船尾形状对旋成体马格努斯效应的影响

尖头旋成体和船尾形状是子弹、炮弹及火箭弹等抛射体上常用的布局形式。研究表明船尾布局具有减小底部阻力、增大射程的作用,但此时旋成体的马格努斯效应增大,对运动稳定性产生不利影响。为了解释这种流动现象,对三维旋转弹流场进行了数值模拟,对从亚声速到超声速下的旋成体马格努斯力和力矩进行了分析,重点对标准形状和船尾形状两种底部进行了比较。结果表明,相对于标准形状,在所有来流下船尾形状都起到了增大马格努斯效应的作用,并且马格努斯力和力矩与船尾角成正比。为了揭示其流动机理,选择代表性计算状态对两种布局马格努斯力矩系数分布、边界层厚度分布和边界层位移厚度分布进行了对比分析,结果表明,在亚跨声速下船尾马格努斯效应由绕拐角的加速流动引起,使当地压力系数幅值增大;在超声速下船尾马格努斯效应由船尾段的气流膨胀引起,使旋成体左右两侧的边界层位移厚度畸变增大。上述两种效应都使马格努斯力矩增加,对于亚声速流动来说,该效应发生在柱段与船尾段连接位置;对于超声速流动来说,该效应发生在连接点以后的船尾段上。当来流速度在声速点附近时,上述两种效应都可能发挥作用,使船尾形状的旋成体马格努斯效应大幅增加。     

Computations of unsteady transonic flow over airfoil at low Reynolds number

Transonic flow over a thin airfoil at low Reynolds number was studied numerically by directly solving two-dimensional full Navier-Stokes equations through 5th order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO) scheme without using any turbulence model.A series of distinguished unsteady phenomena for a thin 2-D transonic airfoil flow were presented.Due to continuous adverse pressure gradient in the subsonic flow downstream of the sonic line, the unsteady separated boundary layer with main vortex and secondary vortex was developed at the rear of the airfoil.At the trailing edge,the vortex-shedding was characterized by periodical connection of the main vortex and secondary vortex on the other side of the airfoil.The unsteady separation and vortex-shedding occurred with the same period.On the airfoil surface,the average pulse pressure related to the unsteady supersonic region was obviously smaller than that related to the vortex-shedding at the trailing edge.With the attack angle increasing from 0° to 2°, the frequency of vortex-shedding decreases about 4.2%.At last, the turbulence intensity and many second-order statistics in the wake region were investigated.      

超音速流中球头反向喷流流场的数值模拟

采用CSCM(Conservative Supra-Characteristics Method)格式结合激波捕捉法求解了Navier-Stokes方程。通过算例对喷口总压等于2.08倍到6.54倍波后总压等4种情况进行了计算。得到壁面压力分布、等密度线和典型流场速度矢最图。与实验结果和其它数值计算值进行了比较和分析,得到本文计算出的弓形激波脱体距离在喷口压力低时与实验值符合得很好;压力高时差些。     

超音速绕凹角湍流分离流动的计算

本文用统一的Levy-Lees变换以及正算法与逆算法相结合,求解了超音速绕凹角湍流分离流动。 对附着流区用边界层正算法,压强分布用流过尖劈统一的高超音速与超音速公式,湍流模型取代数涡粘性模型;对凹角分离区用边界层逆算法,给定位移厚度δ~*分布,湍流模型取代数松弛模型;边界层计算采用Cebeci-Keller Box方法;计算成功地算得分离流场,较好地预估了分离点与重附点位置以及壁面压强分布与表面摩擦应力分布。     

Effect of protrusion amount on gas ingestion of radial rim seal

In this paper, the effect of different amount of protrusion on various parameters in rotor–stator system was experimentally studied by measuring CO₂ concentration and pressure, in order to obtain the optimal protrusion amount. The parameters of different dimensionless sealing flow were measured under the condition that the annulus Reynolds number was 4.39 × 10⁵ and the rotating Reynolds number was 1.05 × 10⁶. The results show that the change of the amount of protrusions has little effect on the static pressure in the cavity, and the static pressure change near the sealing ring is almost negligible. But the total pressure and sealing efficiency increase first and then decrease with the increase of the amount of protrusion. The variation of power consumption is the same. A complex vortex structure will appear at the high radius region when the protrusion is installed. On the other hand, the protrusion can effectively reduce the minimum sealing flow of the rotor–stator cavity. Furthermore, considering the sealing efficiency and power consumption, the best range of the protrusion amount is about 36. The ratio near this range can optimally balance the alleviation of the gas ingestion and the reduction of the power consumption.     

Detached-Eddy Simulation of the vortical flow field about the VFE-2 delta wing

The numerical simulation of the flow for the VFE-2 delta wing configuration with rounded leading edges is presented using the Cobalt Navier–Stokes solver. Cobalt uses a cell-centered unstructured hybrid mesh approach, and several numerical results are presented for the steady RANS equations as well as for the unsteady DES and DDES hybrid approaches. Within this paper the focus is related to the dual primary vortex flow topology, especially the sensitivity of the flow to angle of attack and Reynolds number effects. Reasonable results are obtained with both steady RANS and SA-DDES simulations. The results are compared and verified by experimental data, including surface pressure and pressure sensitive paint results, and recommendations for improving future simulations are made.     

翼型—扰流片的分离气动特性计算

本文介绍了用涡面元法模拟带扰流片的翼型低速无粘分离绕流。在翼型和扰流片的面元上分布线性变化涡。在扰流片后的上下分离流线的面元上分布等强度的涡。上分离流线始自扰流片的梢部，下分离流线自翼型的后缘引出。分离所泡由两离散涡结尾。气泡内总压为常值，它与涡强大小一同求解。分离气泡的形状在迭代求解过程中确定。压强分布和升力系数的计算值与现存文献的数值结果和实验数据是一致的。     

基于结构网格的操纵面嗡鸣数值研究

利用无限插值法生成结构化动网格,耦合求解欧拉方程与结构方程,分别模拟了二维带操纵面翼型以及三维NASP机翼周围跨音速流动。对二维带操纵面翼型嗡鸣发生时的流场进行了分析,发现操纵面上的激波后会产生巨大的分离区,且分离区的变化过程滞后于激波变化过程,认为缝隙的存在对嗡鸣发生有促进作用;对三维NASP机翼的研究发现操纵面质量比的增加可以延缓嗡鸣发展。     

二维超声速横侧喷流湍流数值模拟

采用AUSM -up格式模拟了二维超声速横侧喷流干扰流场.比较了SA、SST和EASM湍流模型对分离流动的模拟精度.通过调节喷流出口压力,研究了喷流参数对分离区大小、物面压力分布以及喷流喷射高度的影响.同实验对比发现:SST和EASM湍流模型在低压力比下能够比较准确模拟分离区,但是在高压力比下,湍流模型对分离区的模拟精度较差.     

Numerical simulation of compression corner flows at Mach number 9

A hypersonic vehicle encounters a wide range of conditions during its complete flight regime. These flight conditions may vary from low to high Mach numbers with varying angles of attack. The near-wall viscous dissipation associated with flows at combined high Mach and Reynolds numbers leads to significant wall heat transfer rates and shear stresses. The shock wave/boundary-layer interaction results in a flow separation region, which commonly augments total pressure losses in the flow and lowers the efficiency of aerodynamic control surfaces such as fins installed on a vehicle. The standard turbulence models, when used to resolve such flows, result in incorrect separation bubble size for large separated flows. Therefore, it results in an inaccurate aerodynamic load, such as the wall pressures, skin friction distribution, and heat transfer rate. In previous studies, the application of the shock-unsteadiness correction to the standard two-equation k-ω turbulence model improved the separation bubble size leading to an accurate pressure prediction and shock definition with the assumption of constant Prandtl number. In the present work, the new shock-unsteadiness modification to the k-ω turbulence model is applied to the hypersonic compression corner flows. This new model with variable Prandtl number is based on the model parameter, which depends upon the local density ratio. The computed wall pressures, heat flux and flow field are compared to the experimental data. A parametric study is carried out by varying compression deflection angles, free stream Reynolds number and wall temperatures to compute the flow field and wall data accurately, particularly in the shock boundary layer interaction region. The new shock-unsteadiness modified k-ω model with variable Prandtl number shows an accurate prediction of initial pressure rise location, pressure distribution in the plateau region and heat flux in comparison to the standard k-ω model.     

A numerical and experimental study of a transitional separation bubble

A combined numerical and experimental study of a two-dimensional transitional separation bubble due to an adverse pressure gradient is reported. The experiments have been performed in the MTL wind tunnel with a contoured wall imposing an adverse pressure gradient on the flow over a flat plate. The separated shear-layer is highly unstable and transition to turbulence occurs in the flow. The experimental separation bubble flow is modelled numerically using two-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS). Prescribing free stream boundary conditions in the wall normal velocity the experimental bubble is reproduced. The development of artificially forced two-dimensional instability waves is investigated and good agreement is found between experiments, simulations and linear stability theory (LST). The performance of several engineering transition prediction methods applied on the present separation bubble is presented and compared. Methods based on simplifications of the eⁿ-method yield predictions in accordance with experiments and DNS.     

纳秒等离子体激励控制翼型流动分离机理研究

为研究纳秒介质阻挡放电(NSDBD)等离子体控制翼型流动分离的物理机理,采用已建立的NSDBD唯象学模型耦合非定常Navier-Stokes方程模拟纳秒等离子体对流场的作用。使用非定常雷诺平均NavierStokes方程(URANS)和大涡模拟(LES)两种求解方法,研究纳秒等离子体激励对NACA0015翼型流动分离控制。结果表明:NSDBD等离子体激励促使边界层提前转捩,转捩对控制流动分离起重要作用;NSDBD激励开始时在翼型前缘形成展向涡,展向涡促使分离剪切层失稳并最终进入尾迹,展向涡贴近壁面运动,将外区的高能气流带入近壁区,使上翼面流场结构发生变化,然后翼型前缘流动提前转捩促使流动经过一个小层流分离泡后发生湍流再附,最终在上翼面形成稳定的附着流动。     

Flow characteristics in a rotor-stator cavity with cooling air inlet at low radius

Experiments were conducted on a typical rotor-stator system where air entered through an annular slot at low radius and flowed out of the cavity axially through a rim seal between the rotor and the stator. For the seal in this rotor-stator system, the stationary shroud overlapped the rotating one. Pressure distributions at the stator surface and flow resistance coefficients of the rotor-stator cavity with a maximum gap of 67mm were measured under different dimensionless mass flow rates from 1.32×104 to 4.87×104 with a large range of rotational Reynolds numbers from 0.418×106 to 2.484×106. The results show that pressure on the stator surface decreases with the increase of rotational Reynolds number when the dimensionless mass flow rate is below 1.3×104; when the dimensionless mass flow rate is above 3.034×104, the trend reverses. This is the so-called "pressure inversion effect". However, dimensionless pressure does not show the same changes when rotational dynamic pressure is chosen as the denominator. The resistance coefficient of the rotor-stator cavity is determined by the dimensionless mass flow rate and rotational Reynolds number; for practical application, the resistance coefficient can also be estimated by the turbulent flow parameter in the range of turbulent parameter from 0.1 to 1.6.      

连续旋转爆轰燃烧室的性能

利用二维可压缩欧拉方程数值研究了当量氢气/空气在连续旋转爆轰燃烧室(CRDC)中的流场情况,主要考查了不同CRDC周向尺寸下燃料入流总压对增压比、燃烧效率、容积热负荷及其NOx排放等性能的影响.结果表明:当CRDC周向尺寸为150mm时,随着燃料入流总压的提高,增压比基本保持不变,燃烧效率和容积热负荷均呈线性增长;当CRDC周向尺寸为250mm时,随燃料入流总压的提高,爆轰波头数加倍,容积热负荷仍呈线性增长,但是增压比及燃烧效率均出现转折性下降.与传统的等压燃烧室相比,CRDC具有更高的性能.当计算域为250mm×40mm时,增压比高达2.706,大大提高了燃气的做功能力;容积热负荷达到2.18×1010W/m3;而NOx排放质量浓度为0.692mg/m3,保证了低排放的要求.      

Effects of synthetic jet frequency on the separated flow in a diffusing S-duct

Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the effects of synthetic jet actuation frequency on the separated flow in a diffusing S-duct. The Reynolds number based on the entrance height was 9.78×105. At first, the numerical model was validated with experimental data, and then, the interaction between the separated flow and the synthetic jets at different frequencies was discussed. The results demonstrate that the control effect is significantly dependent on the momentum mixing enhancement between inside of the separated boundary layer and the outer flow. There exists a narrow range of actuation frequency, in which effective separation control can be achieved using synthetic jets. A dimensionless frequency F+=1.0 is identified as the optimal frequency, with a momentum coefficient of 1.62×10-3, the separation area is reduced about 46%, and the aerodynamic performance of the S-duct is also greatly improved compared to uncontrolled case. Further analysis reveals that the choice of actuation frequency is mainly determined by the momentum flux produced by a single ejection and the spacing between adjacent ejections, the optimal frequency case can be understood as a balance between the two factors. In addition, it is found that the synthetic jets can also suppress the secondary flows while decreasing the separation.      

Studies of separated flow downstream of the obstacle in a channel at resonant modes of pulsating flow

Experimental data on velocity, longitudinal component of the surface friction vector, length of the separated region, and distribution of static pressure in a separated turbulent channel flow with periodic pulsations of gas flowrate are presented. The dependence of the separated region parameters on the frequency of superimposed flowrate pulsations and natural acoustic gas vibrations in the channel is established.     

Transient flow characteristics and performance of a solid rocket motor with a pintle valve

The pintle valve is currently the most promising technology among all thrust control methods for solid rocket motors. Pintle structure and working condition play a critical role in the successful operation of a pintle motor. Here, 2D transient simulations of a pintle motor using dynamic meshing are performed. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved with the implementation of an RNG k–ε turbulence model. In cold flow test, emphasis is placed on the effect of pintle structure, and in hot flow test, emphasis is placed on the effect of propellant pressure exponent. Validation is performed first by comparing the present results with available cold-test experimental data. This shows that the transient simulations can provide good predictions for pintle motors with a relative error of less than 2% in terms of the chamber pressure. It can be found that, when the gas supply system is different, the working principles and conditions of pintle motors are different. The feedback process in propellant combustion has a significant impact on its operation and the effect on the pintle motor performance of different pintle structures is achieved by different variations in the equivalent throat area. Finally, the pressure exponent is an important parameter in hot flow test and changes of thrust in hot flow test are not monotonic, because changes in the flow field and motor performance are asynchronous.     

应用重迭网格技术求解复杂组合体无粘流场

本文数值求解了捆绑火箭这一复杂组合体的无粘干扰流场。该计算利用重迭网格(Overlapping Grid)技术求解了分离系数的Euler方程,获得了复杂组合体相互干扰的重要流场特性。通过与风洞试验的比较,计算结果与实验有较好的一致性。     

Numerical investigation of transcritical liquid film cooling in a methane / oxygen rocket engine

Transcritical film cooling was investigated by numerical study in a methane cooled methane/oxygen rocket engine.The respective time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations have been solved for the compressible steady three-dimensional(3-D) flow.The flow field computations were performed using the semi-implicit method for pressure linked equation(SIMPLE) algorithm on several blocks of nonuniform collocated grid.The calculation was conducted over a pressure range of 202 650.0 Pa to 1.2×107 Pa and a temperature range of 120.0 K to 3 568.0 K.Twenty-nine different cases were simulated to calculate the impact of different factors.The results show that mass flow rate,length,diameter,number and diffused or convergence of film jet channel,injection angle and jet array arrangements have great impact on transcritical film cooling effectiveness.Furthermore,shape of the jet holes and jet and crossflow turbulence also affect the wall temperature distribution.Two rows of film arranged in different axial angles and staggered arrangement were proposed as new liquid film arrangement.Different radial angles have impact on the film cooling effectiveness in two row-jets cooled cases.The case of in-line and staggered arrangement are almost the same in the region before the second row of jets,but a staggered arrangement has a higher film cooling effectiveness from the second row of jets.     

Euler方程与边界层积分方程耦合求解跨音速翼型绕流

 应用Euler方程求解跨音速翼型特性时考虑了粘性影响,粘性影响是通过边界层动量和能量积分方程求解的,即粘流/无粘流迭代方法。其中Euler方程采用LU-ADI方法求解;边界层方程均由正解法过渡到反解法,以解决强激波干扰区出现小分离泡的计算问题。计算中使用了贴体C网格,通过一定变换使其保持基本正交。计算结果表明,压力分布、摩阻系数分布与实验结果符合较好。