Fiber-optic gyros and quartz accelerometers for motion control

In article the opportunity of use strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) on the base of fiber-optic gyroscopes and quartz accelerometers corrected from star sensors and satellite navigation equipment (SNE) for perspective interplanetary spacecrafts motion control on phases of interplanetary trajectory insertion, trajectory correction, and braking during transition to Mars orbit is investigated. Results of onboard control complex accuracy characteristics estimation are presented at the given dynamic spacecraft scheme which is taking into account the liquid oscillations in tanks and structure elements elasticity. At modelling the errors of measuring devices installation, errors of SINS initial alignment and instrumental errors of SINS sensitive elements, variation of control engines parameters were taken into account. The structure of the developed complex of imitation modelling of interplanetary spacecraft controlled motion is resulted. Estimations of active flight legs realization accuracy were received by a method of statistical modelling of spacecraft controlled motion     

复杂环境下翼伞系统的组合式航迹规划

传统翼伞系统的航迹规划主要考虑落点精度及逆风着陆等指标,而当空投区域环境较为复杂,在翼伞系统归航路径上存在障碍时,如何规避这些障碍也成为翼伞系统航迹规划所必须要考虑的因素。针对翼伞空投过程有可能遇到高山或者高大建筑物阻碍的问题,提出了一种复杂环境下翼伞系统的组合式航迹规划策略。该方法将翼伞空投的区域分为障碍区和着陆区,在障碍区中采用快速搜索随机树（RRT）算法进行可行路径搜索,考虑到RRT算法生成的轨迹包含棱角,导致路径不够平滑的问题,结合翼伞系统质点模型的运动特性,对其进行了适用性改进,以使规划的航迹满足实际翼伞空投需求。为了解决RRT算法搜索方向随机,难以满足逆风着陆的问题,当翼伞系统进入着陆区后采用分段归航的方式设计航迹,并借助遗传算法（GA）求解目标参数,实现翼伞系统能量控制及逆风着陆。提出的复杂环境下翼伞系统的组合式航迹规划策略求解速度较快,能够同时满足翼伞系统避障、能量控制及逆风着陆要求,得到的参考航迹较为平滑。     

TSTO运载器一级返场轨迹优化设计与在线生成

对水平起降两级入轨（TSTO）运载器一子级返场轨迹优化和轨迹在线生成问题进行了研究。首先，给出了较独特的一子级再入轨迹设计策略：先给定侧向剖面，再分段优化求解三维轨迹。针对返场过程的大幅转向需求，设计了形式简单的倾侧角-航向角偏差剖面，并定义了具有不同任务的航向转弯段和航向微调段；针对一子级宽速域气动变化显著特点，为避免轨迹跳跃，定义了增高减速段和下降滑翔段，并采用分段优化策略求解三维轨迹。其次，针对分离扰动造成的一子级初始状态偏差，扩展了自适应高维伪谱插值（AMPI）算法的参数空间，并将其应用于返场轨迹在线生成问题。仿真结果表明，设计的倾侧角剖面能够在倾侧角不翻转的前提下调整飞行航向对准着陆场，设计的分段优化策略能够保证高度曲线平稳无跳跃，采用的自适应高维伪谱插值算法能够在分离扰动影响下快速准确地实现在线轨迹生成。     

F/A-18E/F全自动着舰飞行特性分析

以F/A-18E/F舰载机为对象,针对航迹精确控制和安全性要求,分析了舰载机全自动着舰飞行特性。首先,基于自动着舰控制系统,建立了全自动着舰飞行控制系统的动力学模型;然后,对下滑轨迹纠偏与控制能力、控制器指令响应特性、变换下滑道机动特性进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,在全自动着舰安全边界范围内,舰载机能在较短时间内将航迹控制在理想下滑线附近;控制器具有良好的高度变化率、俯仰角、俯仰角速度等状态指令响应特性及控制面指令响应特性;F/A-18E/F变换下滑道机动则需要配合油门完成,说明仅通过平尾控制实现该机动并非安全着舰的必要条件。     

High accuracy navigation and landing system using GPS/IMU systemintegration

In this paper, the accuracy, integrity and continuity of function requirements for automatic landing systems using satellite navigation systems are discussed. Such a landing system is the integrated navigation and landing system (INLS) developed by Deutsche Aerospace (DASA/Ulm, Germany). The system concepts of the INLS are presented. It is shown how an INLS, based on system integration of a satellite navigation system (e.g., GPS) in realtime differential mode with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) in the accuracy class of an attitude and heading reference system (AHRS), can meet the requirements: the results given are mainly devoted to the accuracy issues. Using Kalman filter techniques, an in-flight calibration of the IMU is performed. The advantage of system integration, especially in dynamic flight conditions and during phases of flight with satellite masking, is explained. The accuracy, integrity and continuity of function of the INLS were proven by means of flight tests in a commuter aircraft using a laser tracker as a reference. These flight tests have shown that the short-term accuracy (<60 seconds) of the AHRS used within the INLS has been improved from low cost sensor quality to the accuracy of a high quality laser inertial navigation system (LNIS). With the presented INLS, a landing at any airfield, not equipped with conventional Instrument Landing System (ILS) or Microwave Landing System (MLS), is possible by using a very cost effective system. The INLS is a high accuracy navigation and landing system designed to be used instead of conventional landing systems at small airfields and to fill operational gaps of conventional navigation and landing systems in cruise and approach on large airports     

Analytical study of the FV atmospheric flight dynamics under propulsive engine control

A mathematical model of the atmospheric flight of a flight vehicle being controlled by small propulsive engines is presented. The analytical solutions of differential equations are obtained for the approximate calculation of kinematic parameters in the steady-state motions. The flight dynamics and control are studied under conditions of nose lift and diving. The results are suitable for the choice of design FV parameters and synthesis of onboard algorithms of control and parametric identification.     

翼伞系统在未知风场中的归航控制

翼伞系统在未知风场中执行归航任务时,需获得风场的大小和方向信息,以便在归航过程中利用或者消除风场的影响。为实现翼伞系统在未知风场中精确归航与逆风雀降着陆,首先提出一种利用全球定位系统(GPS)定位数据和最小二乘法在线辨识风向和风速的方法,然后将风场中平均风的影响在轨迹规划中予以考虑,设计分段归航路径;将突风作为外界干扰,在轨迹跟踪过程中由线性自抗扰控制(LADRC)器进行观测和补偿。最后通过仿真实验验证了本文所提出的归航控制方法对于提高翼伞系统在未知风场中的归航精度和抗风能力有重要意义。     

直升机着舰飞行控制仿真研究初探

本文介绍了直升机的着舰过程和特点,以及舰船运动特性及其对直升机着舰的影响,分析了着舰飞行控制系统在着舰过程各个阶段的不同任务和要求,最后提出一种着舰飞行控制系统的设计方法和一个很好的仿真工具。     

Design and experimental study of a new flapping wing rotor micro aerial vehicle

A three-wing Flapping Wing Rotor Micro Aerial Vehicle (FWR-MAV) which can perform controlled flight is introduced and an experimental study on this vehicle is presented. A mechanically driven flapping rotary mechanism is designed to drive the three flapping wings and generate lift, and control mechanisms are designed to control the pose of the FWR-MAV. A flight control board for attitude control with robust onboard attitude estimation and a control algorithm is also developed to perform stable hovering flight and forward flight. A series of flight tests was conducted, with hovering flight and forward flight tests performed to optimize the control parameters and assess the performance of the FWR-MAV. The hovering flight test shows the ability of the FWR-MAV to counteract the moment generated by rotary motion and maintain the attitude of the FWR-MAV in space; the experiment of forward flight shows that the FWR-MAV can track the desired attitude.     

VTOL Aircraft Control Output Tracking Sensitivity Design

A method is presented for reducing trajectory sensitivity and achieving robust asymptotic tracking for linear feedback systems when there are parameter perturbations and disturbance inputs. The controller consists of a servocompensator containing the modes of the reference signals and disturbance inputs, a stabilizing feedback loop, and a feedforward compensator. Application of the method to the design of a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft flight control system is discussed. The use of a precompensator allows performance maneuvers such that the aircraft tracks desired trajectories and the feedforward and feedback signals aid in reducing the trajectory sensitivity to variations of parameters due to change in airspeed and to wind gust. Simulation results are presented to show the robust tracking, disturbance rejection, and sensitivity reduction capabilities of the flight control system.     

Application of vibroloading criteria for FV onboard equipment units in bench tests

The vibroloading criteria are described to determine vibrations at the points of FV onboard equipment mounting. The generalized characteristics of vibroloading in the equipment tests are proposed and a method is considered that makes it possible to solve a problem of inconsistency between the three-dimensional loading in service and coordinate loading in tests.     

DFBW飞机人-机闭环纵向着陆特性研究

本文根据试飞员的飞行体会和一组试飞曲线,提出驾驶员参数随着着陆过程变化的频率域模型,建立装有DFBW飞机的人-机闭环系统数学模型,编制非线性全量时域仿真程序,对纵向着陆过程动态作了全面的定量分析,其结果与装有MCS飞机的试飞情况吻合,验证了本文建模、程序可信度和精度,从而得出某DFBW飞机着陆特性是可被驾驶员接受的一些有益结论。     

Trajectory prediction in pipeline form for intercepting hypersonic gliding vehicles based on LSTM

The interception problem of Hypersonic Gliding Vehicles (HGVs) has been an important aspect of missile defense systems. In order to provide interceptors with accurate information of target trajectory, a model based on an improved Long Short-Time Memory (LSTM) network for trajectory prediction pipeline is proposed for the interception of a skip gliding hypersonic target. Firstly, for trajectory prediction required by intercepting guidance laws, the altitude, velocity and velocity direction of the target are formulated in the form of analytic functions, consisting of linear decay terms and amplitude decay sinusoidal terms. Then, the dynamic characteristics of the model parameters are analyzed, and the target trajectory prediction pipeline is proposed with the prediction error considered. Finally, an improved LSTM network is designed to estimate parameters in a dynamically-updated manner, and estimation results are used for the calculation of the final trajectory prediction pipeline. The proposed prediction algorithm provides information on the velocity vector for midcourse guidance with the effect of prediction errors on interception taken into account. Simulation is conducted and the results show the high accuracy of the algorithm in HGVs’ trajectory prediction which is conducive to increasing the interception success rate.     

舰载机人工进场着舰精确轨迹控制技术

进场着舰精确轨迹控制是舰载机设计的难点和关键技术之一。首先，对舰载机人工进场着舰轨迹及精确轨迹控制的应用需求进行了讨论，指出其必要性和直观的有益效果；随后，讨论了舰载机进场着舰精确轨迹控制的演变过程、发展趋势及涉及的等角下滑航迹率控制技术、进场动力补偿技术、直接力控制技术、DP（Delta flight Path）控制技术等关键技术；最后，讨论了舰载机进场着舰精确轨迹控制对减轻驾驶员操纵负担、降低触舰点分散度、减小触舰载荷等方面的收益。研究工作对舰载机的精确轨迹着舰控制系统设计具有一定的工程指导价值。     

基于深度学习的航空器异常飞行状态识别

飞行设备快速存取记录仪(Quick Access Recorder,以下简称QAR)保留了原始航班各类重要飞行参数在内的航行信息,使研究分析航空器实时状况和保障飞行质量成为可能。针对QAR数据高维大样本的特点,在如今大数据背景下,除了传统机理建模分析航空器飞行状态外,采用深度学习的方式建立基于数据驱动的航空器飞行状态识别模型,理论与实用意义兼具。通过对真实QAR飞行数据的研究,开发了基于深度稀疏受限玻尔兹曼机的异常飞行状态识别程序。首先利用小波降噪技术对原始飞行数据进行预处理清洗,在一系列典型飞行参数上提取经典时域特征以及小波奇异熵等信息熵特征构成特征集。在此基础上,分别利用经典的线性主元分析技术和深度稀疏玻尔兹曼机对特征集进行有效降维,最后采用四折交叉验证方式,通过高斯过程分类器实现对飞行状态的辨识。实验结果显示,基于深度受限玻尔兹曼机-高斯过程分类的飞行状态识别具有较高分类准确性。     

应用于直升机/舰动态配合的 舰面流场建模仿真关键技术

直升机/舰动态配合是舰载直升机飞行安全的重要课题。首先,对动态配合过程中涉及的因素进行了分析和讨论,得出对旋翼尾流场和舰面流场耦合求解的简化方案;然后,以某舰和直升机为例,对其舰面流场仿真关键技术进行了描述,主要内容包括舰面流场的CFD仿真、针对动态配合对舰尾流进行重构等,并对典型的直升机起降轨迹进行了描述;最后,通过有关直升机/舰动态配合流场计算仿真的途径和方法得出了若干结论,可为该领域研究者提供参考。     

Prediction of pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure

This paper presents a method to predict the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure. The landing procedure is simulated numerically via applying nonlinear optimal control method in the form of performance index, path constraints and boundary conditions based on an augmented six-degree-of-freedom rigid-body flight dynamics model, solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. UH-60A helicopter is taken as the sample for the demonstration of landing after one engine failure. The numerical simulation was conducted to find the trajectory of helicopter and the controls from pilot for landing after one engine failure with different performance index considering the factor of pilot workload. The reasonable performance index and corresponding landing trajectory and controls are obtained by making a comparison with those from the flight test data. Furthermore, the pilot workload is evaluated based on wavelet transform analysis of the pilot control activities. The workloads of pilot control activities for collective control, longitudinal and lateral cyclic controls and pedal control during the helicopter landing after one engine failure are examined and compared with those of flight test. The results show that when the performance index considers the factor of pilot workload properly, the characteristics of amplitudes and constituent frequencies of pilot control inputs in the optimal solution are consistent with those of the pilot control inputs in the flight test. Therefore, the proposed method provides a tool of predicting the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure.     

基于工程和数值方法的导弹气动特性计算

导弹气动特性对导弹设计及使用具有重大意义,气动特性的确定是弹道计算、控制参数的选择和结构强度设计的原始依据,其优劣直接影响导弹的飞行性能。针对某型导弹风洞模型,采用一般工程计算方法及FLUENT软件,分别从工程与数值两个方面对其在亚声速条件下的气动特性进行研究,然后将计算所得的主要气动力系数与风洞实验结果进行对比,从而对不同计算方法的精度进行评价。结果表明,二者所计算的气动参数在一定范围内满足工程设计的精度要求,能较为准确地反映导弹的气动特性。     

A Hazard Analysis-based Approach to Improve the Landing Safety of a BWB Remotely Piloted Vehicle

The BUAA-BWB remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) designed by our research team encountered an unexpected landing safety problem in flight tests. It has obviously affected further research project for blended-wing-body (BWB) aircraft configuration characteristics. Searching for a safety improvement is an urgent requirement in the development work of the RPV. In view of the vehicle characteristics, a new systemic method called system-theoretic process analysis (STPA) has been tentatively applied to the hazardous factor analysis of the RPV flight test. An uncontrolled system behavior "path sagging phenomenon" is identified by implementing a three degrees of freedom simulation based on wind tunnel test data and establishing landing safety system dynamics archetype. To obtain higher safety design effectiveness and considering safety design precedence, a longitudinal "belly-flap" control surface is innovatively introduced and designed to eliminate hazards in landing. Finally, flight tests show that the unsafe factor has been correctly identified and the landing safety has been efficiently improved.     

多轮多支柱式飞机起落架运动特性仿真研究

为了评估起降阶段的飞机操控特性,针对某型飞机多轮多支柱式起落架系统,研究组成单个起落架支柱的轮胎、缓冲器、刹车系统、前轮转弯等部件的受力、力矩特性及传递过程。基于线性理论,将多个支柱运动特性叠加,运用Matlab/Simulink软件工具,建立整个系统的仿真模型。嵌入某型飞机六自由度运动解算模型进行飞机落震、加速滑跑、高低速转弯、起飞离地、着陆接地、刹车减速等仿真验证,并在某型飞机动基座模拟器上进行飞行试验。结果表明:该起落架模型各项功能完善,能够正确反映飞机姿态响应过程,飞机起降过程感受与真实飞机基本一致。