Expected charge states of energetic ions in the magnetosphere

This paper reviews major developments in our understanding of the physics of energetic heavy ions in the Earth's plasma environment during the past four years (1974–1977). Emphasis is placed on processes that influence or are influenced by the ion charge states. This has been a period of growing awareness of the important role heavy ions play in space plasmas. Large fluxes of helium ions and even heavier ions have been observed at the geostationary altitude and in the heart of the radiation belts. Such ions have also been observed on low latitude rockets and satellites, and oxygen ion precipitation exceeding that of protons has been reported. In the outer parts of the Earth's plasma envelope there is mounting evidence for significant fluxes of heavy ions: in the magnetotail, the magnetosheath and in the polar cusp regions. In the inner magnetosphere there is a limited theoretical understanding of equatorially mirroring ions, but generally only radial diffusion at one pitch angle and pitch angle diffusion at one L- shell have been studied; for ions the coupled equations are yet unsolved even for the simplest case of only one charge state (protons). Theoretical modeling of the charge state structures of geophysical heavy ion populations is in part frustrated by the lack of adequate laboratory measurements of the pertinent charge exchange cross sections. A first attempt has, however, been made to treat the charge state transformation processes in the radiation belts for equatorially mirroring atomic oxygen ions. Wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere become much more complex in multi component and multi charge state plasmas where hybrid resonances and wave-particle interaction induced non-linear species-species coupling could be important. Heavy ion plasma physics in the Earth's magnetosphere and in the magnetospheres of other planets should be a field of fruitful study for both experimentalists and theoreticians in the years ahead.Proceedings of the Symposium on Solar Terrestrial Physics held in Innsbruck, May–June 1978.     

UV studies and the solar wind

The solar wind carves a cavity in the flow of interstellar H atoms through the solar system by charge-exchange ionization. The resulting Ly- sky pattern depends on the latitude distribution of the solar wind flux and velocity. We review how the solar wind characteristics (mass flux latitude distribution) can be retrieved from Ly- observations, yielding a new remote sensing method of solar wind studies, through UV optical measurements.     

THEMIS ESA First Science Results and Performance Issues

Early observations by the THEMIS ESA plasma instrument have revealed new details of the dayside magnetosphere. As an introduction to THEMIS plasma data, this paper presents observations of plasmaspheric plumes, ionospheric ion outflows, field line resonances, structure at the low latitude boundary layer, flux transfer events at the magnetopause, and wave and particle interactions at the bow shock. These observations demonstrate the capabilities of the plasma sensors and the synergy of its measurements with the other THEMIS experiments. In addition, the paper includes discussions of various performance issues with the ESA instrument such as sources of sensor background, measurement limitations, and data formatting problems. These initial results demonstrate successful achievement of all measurement objectives for the plasma instrument.     

几种新型去毛刺和光整加工设备

介绍第二届精密表面光整加工及去毛刺工艺技术国际学术会议论文交流中有关滚筒研磨技术和电解磁力研磨技术的新发展。     

The Solar Wind - Inner Heliosphere

The solar wind in the inner heliosphere, inside ~ 5 AU, has been almost fully characterized by the addition of the high heliographic latitude Ulysses mission to the many low latitude inner heliosphere missions that preceded it. The two major omissions are the high latitude solar wind at solar maximum, which will be measured during the second Ulysses polar passages, and the solar wind near the Sun, which could be analyzed by a Solar Probe mission. Here, existing knowledge of the global solar wind in the inner heliosphere is summarized in the context of the new results from Ulysses.     

Interplanetary scintillation of radio sources during August 1972

The observations of interplanetary scintillation of radio sources in early August 1972 are reviewed. Three-site measurements of solar wind speed were made at University of California, San Diego (73.8 MHz) and at Nagoya University, Toyokawa (69.3 MHz). Single-site measurements of scintillation index were made at Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, Cambridge (81.5 MHz) and at University of Adelaide (111.5 MHz). The enhancements in solar wind speed and scintillation index associated with three shock waves were detected. The extent in both longitude and latitude of the shock wave associated with the solar flare on 7 August, the anisotropic expansion of shock waves and the detection of the corotating high-speed streams are main results deduced from the observations.     

纬度未知条件下捷联惯导系统晃动基座的初始对准

针对纬度未知条件下捷联惯导系统(SINS)晃动基座的初始对准问题,提出晃动基座下的纬度估计算法和初始对准方法。前者通过惯性坐标系下两个不同时刻的重力加速度向量的夹角来求取纬度;后者利用惯性坐标系下的姿态更新来实时地反映载体在晃动干扰下的姿态变化,结合初始姿态的最优估计实现初始对准。理论分析表明,本文提出的纬度估计算法的误差主要由加速度计误差决定,陀螺误差和晃动干扰对其影响很小。仿真结果表明,本文提出的纬度估计算法和初始对准方法适用于纬度未知条件下晃动基座的初始对准。     

纬度未知条件下罗经系统行进中启动方法研究

介绍了一种适用于罗经系统在无法获得纬度情况下的航行中启动方法。基于惯性坐标系下的两个不同时间段内的重力加速度积分值实现纬度估计,根据估计的纬度值,完成初始对准。在动基座条件下,通过引入辅助速度信息补偿掉由于载体机动产生的误差,从而实现行进中启动。启动后采用组合导航或纯惯性导航的方式,可以实现方位的保持。通过分析发现,纬度估计精度主要受等效北向陀螺漂移的影响,方位对准精度主要受等效东向陀螺漂移的影响;试验结果表明,在300s时间内,方位角对准精度可以达到0.1°(RMS)。     

Latitudinal variations in the solar wind electron heat flux

Ulysses measurements of the solar wind electron heat flux as a function of heliographic latitude are presented. The latitudinal in the electron heat flux presented have been normalized by the radial gradient in the electron heat flux obtained during the in-ecliptic phase of the Ulysses mission (q_e R^–3.0). We find no significant variation in electron heat flux with latitude.     

Low Latitude Ionospheric Electrodynamics

The low latitude ionosphere is strongly affected by several highly variable electrodynamic processes. Over the last two decades ground-based and satellite measurements and global numerical models have been extensively used to study the longitude-dependent climatology of low latitude electric fields and currents. These electrodynamic processes and their ionospheric effects exhibit large ranges of temporal and spatial variations during both geomagnetic quiet and disturbed conditions. Numerous recent studies have investigated the short term response of equatorial electric fields and currents to lower atmospheric transport processes and solar wind-magnetosphere driving mechanisms. This includes the large electric field and current perturbations associated with arctic sudden stratospheric warming events during geomagnetic quiet times and highly variable storm time prompt penetration and ionospheric disturbance dynamo effects. In this review, we initially describe recent experimental and numerical modeling results of the global climatology and short term variability of quiet time low latitude electrodynamic plasma drifts. Then, we examine the present understanding of equatorial electric field and current perturbation fields during periods of enhanced geomagnetic activity.     

Ulysses observations of latitude gradients in the heliospheric magnetic field: Radial component and variances

The radial component of the magnetic field at Ulysses, over latitudes from –10° to –45° and distances from 5.3 to 3.8 AU, compares very well with corresponding measurements being made by IMP-8 in the ecliptic at 1AU. There is little, if any, evidence of a latitude gradient. Variances in the field, normalized to the square of the field magnitude, show little change with latitude in variations in the magnitude but a large increase in the transverse field variations. The latter are shown to be caused by the presence of large amplitude, long period Alfvénic fluctuations. This identification is based on the close relation between the magnetic field and velocity perturbations including the effect of anisotropy in the solar wind pressure. The waves are propagating outward from the Sun, as in the ecliptic, but variance analysis indicates that the direction of propagation is radial rather than field-aligned. A significant long-period component of 10 hours is present.     

Ulysses observations of solar wind plasma parameters in the ecliptic from 1.4 to 5.4 AU and out of the ecliptic

We report observations of radial and latitudinal gradients of Ulysses plasma parameters. The solar wind velocity increased rapidly with latitude from 0° to 35°, then remained approximately constant at higher latitudes. Solar wind density decreased rapidly from 0° to 35° of latitude, and also was approximately constant beyond that latitude. The mass flux similarly decreased away from the equator (but less than the density), whereas the momentum flux was relatively constant. The radial gradient of the entropy at high latitude indicated a value for the polytrope index of about 1.72 (close to adiabatic); the in-ecliptic estimates of radial gradients for temperature and entropy may be biased by temporal variation. A striking increase in the alpha particle-proton velocity difference with latitude is found.     

Satellite measurements and theories of low altitude auroral particle acceleration

Several previous and new S3-3 satellite results on DC electric fields, field-aligned currents, and waves are described, interpreted theoretically, and applied to the understanding of auroral particle acceleration at altitudes below 8000 km. These results include the existence of two spatial scale sizes (less than 0.1 degree and a few degrees invariant latitude) in both the perpendicular and parallel electric fields; the predominance of S-shaped rather than V-shaped equipotential contours on both spatial saales; the correlated presence of field-aligned currents, low frequency wave turbulence, coherent ion cyclotron wave emissions and accelerated upmoving ions and downgoing electrons; intense waves inside electrostatic shocks and important wave-particle interactions therein; correlations of field-aligned currents with magnetospheric boundaries that are determined by convection electric field measurements; electron acceleration producing discrete auroral arcs in the smaller scale fields and producing inverted-V events in the larger scale fields; ion and electron acceleration due to both wave-particle interactions and the parallel electric fields. Further analyses of acceleration mechanisms and energetics are presented.Also Department of Physics.     

A summary of solar wind observations at high latitudes: Ulysses

The Ulysses mission has provided the first in-situ observations of the solar wind covering all solar latitudes from the equator to the poles in both hemispheres. The measurements from the first polar passes, made at near-minimum solar activity conditions, have confirmed the basic picture established on the basis of remote sensing techniques: the high-latitude wind is fast, and originates in the polar coronal holes. The detailed in-situ observations have, however, revealed a number of features related to the global solar wind structure that were not expected: the transition between slow and fast wind was relatively abrupt, followed by a slight increase in speed toward the poles; the mass flux is almost independent of latitude, with only a modest increase at the equator; the momentum flux is significantly higher over the poles than near the equator, suggesting a non-circular cross-section for the flanks of the heliosphere.     

大圆距离及大圆航向的计算

在飞机选型中对各机型进行性能分析、经济性评估或编制飞行计划软件时,常需要根据航段两端点的经纬度坐标计算该航段的大圆距离及航向,在沿大圆航线飞行时也需要知道航路上各点的真航向及磁航向。本文用矢量方法导出了根据起止点的经纬度坐标计算该航段大圆距离及大圆航向的公式以及沿大圆航线飞行时根据给定点的经度计算其纬度和真航向的公式,并且用算例做了验证,结果表明这些公式是正确的。     

Induction in power transmission lines during geomagnetic disturbances

The electric field associated with geomagnetic disturbances gives rise to potential differences at the Earth's surface. Thus, currents are induced in power transmission lines which are earthed at both ends through transformers. The currents vary so slowly with time that they can be considered direct currents. The phenomenon has been studied in Finland for some years, and in connection with this research induced currents have been measured at four places by recording the current from the transformer neutral into the Earth. These measurements are considered in this paper. In addition, theoretical calculation of the potential differences and of the currents is discussed.Paper presented at the Fifth International Wrocaw Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Wrocaw (Poland), 17–19 September, 1980.     

电控罗经的变传递系数阻尼方法

船用电控罗经在不同纬度下动态误差相差较大,为解决这个问题,提出了变传递系数阻尼方法。该方法解决了不同纬度误差变化大的问题,并在某电控罗经中得到成功应用。     

Solar wind charge states measured by ULYSSES/SWICS in the south polar hole

The Ulysses mission now has an extensive data base covering several passes of the south polar coronal hole as the spacecraft proceeds to higher latitudes. Using composition measurements from the SWICS experiment on the Ulysses spacecraft, we have obtained charge state distributions, and hence inferred coronal ionization temperatures, for several solar wind species. In particular, we present an overview of Oxygen ionization temperature measurements, based on the O⁷⁺/O⁶⁺ ratio, for the period January 1993 until April 1994 (23°S to 61°S heliographic latitude), and detailed Oxygen, Silicon and Iron charge state distributions of the south polar hole during a two month period of nearly continuous hole coverage, Dec 1993–Jan 1994 (45°S to 52°S heliographic latitude).     

混合式壁面移动机器人横向移动机构及运动分析

 针对结构较复杂的椭球形壁面,提出了由两类不同移动机构组成的混合式壁面移动机器人,一类为框架移动式,实现沿壁面经线（纵向）的攀爬运动;另一类为浮动的轮轨驱动式,实现沿壁面纬线（横向）的运动,二者相互独立。重点介绍了轮轨式横向移动机构,分析了它的工作原理,根据工作环境的几何特征并结合DH法,对复杂约束环境下,机器人的横向运动进行了运动学分析,并进行了样机实验,结果表明通过控制两个驱动轮的角速度可以控制机器人横向运动的速度和姿态。     

Comments on the Cost and Performance of Military Systems

Editor's Note: Mr. Fowler was the banquet speaker at the Tri Service Radar Symposium held at West Point in 1977. We invited Mr. Fowl to share his speech with the AES readership by providing this paper. The material and style correspond closely to his oral presentation.