壁面温度控制对平板边界层影响的数值研究

通过对零压力梯度的平板边界层流动施加温度控制,展开壁面温度控制对平板层流边界层和湍流边界层影响的研究,探索温度控制对平板转捩雷诺数和壁面摩擦阻力的影响规律。采用带有转捩模式的三方程湍流模型对平板边界层流动进行数值模拟,重点考察了壁面摩阻系数、平板转捩雷诺数、湍流边界层流动随壁面温度变化的规律。计算结果表明在壁面温度从288 K 增大到432 K 时,边界层转捩雷诺数增大约36%,表面摩擦阻力减少约9.6%。研究分析表明：加热控制使层流区域温度边界层内粘性作用增强,雷诺切应力和湍动能减小,流动更加稳定;而湍流区域边界层内粘性底层中速度梯度和粘性切应力减小,导致壁面处摩擦切应力减小。因此壁面加热控制可以延迟边界层转捩,减小湍流区摩阻系数,并减小平板摩擦阻力。     

The role of transition in high-lift low-pressure turbines for aeroengines

The fan of a high bypass ratio turbo fan engine produces up to 80% of the total thrust of the engine. It is the low-pressure (LP) turbine that drives the fan and, on some engines, a number of compressor stages. The unsteady aerodynamics of the LP turbine, and in particular, the role of unsteady flow in laminar–turbulent transition, is the subject of this paper.The flow in turbomachines is unsteady due to the relative motion of the rows of blades. In the LP turbine, the wakes from the upstream blade rows provide the dominant source of unsteadiness. Because much of the blade-surface boundary-layer flow is laminar, one of the most important consequences of this unsteadiness is the interaction of the wakes with the suction-side boundary layer of a downstream blade. This is important because the blade suction—side boundary layers are responsible for most of the loss of efficiency and because the combined effects of random (wake turbulence) and periodic disturbances (wake velocity defect and pressure fields) cause the otherwise laminar boundary layer to undergo transition and eventually become turbulent.This paper discusses the development of unsteady flows in LP turbines and the process of wake-induced boundary-layer transition in low-pressure turbines and the loss generation that results. Particular emphasis will be placed on unsteady separating flows and how the effects of wakes may be exploited to control loss generation in the laminar–turbulent transition processes. This control has allowed the successful development of the latest generation of ultra-high-lift LP turbines. More recent developments, which harness the effects of surface roughness in conjunction with the wakes, are also presented.     

静叶时序对压气机叶片附面层流动影响的数值研究

采用数值方法对两级低速压气机中径处的非定常流场进行模拟,针对压气机第2排静叶两个典型周向位置对动静叶干扰下的叶片附面层流动进行研究.建立尾迹与附面层干扰分析模型,结合叶片壁面摩擦力和近壁面附面层湍动能,详细分析了尾迹和势流干扰下静叶时序改变对叶片附面层流动产生的影响.对第2排静叶附面层的研究结果表明:静叶时序改变了尾迹在其叶排中的输运特征,能够降低壁面摩擦力和近壁面湍动能及其非定常最大波动幅值,影响吸力面附面层内动叶尾迹后沉寂区的宽度.在非定常条件下,尾迹能够诱导静叶层流附面层在尾迹干扰的局部范围内转捩发展为湍流状态,同时高湍流度尾迹的干扰具有抑制逆压梯度下附面层分离的作用,并能够延长层流区的范围.     

加糙平板湍流边界层紊动特性

本文应用偏振差动式激光测速仪对加糙平板湍流边界层紊动特性进行了研究,得到了紊动强度、三阶矩、四阶矩、概率密度分布、功率谱、自相关等特征量。结果表明,可据高阶矩的符号来对湍流边界层沿垂向进行分区,并给出了分区标准,同时发现,加糙使边界层湍流趋于均匀、各向同性,即概率密度分布更接近于高斯分布。     

Reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction structure analysis based on large eddy simulation

In order to understand the physical phenomenon of the reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is conducted to investigate shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction in a $12°$ compression ramp with inlet high Mach number of 2.9. Rescaling/recycling method is used as inflow turbulence generation technique and validated on a supersonic flat plate turbulent boundary layer. The flow field of recycling plane in the plate computation domain is obtained to give the inlet boundary condition for the LES computation. This paper focuses on the reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction region, where the fine flow structure and instantaneous flow field are analyzed in detail. It is found that the unsteady motion of the shock wave leads to the increase of wall pressure fluctuation.     

EFFECT OF THE RIBLETS SURFACE ON THE BOUNDARY LAYER DEVELOPMENT

ＥＦＦＥＣＴ　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＲＩＢＬＥＴＳ　ＳＵＲＦＡＣＥ　ＯＮ　ＴＨＥ　ＢＯＵＮＤＡＲＹ　ＬＡＹＥＲ　ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＷａｎｇＪｉｎｊｕｎ；ＬａｎＳｈｉｌｏｎｇ；ＬｉａｎＱｉｘｉａｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＦｌｕｉｄＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓＩＢｅ...     

尾迹对低压涡轮边界层稳定性的影响

在低压涡轮内部上游周期性扫过的尾迹是下游叶片排内最重要的非定常扰动源,会对边界层的失稳和转捩过程产生决定性的影响.在施加低压涡轮负荷分布的平板上,采用热线对雷诺数为130000工况下,有/无尾迹作用时分离剪切层中的速度波动进行了测量.通过对比两种工况下分离剪切层中的扰动发展,分析了尾迹对分离泡稳定性的影响.结果表明:在无尾迹来流工况下,扰动在分离泡前部的增长符合线性不稳定机制,扰动增长至饱和后非线性机制开始起作用.主导分离剪切层的失稳过程的为K-H(Kelvin-Helmholtz)无黏不稳定机制.尾迹与分离剪切层的相互作用产生的扰动的增长在分离泡前部同样满足线性不稳定机制.尾迹加速了分离剪切层的失稳转捩进程,从而抑制了分离.      

Prediction of Boundary Layer Transition Based on Modeling of Laminar Fluctuations Using RANS Approach

This article presents a linear eddy-viscosity turbulence model for predicting bypass and natural transition in boundary layers by using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The model includes three transport equations, separately, to compute laminar kinetic energy, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation rate in a flow field. It needs neither correlations of intermittency factors nor knowledge of the transition onset. Two transition tests are carried out: flat plate boundary layer under zero ...     

温度梯度对平板边界层转捩影响的数值模拟

为了研究温度梯度对边界层转捩的影响,在对有/无压力梯度的T3系列平板转捩实验进行数值模拟获得满意结果的基础上,对原型实验进行重新设计,以在平板边界层内形成不同温度梯度并进行数值模拟。计算结果表明随着温度梯度的增大,转捩位置向下游推延发生,平板相同位置边界层的形状参数和壁面切应力系数也相应大幅增高,边界层湍流脉动得到抑制,这是因为温度梯度形成的密度分层,湍流能量为了克服因为密度分层形成的法向浮力而被逐渐耗散,但是温度梯度对转捩影响与其它流动特性对转捩的影响相比较弱。     

非设计状态下尾迹输运对高负荷低压涡轮附面层的影响

为了研究非设计状态下的上游尾迹在叶栅通道内的形态演化与发展,分析尾迹与叶片吸力面附面层的相互作用,基于高负荷低压涡轮(LPT)叶型Packb对非设计状态下尾迹输运进行了研究。研究主要通过数值模拟的方法进行,使用CFX软件,利用LES模型耦合Smagorinsky亚格子模型。讨论了非定常来流0°和+10°攻角工况下,尾迹与吸力面附面层相互作用的差异。分析发现,+10°攻角工况时,尾迹对附面层转捩的促进作用较0°攻角工况时更为显著;+10°攻角工况时,尾迹与附面层的相互作用时间更长,尾迹诱导转捩的起始位置更靠上游。     

Turbulent Wagner problem with transition

Wagner problem is originally concerned with inviscid flow and unsteady force due to a small step motion, or attaining of a small angle of attack, of an airfoil in an initially uniform flow and has been studied recently for inviscid flow with large amplitude step motion. Here we propose to consider turbulent Wagner problem for a plate that is initially covered with a mixed laminar-boundary layer on both sides and is set into step motion of small or large amplitude and in direction normal to the plate. The evolution of skin friction and transition region in time are examined numerically. It is found that transition region unexpectedly changes direction of movement for small amplitude of step motion while global transition or laminarization exists for large amplitude step motion. The significance of this study is twofold. First, the present study treated a new and interesting problem since it combines two problems of fundamental interests, one is Wagner problem and the other is boundary layer transition. Second, the present study appears to show that the pressure gradient normal to the airfoil and caused by discontinuous step motion may have subtle influence on transition and the mechanism of this influence deserves further studies.     

自由流单位Re数对边界层转捩的影响

利用激波管实验原理和实验技术,在截面为94 ×94mm~2的激波管实验段中,测量了自由流单位Re数单一变化时壁面边界层转捩Re数的变化规律。为此研制了一种可直接显示边界层从层流向湍流过渡全过程的热电模拟网络。根据大量测量结果,并以自由流单位Re数为自变量,整理出预测平板边界层转捩Re数的经验公式。     

对安放直机翼的平板测定三维湍流边界层的低、亚音速特性

 本文介绍了在低速和亚音速来流情况下,对一安放着直机翼的平板,在其附体流部分所作的三维湍流边界层特性的测量;讨论了压强梯度和流线曲率对壁面律、尾流律以及湍流应力和混合长分布的影响。 测量结果表明:适用于二维湍流边军层的Coles速度型和混合长分布规律都应考虑当地的压强梯度和流线曲率的影响才能用于三维流情况。本实验测得的三维湍流边界层的亚音速特性在性质上与低速特性无显著区别。     

MVG控制斜激波/湍流边界层干涉的大涡模拟

采用浸没边界法(IBM)对带有微型涡发生器(MVG)控制器的激波/湍流边界层干涉流动进行了大涡模拟(LES)。以来流马赫数为2.3的斜激波(由平板上方8°楔产生)为基本流动入射平板湍流边界层,通过在干涉区前布置MVG阵列来控制激波诱导的边界层分离。采用浸没边界法处理MVG的复杂几何,分析了MVG尾迹区平均流速度剖面,雷诺应力,瞬态旋涡结构。结果表明:时均流场显示MVG尾迹区存在一对对转的主流向涡,流向涡加剧了边界内的动量交换从而增加了边界层抗分离能力,而瞬态流场则反映出MVG尾迹区的剪切层由于Kelvin-Helmholtz(K-H)不稳定性会卷起为一列展向旋涡。     

周期性扰动对平板湍流边界层统计性质的影响

用IFA300热线风速仪和X形二分量热线探针精细测量了平板湍流边界层在施加不同频率的周期性吹吸扰动前后不同法向位置的瞬时流向、法向速度分量的时间序列信号.在平板湍流边界层的固壁表面沿展向切割一条5 mm宽的窄缝, 在平板底部用扬声器从壁面向平板湍流边界层内施加不同频率的周期性吹吸扰动, 研究不同频率的周期性扰动在平板湍流边界层内发展演化的规律及对平板湍流边界层统计性质的影响.      

钝体头部“逾越”型转捩的直接数值模拟

通过直接数值模拟,研究了钝体头部边界层“逾越”型转捩的问题。在计算上,利用高阶紧致差分格式和高分辨率的无反射边界条件,求解全N-S方程,并将局部有限幅值扰动直接引入到钝体头部的曲面边界层中。摈弃了目前国际上通常采用的周期边界条件,以及以平板代替曲面的做法。结果表明:流场转捩的发生与一种类似“发卡”状的拉伸结构出现有关,而国外的计算结果中并未发现这一结构。此外,流场的失稳过程和物理图像也存在较大差异。这说明国外目前的做法和结论是值得商榷的。同时,模拟的结果也说明,这种方法对研究大扰动转捩来说是一条行之有效的途径。      

Turbulent near-wake development behind a flat plate

An asymptotic analysis of the two-dimensional turbulent near-wake flow behind a flat plate with sharp trailing edge has been formulated. The feature that the near-wake, which is dominated by the mixing of the oncoming turbulent boundary layers retains, to a large extent, the memory of the turbulent structure of the upstream boundary layer has been exploited to develop the analysis. This analysis leads to two regions of the near-wake flow (the inner near-wake and the outer near-wake) for which the governing equations are derived. The matching conditions among these regions lead to a logarithmic variation in the normal direction in the overlapping region surrounding the inner near-wake. These features are validated by the available experimental data. Similarity solutions for the velocity distribution (which satisfy the required matching conditions) in the inner near-wake and outer near-wake regions have been obtained by making the appropriate eddy-viscosity assumptions. Uniformly valid solutions for velocity distribution have been constructed for the near-wake. The solutions show good agreement with available experimental data.     

壁面温度对斜爆震发动机进气道流动特性影响的数值研究

为研究壁面温度条件对层流、转捩、湍流状态下斜爆震发动机进气道流场结构、流场参数的影响,选取Ma10级、具有曲面压缩段的斜爆震发动机进气道为研究对象进行数值模拟,对进气道壁面附近激波诱导分离区、热边界层的变化进行了深入探讨。数值模拟结果表明,进气道肩部圆弧过渡段出现的再层流化现象,壁面冷却对其起抑制作用,绝热壁面条件下再层流化程度最为严重。壁面温度的增加有利于延缓流动转捩,同时也导致了分离区尺寸的增加以及转捩、湍流状态下分离区主体位置逐渐前移,进气道内通道的转捩为分离诱导转捩,转捩位置主要受到分离点位置的影响,整体表现为壁面温度增加转捩位置前移。进气道出口顶板侧热边界层厚度随着壁面温度的增加逐渐变厚,转捩状态下热边界层厚度变化可达5%,温度峰值也随着壁面温度的增加逐渐增加,且峰值位置逐渐靠近壁面。壁面温度条件相同时,层流状态下热流、热边界层厚度均较小。转捩、湍流状态下进气道出口顶板侧热边界层较厚,约为层流状态3倍,同时转捩、湍流状态下热边界层厚度相差可达2%。     

后向台阶湍流边界层分离、再附及发展

应用激光测速仪对后向台阶湍流边界层分离、再附及发展进行了测量,得到时均流速、流向湍流度、平坦系数和偏斜系数等沿程分布。依据时均流速分布特性,得到分离区边界及再附点位置ｘ＿ｒ＝５．２ｈ＿ｓ（ｈ＿ｓ为台阶高度）,再附后湍流边界层恢复速度型相似的位置ｘ＿Ｔ＝１３．５ｈ＿ｓ。在详细分析湍流边界层区域时均及紊动特性的基础上,与光滑平板湍流边界层进行了比较。结果表明,除流速分布对数公式中积分常数较大外,无其它差别。此外,湍流边界层区存在尾流律,尾流参数π＝０．２９。     

不可压缩平板边界层转捩中突变过程的数值模拟

采用时间模式对不可压平板边界层从层流到湍流的转捩过程进行了直接数值模拟.分析结果表明:在层流-湍流转捩的突变过程开始之前,已经产生非线性作用;二维波与三维波的幅值实际增长率也偏离线性状态,而且在二者之间存在能量转移的迹象.在突变过程中,速度变形率对总应力的影响较大,在转捩结束后雷诺应力对总应力的影响比较显著.研究表明:正是由于大量谐波被快速激发并增大,导致了雷诺应力及其法向梯度也快速增大.这使得平均流剖面快速被修正,流动快速转为湍流.