杂质对溶菌酶晶体表面形貌和生长动力学的影响

采用相差显微镜研究了两种杂质蛋白(荧光标记的溶菌酶和商品溶菌酶中的杂质)对四方溶菌酶晶体表面形貌、{110}和{101}表面生长速度以及{110}面台阶生长动力学的影响. 杂质会影响晶体表面二维生长岛的形貌,并显著降低晶体{110}和{101}面法向生长速度. 杂质会显著降低{110}表面台阶的生长速度, 且对〈110〉方向速度的抑制效果显著强于〈001〉方向. 根据切向台阶速度和过饱和度的关系, 计算得到了台阶动力学系数β和台阶的有效表面能及棱边自由能.      

THE CONVECTIVE EFFECT ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL INSTABILITY OF KNbO3 CRYSTALS

Experimentally, it was observed that there were various morphologies of KNbO3 crystals in different regions of the melt of Li2B4O7 and KNbO3 mixture in Pt loop heater. Dendrites grew in the central area of the melt, the diffusive-advective region,in which the temperature gradient is negligible; whereas crystals with smooth sur face were observed in the marginal area, the diffusive-convective region, with large temperature gradient. Based on the solute concentration over the KNbO3 crystal surface examined by electronic probe analysis, it was proved that the combinative effect of buoyancy and surface tension convection induced by temperature gradient enhanced the homogeneity of the solute concentration around KNbO3 crystals and thus their morphological stability.     

Protein crystal growth--microgravity aspects.

Protein crystals, grown under reduced gravity conditions, are either superior or inferior in their structural perfection than their Earth-grown counterparts. A reduction of the crystals' quality due to low-gravity effects on the growth processes cannot be understood from existing models. In this paper we put forth a rationale which predicts either advantages or disadvantages of microgravity growth. This rationale is based on the changes in the effective solute and impurity supply rates in microgravity and their effects on the intrinsic growth rate fluctuations that arise from the coupling of bulk transport to nonlinear interfacial kinetics and cause severe inhomogeneities. Depending on the specific diffusivity and kinetic coefficient of a protein and the impurities in the solution, either transport enhancement through forced flow or transport suppression under reduced gravity can result in a reduction of the kinetic fluctuations and, thus, growth with higher structural perfection. Investigating this mechanism of microgravity effects, we first demonstrate a one-to-one correspondence between these fluctuations, that are due to the bunching of growth steps, and the formation of defects in the crystals. We have confirmed the forced flow aspects of this rationale in ground-based experiments with lysozyme utilizing flowing solutions with varying, well characterized impurity contents.     

THE SPACE EXPERIMENT OF PROTEIN CRYSTALLIZATION ABOARD THE CHINESE SPACECRAFT SZ-3

Using a new flight hardware, a Chinese mission of space protein crystallization has been performed on the Chinese spacecraft SZ-3 for seven days from March 25 to Apr. 1, 2002. The rate of yielding crystals in the 60 samples is 75%, a little higher than the ground control experiment. Preliminary analysis of the experimental results have shown that among the 16 proteins involved in the mission, about 4 kinds of better diffraction-quality protein crystals were produced in space. At least one kind of protein crystals, i.e. crystals of cytochrome b5 mutant could diffract X ray beyond the highest resolution reported so far. In addition, some rules derived from our numerical studies of the liquid/liquid diffusion protein crystallization were proved by the crystallization of lysozyme as model protein in this space experiment,which also clearly showed the advantages and disadvantages of the gelled protein solution used in microgravity growth of protein crystals. In order to exploit this mission, more diffraction work with the grown crystals and detailed analysis of data to be obtained will be done in the next few months.     

用国产装置进行的空间蛋白质结晶实验

使用国内研制的管式汽相扩散结晶装置,在我国返回式卫星上,成功地完成了两次空间蛋白质晶体生长实验,10种不同种类的蛋白质配制的48个样品在空间的出晶率分别达52%和80%,其中少数蛋白质生长出了较高质量的蛋白质晶体。结果表明,空间的微重力环境利于改善蛋白质晶体的生长,而且在结晶条件优化足够好的条件下,在空间里能生长出比地面晶体尺寸较大、形态较好和内部有序性较高的蛋白质晶体。本文还就微重力对蛋白质晶体生长的具体作用及其开发利用做了讨论。      

基于多目标的消磁绕组优化调整方法

针对目前舰船消磁绕组优化调整方法中只考虑舰艇磁场信号幅值而较少考虑磁场梯度信号幅值的不足,提出同时以磁场幅值和磁场梯度幅值削减为目标的优化调整方法.为此,首先以线圈等效电流值为优化对象,磁场和梯度峰值为优化目标,建立了消磁绕组优化调整的多目标数学模型;随后采用多目标微粒群算法求解得到了该优化问题的Pareto解集;最后通过一个计算实例验证了方法的有效性.实例结果表明该方法能够同时处理磁场和磁场梯度幅值,并能给出多种不同等效电流组合以供选择使用.     

空间低温溶液晶体生长的地基实验

首次使用疏水型聚四氟乙烯微孔滤膜,利用其透气不透水的特性,密封晶体生长容器,采用恒温蒸发法进行晶体生长.溶剂通过蒸发离开生长容器后,被生长容器外的吸附剂吸附,使得溶液维持一定过饱和度,以实现单晶的连续生长.在此基础上研制出一套空间低温溶液晶体生长地基模拟装置.利用此装置进行了一系列地基模拟实验,获得一批高质量α-LiIO₃单晶,证实了该生长装置的溶剂蒸发量和容器密封性能够满足空间低温溶液晶体生长需要,为未来空间低温溶液晶体生长实验奠定了基础.      

Numerical simulation of reconnection in an emerging magnetic flux region

The resistive MHD equations are numerically solved in two dimensions for an initial-boundary-value problem which simulates reconnection between an emerging magnetic flux region and an overlying coronal magnetic field. The solution involves both ideal-MHD and resistive-MHD processes, and the solution shows an evolution which is remarkably suggestive of the preflare, impulsive, and main phases of the flare-cycle.     

EFFECTS OF CONVECTIVE FLUID MOTION UPON OXIDE CRYSTAL GROWTH IN HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLUTION

For understanding of the influence of convective flow on crystal growth, space high temperature in situ observation instrument (SHITISOI) is dedicated to visualize and record the whole growth process of oxide crystals in high temperature up to 1000°C. Model experiments using transparent liquids such as KNbO3 and a mix ture of Li2B4O7+KNbO3 were chosen to investigate effects on ground and in space.On the earth, an investigation of growth kinetics of KNbO3 crystal related to two different states of convection: diffusive-advective flow and diffusive-convective flow,has been performed. The per unit length of a step e is calculated from the exper imental data for two different states of convection. Analyses of these data show the effect of buoyancy convection is to enhance the sharpness of the interface. The growth of KNbO3 crystals from solution of KNbO3+Li2B4O7 was investigated in space. The streamlines of the steady thermocapillary convection in Li2B4O7 solvent was observed. Due to thermocapillary convection, KNbO3 crystal grains grew and filled the whole solution homogeneously. Earth-based quenching experiments are de signed in order to study polyhedral instability of KNbO3 crystal, which is controlled by diffusion mechanism limitation. In all cases, when the crystal was nucleated near air/solution surface, it lost its polyhedral stability and varied from polyhedrons to dedrites. The thickness of diffusion mechanism limitation layer is about 60μm.     

电流片的形成

采用二维三分量的耗散磁流体力学模型,对由于光球层的剪切运动引起的四极磁场内电流片的形成过程进行数值模拟。结果表明,磁分隔线在磁场的演化过程中起关键作用。电流主要在分隔面和根部剪切梯度较大的磁环中形成,其中在分隔线上最强。磁分隔线可以被拉长,形成强电流片,随着速度剪切位置的不同,电流片的形成模式也不同,既可以形成与光球层垂直的电流片,也可以形成平行的电流片。      

CsI(Eu)晶体空间生长地面实验

人工晶体在高技术领域具有十分重要的应用.在多组分晶体生长过程中,由于分凝的存在,会导致成分沿晶体生长方向产生变化,从而影响到晶体性能的均匀性,对应用产生不利影响.为研究微重力对多组分晶体分凝的影响,利用天宫二号卫星进行空间晶体生长实验.结合晶体生长特性和天宫二号综合材料实验装置的技术条件,确定以铕掺杂CsI晶体为研究对象.在地面研制阶段,CsI（Eu）晶体样品顺利通过力学环模试验,并在地面实验中生长出质量较高的CsI晶体,样品中存在明显的组分分凝.      

INTERFACIAL MASS TRANSPORT IN OXIDE CRYSTAL GROWTH

A space high temperature in situobservation instrument (SHITISOI) is dedicated to visualize and record the whole growth process of oxide crystal in high temperature melts and solutions. Model experiments using transparent liquids such as KNbO3,Li2B4O7+KNbO3 were chosen to investigate effects of interracial mass transport in oxide crystal growth. For the scaling of the coupled velocity, heat and concentration fields in KNbO3 crystal growth, a rotating crystal growth process was performed and the widths of interfacial concentration, heat and momentum transition zones (The "boundary layers") are obtained, which are 7.5×10-a, 8.6×10-2 and 4.4×10-1 cm,respectively. Hence one can expect that interfacial concentration gradient will be confined to a narrow layer and in region of major concentration change at the in terface. In order to study a mechanism based on the interfacial mass transport resulting from hydrodynamics, the growth of KNbO3 grain in high temperature Li2B4O7 and KNbO3 solutin was studied. The result shows that the pivotal feature in the KNbO3 crystal growth is the initiated by KNbO3 solute surface tension gra dient which is caused by the slow diffusion of KNbO3 solutes. Direct comparison of the model predictions and experimental observed phenomena demonstrate the predictive capability of this model.     

Kink-like mode of a double gradient instability in a compressible plasma current sheet

A linear MHD instability of the electric current sheet, characterized by a small normal magnetic field component, varying along the sheet, is investigated. The tangential magnetic field component is modeled by a hyperbolic function, describing Harris-like variations of the field across the sheet. For this problem, which is formulated in a 3D domain, the conventional compressible ideal MHD equations are applied. By assuming Fourier harmonics along the electric current, the linearized 3D equations are reduced to 2D ones. A finite difference numerical scheme is applied to examine the time evolution of small initial perturbations of the plasma parameters. This work is an extended numerical study of the so called “double gradient instability”, – a possible candidate for the explanation of flapping oscillations in the magnetotail current sheet, which has been analyzed previously in the framework of a simplified analytical approach for an incompressible plasma. The dispersion curve is obtained for the kink-like mode of the instability. It is shown that this curve demonstrates a quantitative agreement with the previous analytical result. The development of the instability is investigated also for various enhanced values of the normal magnetic field component. It is found that the characteristic values of the growth rate of the instability shows a linear dependence on the square root of the parameter, which scales uniformly the normal component of the magnetic field in the current sheet.     

太阳耀斑可能的储能过程

本文讨论了太阳活动区和黑子区的无力场的演化。文章分析了无力因子随时间变化的运动学含义,讨论了太阳耀斑具体的储能过程,给出了静力学无力场讨论太阳耀斑储能过程的局限性。最后,又提出了一种子午流场的储能过程。将这些"磁能的储存过程"与"适当的不稳定性导致的爆发过程"相结合起来讨论,就有可能来研究太北北阳耀斑的许多特征。      

微重力与电磁场对凝固过程的影响

欧洲空间局两项材料领域课题MICAST和CETSOL均涉及微重力科学相关研究.通过等轴晶柱状晶转变（CET）分析了微重力环境对材料凝固过程的影响;介绍了一项在地面施加行波电磁场的标准（Benchmark）凝固实验,其温度场演化及微观凝固组织和浓度偏析均展示了磁控受迫对流对金属材料凝固过程的显著作用.      

太阳大气中有限振幅磁场扰动的动力学过程

本文从完整的磁流体动力学方程组出发,通过太阳大气中磁力线管根部有限振幅磁场的扰动,研究了非线性磁场的动力学演化。假设初始磁场位形足β<<1的势场,根部磁力线管磁场扰动,驱动等离子体运动,一部分磁能转换为等离子体动能。等离子体压缩运动具有快磁声波的特性。计算结果给出非线性磁场演化的定量关系,可以解释太阳大气中日冕活动过程。也可用于模拟实验室里高β实验装置中的等离子体的持性。      

Observational study of magnetic chirality of solar active regions

We present the evolution of magnetic field and relationship with the magnetic (current) helicity in solar active regions from a series of photospheric vector magnetograms obtained at Huairou Solar Observing Station near Beijing, and also longitudinal magnetograms by MDI of SOHO, white light and 171 Å images by TRACE and soft X-ray images by Yohkoh.The conclusions in the analysis of the formation process of complex and delta magnetic configuration in some super active regions are the following: (1) The magnetic shear and gradient provide the non-potentiality of the magnetic field of active regions reflecting the existence of electric current. (2) Some of large-scale delta active regions could be due to the emergence of highly sheared non-potential magnetic flux bundles from the subatmosphere with amount of magnetic helicity, in addition to the emergence of twisted magnetic ropes. (3) We also present some results on the study of the magnetic (current) helicity in solar active regions.     

Protein crystal growth aboard the U.S. space shuttle flights STS-31 and STS-32.

The first microgravity protein crystal growth experiments were performed on Spacelab I by Littke and John. These experiments indicated that the space grown crystals, which were obtained using a liquid-liquid diffusion system, were larger than crystals obtained by the same experimental system on earth. Subsequent experiments were performed by other investigators on a series of space shuttle missions from 1985 through 1990. The results from two of these shuttle flights (STS-26 and STS-29) have been described previously. The results from these missions indicated that the microgravity grown crystals for a number of different proteins were larger, displayed more uniform morphologies, and yielded diffraction data to significantly higher resolutions than the best crystals of these proteins grown on earth. This paper presents the results obtained from shuttle flight STS-32 (flown in January, 1990) and preliminary results from the most recent shuttle flight, STS-31 (flown in April, 1990).     

Swarm – An Earth Observation Mission investigating Geospace

The Swarm mission was selected as the 5th mission in ESA’s Earth Explorer Programme in 2004. This mission aims at measuring the Earth’s magnetic field with unprecedented accuracy. This will be done by a constellation of three satellites, where two will fly at lower altitude, measuring the gradient of the magnetic field, and one satellite will fly at higher altitude. The measured magnetic field is the sum of many contributions including both magnetic fields and currents in the Earth’s interior and electrical currents in Geospace. In order to separate all these sources electric field and plasma measurements will also be made to complement the primary magnetic field measurements. Together these will allow the deduction of information on a series of solid earth processes responsible for the creation of the fields measured. The completeness of the measurements on each satellite and the constellation aspect, however, implies simultaneous observations of a unique set of important electrodynamical parameters crucial for the understanding of the physical processes in Geospace, which are an important part of the objectives of the International Living With a Star Programme, ILWS. In this paper an overview of the Swarm science objectives, the mission concept, the scientific instrumentation, and the expected contribution to the ILWS programme will be summarized.     

航天器内部磁场环境主动补偿方法

为解决空间引力波探测任务中航天器磁场对惯性传感器干扰的问题，研究在航天器复杂磁环境下利用主动测控方式获取小尺度均匀磁场环境的方法.在惯性传感器周围进行分布式磁场探测，并采用球谐函数法或多磁偶极子法实现对惯性传感器外部磁源的估计，计算惯性传感器所处位置的空间磁场及其梯度分布.利用线圈技术，对磁场及其梯度进行线性补偿.讨论分析传感器数量以及磁源布局方式等因素对最终补偿效果的影响.仿真试验结果表明，通过这一方法可将惯性传感器所在区域的磁场及其梯度降低1～2个数量级，降低引力波航天器平台的剩磁控制压力，为引力波探测提供满足要求的磁场环境.