应用卡尔曼滤波的机载雷达跟踪系统

本文论述将滤波理论应用于机载雷达中对单个目标进行距离、速度、方位角和高低角跟踪的多环反馈系统。首先根据目标和天线的相对运动建立控制四坐标跟踪环所需的状态矢量微分方程,然后推导相应的非线性滤波算法。最后给出计算机的模拟结果。计算机模拟的结果清晰地说明采用最佳滤波的系统性能比通常的有很大改善,并且这种瞄准轴坐标系的最佳系统对目标的随机机动是不灵敏的。 本文所讨论的方法和得出的结论可以延用到地面雷达、舰载雷达以及其他有源和无源的跟踪系统。     

Adaptive Resource Allocation in a Spatial Spectral Processor

A method for achieving an optimal allocation of fixed computational resources in a spatial/spectral filtering system is developed. Specifically, clock cycles per unit time for a given processor are to be optimally allocated. The system is a cascade of three subsystems: an adaptive beamformer, a bandpass filter, and a spectral whitener. Each subsystem has adjustable parameters which are related to required arithmetic operations. A gradient projection algorithm is used to find a best allocation according to specified criteria. Two simulation examples are presented to show how the algorithm operates and to indicate the kind of improvement that is possible in a system design.     

Observer-type Kalman innovation filter for uncertain linear systems

An observer-type of Kalman innovation filtering algorithm to find a practically implementable "best" Kalman filter, and such an algorithm based on the evolutionary programming (EP) optima-search technique, are proposed, for linear discrete-time systems with time-invariant unknown-but-hounded plant and noise uncertainties. The worst-case parameter set from the stochastic uncertain system represented by the interval form with respect to the implemented "best" filter is also found in this work for demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed filtering scheme. The new EP-based algorithm utilizes the global optima-searching capability of EP to find the optimal Kalman filter and state estimates at every iteration, which include both the best possible worst case Interval and the optimal nominal trajectory of the Kalman filtering estimates of the system state vectors. Simulation results are included to show that the new algorithm yields more accurate estimates and is less conservative as compared with other related robust filtering schemes     

A simple smoother: closed-form solution and analytical results

A closed-form solid-state solution for a simple one-dimensional smoother is presented. The target position-velocity dynamics are modeled as a linear discrete Gauss-Markov process: the discrete position measurements are assumed to be independent and identically normally distributed. Analytical results derived from estimating optimum steady-state position and velocity are given as well as the improvement provided by smoothing relative to pure filtering estimates. Analytical results, including appropriate limiting cases, show that the ratios of the RMS smoothing to the RMS filtering error are from 1/2 to 1 in position and from 1/2 to 1/√2 in velocity. As a numerical example a highly maneuvering target characterized by an acceleration width of 30 m/s² is considered     

The Tracking Index: A Generalized Parameter for ? ? ? and ? ? ? ? Target Trackers

A generalized, optimal filtering solution is presented for the target tracking problem. Applying optimal filtering theory to the target tracking problem, the tracking index, a generalized parameter proportional to the ratio of the position uncertainty due to the target maneuverability to that due to the sensor measurement, is found to have a fundamental role not only in the optimal steady-state solution of the stochastic regulation tracking problem, but also in the track initiation process. Depending on the order of the tracking model, the tracking index solution yields a closed form, consistent set of generalized tracking gains, relationships, and performances. Using the tracking index parameter, an initializing and tracking procedure in recursive form, realizes the accuracy of the Kalman filter with an algorithm as simple as the well-known ? ? ? filter or ? ? ? ? ? filter depending on the tracking order.     

Modified robust optimal adaptive control for flight environment simulation system with heat transfer uncertainty

To solve the rapid transient control problem of Flight Environment Simulation System (FESS) of Altitude Ground Test Facilities (AGTF) with large heat transfer uncertainty and disturbance, a new adaptive control structure of modified robust optimal adaptive control is presented. The mathematic modeling of FESS is given and the influence of heat transfer is analyzed through energy view. To consider the influence of heat transfer in controller design, we introduce a matched uncertainty that represents heat transfer influence in the linearized system of FESS. Based on this linear system, we deduce the design of modified robust optimal adaptive control law in a general way. Meanwhile, the robust stability of the modified robust optimal adaptive control law is proved through using Lyapunov stability theory. Then, a typical aero-engine test condition with Mach Dash and Zoom-Climb is used to verify the effectiveness of the devised adaptive controller. The simulation results show that the designed controller has servo tracking and disturbance rejection performance under heat transfer uncertainty and disturbance; the relative steady-state and dynamic errors of pressure and temperature are both smaller than 1% and 0.2% respectively. Furthermore, the influence of the modification parameter γ is analyzed through simulation. Finally, comparing with the standard ideal model reference adaptive controller, the modified robust optimal adaptive controller obviously provides better control performance than the ideal model reference adaptive controller does.     

Adaptive robust cubature Kalman filtering for satellite attitude estimation

This paper is concerned with the adaptive robust cubature Kalman filtering problem for the case that the dynamics model error and the measurement model error exist simultaneously in the satellite attitude estimation system. By using Hubel-based robust filtering methodology to correct the measurement covariance formulation of cubature Kalman filter, the proposed filtering algorithm could effectively suppress the measurement model error. To further enhance this effect and reduce the impact of the dynamics model error, two different adaptively robust filtering algorithms, one with the optimal adaptive factor based on the estimated covariance matrix of the predicted residuals and the other with multiple fading factors based on strong tracking algorithm, are developed and applied for the satellite attitude estimation. The quaternion is employed to represent the global attitude parameter, and three-dimensional generalized Rodrigues parameters are introduced to define the local attitude error. A multiplicative quaternion error is derived from the local attitude error to maintain quaternion normalization constraint in the filter. Simulation results indicate that the proposed novel algorithm could exhibit higher accuracy and faster convergence compared with the multiplicative extended Kalman filter, the unscented quaternion estimator, and the adaptive robust unscented Kalman filter.     

Multiresolutional filtering using wavelet transform

An algorithm for optimal and dynamic multiresolutional distributed filtering is derived. The wavelet transform is utilized as a bridge linking signals at different resolution levels. The algorithm can be employed for dynamic multisensor/data fusion     

Adaptive Pulse Doppler Ambiguity Resolution

This paper demonstrates and tests a new algorithm for extracting velocity information from a pulse Doppler radar signal. The system is adaptive and performs weil in the presence of target scintillation. This paper also shows a special steady-state version of the adaptive algorithm. lt is computationally attractive and produces near optimal velocity estimates.     

A two-step robust adaptive filtering algorithm for GNSS kinematic precise point positioning

In kinematic navigation and positioning, abnormal observations and kinematic model disturbances are one of the key factors affecting the stability and reliability of positioning performance. Generally, robust adaptive filtering algorithm is used to reduce the influence of them on positioning results. However, it is difficult to accurately identify and separate the influence of abnormal observations and kinematic model disturbances on positioning results, especially in the application of kinematic Precise Point Positioning (PPP). This has always been a key factor limiting the performance of conventional robust adaptive filtering algorithms. To address this problem, this paper proposes a two-step robust adaptive filtering algorithm, which includes two filtering steps: without considering the kinematic model information, the first step of filtering only detects the abnormal observations. Based on the filtering results of the first step, the second step makes further detection on the kinematic model disturbances and conducts adaptive processing. Theoretical analysis and experiment results indicate that the two-step robust adaptive filtering algorithm can further enhance the robustness of the filtering against the influence of abnormal observations and kinematic model disturbances on the positioning results. Ultimately, improvement of the stability and reliability of kinematic PPP is significant.     

抗差自适应分步滤波算法在PPP/INS组合导航中的应用

针对常规抗差自适应滤波算法在PPP/INS组合导航应用中存在难以准确识别和分离观测粗差及运动异常对定位结果影响的问题，基于分类因子自适应滤波原理,提出了一种抗差自适应分步滤波算法。该算法首先执行第一步滤波,对状态模型异常信息进行隔离，仅对观测粗差进行诊断和抗差处理；然后在第一步滤波的基础上，执行第二步滤波，对状态模型异常进行诊断和自适应处理。算法分析表明，抗差自适应分步滤波算法可以准确地识别和分离观测粗差和运动异常扰动。实验结果表明，抗差自适应分步滤波算法能够进一步增强滤波算法抵抗观测粗差和运动异常扰动对滤波结果的影响，提高PPP/INS组合导航系统定位结果的稳定性和可靠性。     

图象序列中机动目标的形心跟踪

从边检测边跟踪的角度探讨了图象序列中机动目标的形心跟踪问题,深入分析了强高斯噪声背景下目标形心估计的统计性质及用于形心估计的图象预处理方法。指出经典的图象二值化变换分割后作形心估计的方法面临着估计偏差和方差的矛盾,提出了用自适应交互三模型(ATIMM)跟踪图象序列中机动目标的方法,同时发现在了解目标形状的条件下,空间匹配滤波,二值变换点集聚类和 ATIMM三者的结合对图象序列中的机动目标具有最好的跟踪性能。     

非线性系统中多传感器目标跟踪融合算法研究

 研究了在非线性系统中 ,基于转换坐标卡尔曼滤波器的多传感器目标跟踪融合算法。通过分析得出 :在非线性系统的多传感器目标跟踪中 ,基于转换坐标卡尔曼滤波器 ( CMKF)的分布融合估计基本可以重构中心融合估计。仿真实验也证明了此结论。由此可见分布的 CMKFA是非线性系统中较优的分布融合算法     

An Lms Adaptive Array Using a Pilot Signal

A least mean square (LMS) adaptive array requires a reference signal. When the desired signal contains a pilot signal, it may be used as the reference signal. In this paper the steady-state performance of an LMS adaptive array in which the pilot signal is used as the reference signal is examined. It is shown that the LMS adaptive array occasionally suppresses the desired signal. The loop gain, which is an important parameter, is also considered.     

自适应滤波技术的研究

应用常规卡尔曼滤波器(KF)要求知道系统精确的数学模型和系统噪声与量测噪声的统计特性,才能获得理想的滤波效果,否则可能产生发散现象。人们越来越倾向于利用自适应滤波(AKF)技术来解决发散的问题。针对AKF技术的研究现状,本文探讨一种结构简单、实时性较强、工程上比较实用的AKF算法。仿真结果表明,这种算法具有较强的自适应性,为一种实用而有效的滤波方法。     

连续时间系统的定常状态估计器

 对于线性定常的连续时间系统,当系统和测量噪声为平稳白噪声过程时,研究了定常的状态估计器的设计方法。为了改进传统的Kalman-Bucy滤波器的瞬态性能,提出了两种新的性能函数的定义,从而给出了两种便于工程应用的修正的Kalman-Bucy滤波器。     

自主姿态测量最优算法研究

针对利用地球重力场和磁场矢量观测进行自主姿态测量的应用问题,提出了一种新的最优递推估计算法。该算法采用卡尔曼滤波框架,利用加权统计线性回归并结合自适应滤波技术进行测量更新,与现有方法相比,在提高测量精度的同时,增加了同步提供姿态速率信息的功能。仿真结果表明,新算法的姿态估计精度比目前常用的直接计算方法提高近两倍。     

基于新息异常检测的改进抗差自适应卡尔曼滤波算法

在工程应用中,量测异常及量测噪声统计特性的时变是引起标准卡尔曼滤波振荡甚至发散的主要原因。经典抗差Sage-Husa自适应滤波方案,对量测中的孤立型异常有所抵抗,并可在线估计量测噪声统计特性改善滤波效果,但当连续型异常值出现时,其滤波效果不佳。针对现有抗差Sage-Husa自适应滤波方案的不足,提出了新的改进滤波方法。在改进算法中,当检测到量测异常时采用模值更大的先验预测方差阵代替原算法中的后验估计方差阵,在估计量测噪声方差时起到放大作用,以降低异常量测权重,提高滤波精度;采用IGG方案构造了新的权函数,可在抑制异常影响的同时调节估计方差阵,以免连续异常时新息持续置零引起的滤波发散;采用标准卡尔曼滤波新息辅助异常检测的双重检测策略,避免了因量测噪声方差阵的调节引起检测阈值变化而导致的漏检率增高。仿真实验表明,与常规抗差自适应滤波算法相比,该方案可更加有效地抑制量测异常值的影响。     

基于联邦滤波的多源融合导航算法

在复杂多变环境下,单一导航源的定位性能和鲁棒性会受到一定的影响。针对汽车、小型飞行器在城市、峡谷、卫星信号缺失或被遮挡以及导航信息源繁多等情况,研究了基于联邦滤波的多源融合导航算法。该算法综合利用了各种不同的信息源,经过多传感器的高度集成、多信息源的数据融合,生成时空基准统一且具有抗干扰、连续、可靠的PNT服务信息。设计的联邦滤波器采用两级结构,在子滤波器中进行局部估计后,在主滤波器中进行最优合成。此外,每个子滤波器加入了故障诊断算法,且结合自适应滤波理论进行信息因子的自适应分配,有效提高了故障检测能力。最后,通过实验验证了不同信息源组合的有效性,表明所设计的基于联邦滤波的多源融合算法可以提供稳定、可靠以及高精度的多源融合定位服务,具有一定的研究意义和实际价值。     

优化抗差自适应滤波器在深组合导航中的应用

为了提高惯性/卫星深组合导航系统的滤波性能,在抗差自适应滤波算法的 基础上,研究了一种优化抗差自适应滤波算法。该算法通过比较实际预测残差协方差矩 阵和理论协方差阵的差值来生成自适应因子,从而优化抗差自适应滤波。将所研究的算 法应用于惯性/卫星深组合导航系统, 在高动态环境下进行仿真验证, 并与常规卡尔曼 滤波、抗差自适应滤波进行比较。结果表明,优化算法能有效地控制观测异常和动态模 型异常对状态参数估值的影响,所得组合导航位置误差和速度误差明显减小,提高了组 合导航系统的滤波精度。