涵道比对大型客机经济性和环保性的影响

为了综合评估配装发动机的涵道比对客机的经济性和环保性的影响,建立了一套包括动力、几何、气动、质量、性能、经济性、噪声、排放分析模型的多学科分析流程.以典型宽体客机为应用算例,分析了不同涵道比（8~14）发动机对宽体客机经济性和环保指标的影响.综合分析结果表明:增大发动机涵道比有利于降低客机噪声和起降循环氮氧化合物污染物的排放;而发动机涵道比为11左右时,客机的现金使用成本最低,航线氮氧化合物污染物排放量最少.      

传导干扰研究

传导发射是沿电源线或信号线传输的电磁发射,在低频范围内,传导发射是电磁干扰的主要形式。如不采取措施,几乎所有的电子、电气设备电源线的传导发射都得超标,若将这些设备安装在飞机上,它将严重地威胁着机上其他设备的正常工作。本文对各种脉冲波形的频谱进行了比较,并对整流器的谐波发射进行了分析,最后介绍了降低传导发射的设计方法。     

基于ICAO起降模型的中国机场飞机排污计算研究

结合ICAO机场排放计算方法,在考虑3种主要气体污染物HC、CO和NOx的情况下,提出了适合中国机场飞机排放污染物的计算方法。该方法基于国际民航组织（ICAO）规定的标准起飞着陆（LTO）循环的模型,采用ICAO发动机排放数据库（ICAO aircraft engine emissions databank）,通过搜集中国民航机队的飞机／发动机配置信息及所列机场航班计划表,计算出机场污染物年排放量。     

基于发动机与飞机的藻基航空燃料全生命周期分析

讨论了基于发动机类别及其飞机的藻基航空替代燃料与常规航空燃料对全生命周期的影响。基于GREET（the greenhouse gases,regulated emissions,and energy use in transportation）模型,依据平均载荷、最大航程,将民航客机分为单通道窄体、双通道中型、双通道大型、巨型、支线和公务机等6类。起飞、爬升、进近、滑行、巡航过程的燃料消耗及排放采用国际民用航空组织、美国NASA-AAFEX实验、欧洲EASA适航条例提供的数据。计算了6类发动机-飞机的气体排放、能量消耗情况。在双通道大型客机中藻基航空替代燃料制备过程的温室气体排放仅为0.2351g/(kg·km),原因为该类客机与小型飞机相比有更好的发动机效率和运输效率。然而由于起飞降落过程排放比例较大,单通道窄体客机在航程上对温室气体排放变化更为敏感。      

Multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for emission and cost reductions

Pollutant gases emitted from the civil jet are doing more and more harm to the environ- ment with the rapid development of the global commercial aviation transport. Low environmental impact has become a new requirement for aircraft design. In this paper, estimation method for emis- sion in aircraft conceptual design stage is improved based on the International Civil Aviation Orga- nization （ICAO） aircraft engine emissions databank and the polynomial curve fitting methods. The greenhouse gas emission （CO2 equivalent） per seat per kilometer is proposed to measure the emis- sions. An approximate sensitive analysis and a multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for tradeoff between greenhouse effect and direct operating cost （DOC） are performed with five geom- etry variables of wing configuration and two flight operational parameters. The results indicate that reducing the cruise altitude and Mach number may result in a decrease of the greenhouse effect but an increase of DOC. And the two flight operational parameters have more effects on the emissions than the wing configuration. The Pareto-optimal front shows that a decrease of 29.8% in DOC is attained at the expense of an increase of 10.8% in greenhouse gases.     

考虑排放影响的飞机多学科优化设计

随着民用航空运输业的发展,飞机对气候环境的影响越来越受到重视。为了满足未来飞机设计中经济性和环保性等指标,有必要在飞机概念设计阶段综合考虑成本和排放的影响。本文使用全球平均温度变化作为衡量飞机排放对气候影响的标准,分析了飞机巡航高度和速度对于排放物的影响。进一步,通过整合气动、重量、成本和排放等学科模型,建立了飞机概念设计阶段的多学科优化框架。基于该优化框架,以机翼平面形状、飞行速度和高度等参数为优化变量,分别以排放最小和成本最低为目标,进行了单目标和多目标优化设计研究。Pareto最优前沿的优化结果显示,单位排放成本的高低会影响成本相对于排放性能的变化趋势。     

Influence of exhaust gas recirculation on technical,economic, and environmental performance of high-uprated diesel aircraft engine

This paper considers the problem of reducing the nitrogen oxide emissions in exhaust gases (EG) of the diesel aircraft engine by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The main directions in improving a working process of diesel engines with EGR system were formulated.     

Ground maneuver for front-wheel drive aircraft via deep reinforcement learning

The maneuvering time on the ground accounts for 10%–30% of their flight time, and it always exceeds 50% for short-haul aircraft when the ground traffic is congested. Aircraft also contribute significantly to emissions, fuel burn, and noise when taxiing on the ground at airports. There is an urgent need to reduce aircraft taxiing time on the ground. However, it is too expensive for airports and aircraft carriers to build and maintain more runways, and it is space-limited to tow the aircraft fast using tractors. Autonomous drive capability is currently the best solution for aircraft, which can save the maneuver time for aircraft. An idea is proposed that the wheels are driven by APU-powered (auxiliary power unit) motors, APU is working on its efficient point; consequently, the emissions, fuel burn, and noise will be reduced significantly. For Front-wheel drive aircraft, the front wheel must provide longitudinal force to tow the plane forward and lateral force to help the aircraft make a turn. Forward traction effects the aircraft’s maximum turning ability, which is difficult to be modeled to guide the controller design. Deep reinforcement learning provides a powerful tool to help us design controllers for black-box models; however, the models of related works are always simplified, fixed, or not easily modified, but that is what we care about most. Only with complex models can the trained controller be intelligent. High-fidelity models that can easily modified are necessary for aircraft ground maneuver controller design. This paper focuses on the maneuvering problem of front-wheel drive aircraft, a high-fidelity aircraft taxiing dynamic model is established, including the 6-DOF airframe, landing gears, and nonlinear tire force model. A deep reinforcement learning based controller was designed to improve the maneuver performance of front-wheel drive aircraft. It is proved that in some conditions, the DRL based controller outperformed conventional look-ahead controllers.     

High-Energy Atmospheric Physics: Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes and Related Phenomena

It is now well established that both thunderclouds and lightning routinely emit x-rays and gamma-rays. These emissions appear over wide timescales, ranging from sub-microsecond bursts of x-rays associated with lightning leaders, to sub-millisecond bursts of gamma-rays seen in space called terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, to minute long glows from thunderclouds seen on the ground and in or near the cloud by aircraft and balloons. In particular, terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs), which are thought to be emitted by thunderclouds, are so bright that they sometimes saturate detectors on spacecraft hundreds of kilometers away. These TGFs also generate energetic secondary electrons and positrons that are detected by spacecraft in the inner magnetosphere. It is generally believed that these x-ray and gamma-ray emissions are generated, via bremsstrahlung, by energetic runaway electrons that are accelerated by electric fields in the atmosphere. In this paper, we review this newly emerging field of High-Energy Atmospheric Physics, including the production of runaway electrons, the production and propagation of energetic radiation, and the effects of both on atmospheric electrodynamics.     

MOZAIC: five in-service airbus A340s evaluate impact of air traffic on atmosphere

Aircraft emissions are likely to have their greatest effect upon the atmosphere and climate when discharged near the junction of the troposphere and the stratosphere. To measure the effects of air traffic in that region of the atmosphere, a number of in-service Airbus A340 aircraft have been fitted with automatic measuring and recording equipment. Already more than 95 000 hours of observations have been recorded. This article describes this work and plans for the future.     

民用飞机全航线排放预测

针对民用飞机全航线的排放预测问题,运用飞机升阻特性模型、发动机性能模型和飞机航线性能模型计算了民用飞机在全航线上的飞机升阻特性与发动机性能,并将以上模型与基于T₃-p₃法与波音流量法所建立的排放计算模型相耦合,详细计算了飞机在实际飞行过程中未燃碳氢化合物(UHC)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化合物(NOx)的排放指数,并得到了全航线的各种污染排放物排放总量,完善了民用航空发动机排放预测分析体系,为低污染民用航空发动机的设计与评估提供理论依据.计算结果表明,飞机处在起飞以及爬升阶段时,NOx的排放指数较高,而UHC与CO的排放指数较低;当飞机处在下降以及进场时,NOx的排放指数较低,而UHC与CO的排放指数较高.NOx的总排放量在3种污染排放产物中最高.      

Efficient and environmentally friendly aero-engine (EEFAE) targeted research action

Environmental issues, such as noise and exhaust gas emissions, will have a major impact upon the design and development of future-generation aircraft propulsion systems. The key objective of the European aero-engine industry is to strengthen competitiveness whilst ensuring that sustainable market growth is achieved with due consideration to environmental and safety issues. For this aim to be achieved, future aircraft gas turbine engines must provide increasing cycle performance at reduced weight (i.e. increased thrust-to-weight ratio) in order to minimise fuel consumption and consequently reduce emissions of greenhouse gasses. It is therefore vitally important that the European aero-engine industry is able to optimise its research and technology resources through an integrated approach.     

Aircraft emission research within ISTC project

This research is aimed at obtaining experimental data on contamination of the atmosphere by emissions from aircraft engines in cruise flight conditions, to establish and improve models of the physical and chemical processes which take place in the aircraft wake and in the general zone of air traffic corridors. An Su-24 ‘sounder’ aircraft equipped with an air sampling and collection system has been established to obtain the necessary atmospheric samples in flight, and procedures have been developed for performing the research flights. Techniques have also been developed for chemical analysis of the samples.     

Aircraft engine exhaust measurement

Increasing consciousness of the potential impact upon the atmosphere of pollutant emissions from aircraft has focused attention upon the need for accurate measurement of such emissions. In this paper, the various constituents of aero engine exhaust which may be significant in their impact upon the atmosphere are identified and the current status of techniques for their measurement in test rig and in in-flight conditions is reviewed.     

Aircraft emission parameter modelling

It is important to know the amount and type of combustion products emitted by aircraft engines, both for environmental and for health reasons. Direct measurement of these emissions at in-flight conditions is both difficult and costly. Therefore it is necessary to develop reliable tools for estimating these emissions by computational means. This paper describes such developments and their extension to the calculation of overall flight missions and global emission inventories.     

航空运输业排放环境影响评估研究

利用ICAO发动机排放数据库构建了航空运输业排放环境外部成本测算模型,并选取首都国际机场等6个国际机场作为实证研究的对象,测算了其2008年排放产生的环境外部成本,可以看出中国机场普遍存在着显著的排放环境外部成本。同时,针对中国航空运输业的发展现状,提出了通过实施排放权交易制度将中国航空运输业环境外部成本内部化的政策建议。研究成果可用于中国航空运输业排放环境外部成本的测算和治理。     

NOx emissions of turbofan powered unmanned aerial vehicle for complete flight cycle

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been getting more and more popular in both civil and military arena. Similar to manned aircraft, their propulsion systems or engines emit harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides. Since UAVs have different mission profiles and operational parameters than manned aircraft, it is worthy to investigate their NO_x emissions. Therefore, in this study, NO_x emissions of a turbofan powered UAV for complete flight cycle was calculated and optimized within a range of altitude and speed parameters. NO_x emissions were calculated based on ICAO ground test data and corrected to any speed and altitude during flight legs using both Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 and DLR Fuel Flow Method. Total NO_x emissions were calculated for complete flight cycles for different altitude and speed parameters. Numerical results were presented graphically and additionally optimization studies were conducted. Optimization studies include determination and comparison of speed and altitude for minimum NO_x emissions by the two fuel flow methods and maximum loiter time achievable by UAV.     

Non-Intrusive measurements of aircraft and rocket exhaust emissions

On ground measurements of aircraft exhaust emissions will increasingly be needed to support environmental protection and regulatory measures. This paper describes research into methods of measurement which can be applied in field conditions and which do not require intrusion into the engines being measured.     

Aircraft fuels and their effect upon engine emissions

Although pollutant emissions from aircraft are mainly determined by the technology of the engines, fuel composition plays a significant part. This paper describes recent developments in jet fuel technology and possible modifications or substitution of currently available jet fuel by oxygenated hydrocarbons, biofuels and cryofuels.     

Lownox - a European low emission engine initiative

As air traffic grows, Low NO_x emission technology development is challenged to reduce aircraft engine emissions, if overall environmental impact is to be contained. This paper describes work supported by the European Union, bringing together industry, research centres and universities, to acquire the necessary technology.