斧巡航导弹的作战使用，开始重新评估未来战斧巡航…     

实施雷达管制的体会

2005年12月22日，我国在北京-西安-成都-昆明以东的广大空中交通管制区实施了雷达管制，这使得空中交通管制工作进入了新的时代，贵阳区域管制室也开始了划时代的雷达管制工作。实施之后，随着雷达管制工作的深入运行，一些在实施前未考虑到的问题相继暴露出来。在经过前期强化雷达管制模拟机培训后大部分管制员在实际运行过程中仍感到有不理解的问题，涉及到标准通话用语、雷达管制间隔、雷达管制和程序管制之间的间隔、雷达盲区、目视飞行与仪表飞行之间等。尤其是对间隔的掌握和通话术语的理解上存在着偏差，部分管制员在机组不作位置报时缺乏主动管制的意识，感觉到指令发的不流畅。为什么在作了大量的前期雷达管制理论准备工作和雷达管制模拟机培训后，在实际运行中还会有这样的问题，这是因为：一、雷达基本理论不是万能的。不可能解释所有问题、解决运行中的所有矛盾。     

Individual Differences in Object Localization in Virtual Environments

The present research examined the effects of disorientation on human ability to locate objects in space in a virtual environment (VE). Participants were asked to memorize the location of virtual objects, and then they were asked to indicate where the objects were located while they were inside a virtual chamber. This procedure was repeated in both eyesclosed and disoriented conditions. Subject pointing responses were used to measure memory for the relative location of objects in virtual space. This method was extended from previous research in a real-world setting. The results showed systematic individual differences in the effects of disorientation on the ability to locate objects in space. Further, the use of strategies played a role in object localization ability, but strategy use was affected by the individual differences in spatial representations used by subjects.     

航天科技集团高科技含量展品成为珠海航展亮点

拥有“神舟”、“神箭”等著名宇航品牌，曾经创造了无数辉煌业绩的航天科技集团公司．在第五届珠海航展上又给观众带来了惊喜：除了新一代运载火箭等许多在研产品模型闪亮登场外．神舟5号飞船返回舱精彩亮相，嫦娥1号卫星、环境1号C卫星等产品模型也一同展出。这些科技含量极高的产品虽然用途不同．但细心的观众不难从中看出“可持续发展”的影子，注重环境、保护生态、高效节能已成为航天科技发展的新主题。     

2006年世界著名宇航公司竞争卫星发射市场

世界各大宇航公司在激烈的竞争中度过了2006年。新年伊始,让我们回过头来看看这些公司在2006年卫星发射市场上的竞争情况。     

影响高校德育工作的几个消极因素

本文市场经济、社会消极现象、应试教育、高等教育及德育教育自身缺陷等方面对高校德育工作的消极影响加以分析，立足现实，提出问题，与高等教育工作者，德育工作者共同探讨，以求改进完善高校德育工作。作者坚信，真正找到了问题所在，也就找到了解决问题的切入点。     

Inflection points in the development of energy in space

Basing his comments around a report on the Space Power Systems 1997 conference, ‘Energy and Space for Humanity’, held in Montreal, 24-28 August 1997, Richard Boudreault describes the progress made in getting the concept of power from space accepted by the terrestrial utilities. Increasing worries about the sustainability of current power sources together with deregulation of power distribution make space power more attractive. However, the high cost of access to space is a barrier, though this is starting to fall.     

Ariane transfer vehicle in service of man in orbit

The Ariane transfer vehicle (ATV), an Ariane 5 borne, unmanned propulsion vehicle, is designed to transport the logistics needed to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) and the man tended free flyer (MTFF) step 2 with pressurized and unpressurized cargo and to dispose the waste. The ATV is an expendable vehicle and is disposed of by a safe atmospheric burn up. In accordance with the AR5 schedule it should be operational in 1996 for missions toward ISS and beyond the year 2000 for MTFF 2 missions. The main constituents of the proposed ATV are the modified AR5 third stage L5, an upgraded VEB steering the launcher as well as the ATV and the P/L-adaptor providing mechanical and umbilical links to the payload. The mechanical part of the RVD-kit will be placed on the payload-module, the main RVD sensors are located on the adaptor and the needed computer intelligence will be integrated on the VEB. To minimize the development, and recurring costs, the ATV concept fully complies to the idea of maximum use of existing hardware and software, mainly from the AR5, Hermes and Columbus programs thus minimizing development and recurring costs. The ATV is compatible to ISS, MTFF and OMV and is able to transport logistic modules compatible with NSTS and U.S.-expendable launchers.     

Entrapment of bacteria in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite

Cells of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were genetically modified to produce green fluorescent protein, were entrapped in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite. The bacteria were used to inoculate NaCl-saturated aqueous solutions, which were allowed to evaporate and precipitate halite. The number, size, and distribution of fluid inclusions were highly variable, but did not appear to be affected by the presence of the bacteria. Many of the inclusions in crystals from inoculated solutions contained cells in populations ranging from two to 20. Microbial attachment to crystal surfaces was neither evident nor necessary for entrapment. Cells occurred exclusively within fluid inclusions and were not present in the crystal matrix. In both the inclusions and the hypersaline solution, the cells fluoresced and twitched, which indicates that the bacteria might have remained viable after entrapment. The fluorescence continued up to 13 months after entrapment, which indicates that little degradation of the bacteria occurred over that time interval. The entrapment, fluorescence, and preservation of cells were independent of the volume of hypersaline solution used or whether the solutions were completely evaporated prior to crystal extraction. The results of this study have a wide range of implications for the long-term survival of microorganisms in fluid inclusions and their detection through petrography. The results also demonstrate the preservation potential for microbes in hypersaline fluid inclusions, which could allow cells to survive harsh conditions of space, the deep geologic past, or burial in sedimentary basins.