The role of antiprotons in cosmic-ray physics

Though success eluded experimentalists from detecting cosmic-ray antiprotons over a long period of time, the study of cosmic-ray antiprotons has now become a fascinating field of research. In this review, we have attempted to elucidate the excitement in this area of research since the discovery of antiprotons in the laboratory. We have described the experiments carried out so far to measure the energy spectrum of antiprotons, from about 200 MeV to about 15 GeV, and summarised the results. The observed spectrum, with the limited data, appears to be very hard and is different from other components of cosmic radiation. Upper limits to the fraction of antiprotons in cosmic-rays have also been derived at higher energies, using the observed spectra of cosmic-ray primary and secondary particles at different depths in the atmosphere. We have described various physical processes by which antiprotons could be produced, such as high-energy interactions, neutron oscillations, evaporation of Mini Black Holes, decay of super symmetric particles, etc. The energy spectrum of antiprotons, which are produced through the above processes, undergoes modifications during propagation in the Galaxy. We have examined in detail the propagation models which have been employed to explain the observed data. It is shown that no single model could predict correctly the observed energy spectrum of antiprotons over the entire energy region. However, many models are able to explain the data at relativistic energies. It is difficult at this stage to make a choice among these models. The implications of these models for other components of cosmic-rays, such as positrons, deuterium, and He, have been discussed. We have examined the production of gamma rays in the Galaxy from sources, which produce the observed antiprotons through high-energy interactions. We have also briefly indicated the effect of possible re-acceleration during their confinement in the Galaxy. We finally emphasized the need for more detailed measurements of the spectral shape of cosmic-ray antiprotons to further refine speculations of their origin. Similarly, we have shown that detailed observation of the energy spectra of positrons, deuterium, and He at relativistic energies are crucial to test various propagation models.     

面向预定维修次序的人力资源分配优化研究

大型装备维修作业安排是一项复杂的系统性工作，维修项目之间存在着复杂的维修次序约束。在维修人员有限，且能力存在差异的情况下，不同的人力资源分配方案将直接影响维修任务的完成时间。本文给出了一种面向预定维修次序的人力资源分配优化模型，以维修人员数量和能力差异为约束，完成维修任务为目标，计算最优化维修人力资源分配方案，缩短维修工作时间，降低装备系统停工损失。     

构件微动磨损疲劳——盘上周向燕尾榫槽的特点分析

1.结构模型 我国航空发动机的盘片榫联结一直是盘上轴向开槽。最近引进的西方发动机,有盘上周向开槽的燕尾榫或类似的圆弧榫。轴向开槽的燕尾榫的研究已有过报导。本文介绍对周向开槽结构的微动磨损疲劳特征的一些研究结果。     

静子叶片内环结构对机匣动力特性的影响

根据某型航空发动机高压压气机的实际结构进行有限元分析,着重地考虑内环结构的计算模型与常规无内环结构计算模型固有频率的差异。通过比较计算结果明显看出内环结构对机匣弯曲刚度具有明显的加强作用,振动模态对应的固有频率明显增高。由此可以断定以往在计算静子系统动力特性时忽略内环结构或是只考虑内环的等效质量是不合理的。采用本文提出的考虑叶片内环的计算模型才能获得正确的机匣动力特性。     

The Orbital Forcing of Climate Changes on Mars

Solar variability influences the climate of a planet by radiatively forcing changes over a certain timescale; orbital variations of a planet, which yield similar solar forcing modulations, can be studied within the same scientific context. It is known for Earth that obliquity changes have played a critical role in pacing glacial and interglacial eras. For Mars, such orbital changes have been far greater and have generated extreme variations in insolation. Signatures associated with the presence of water ice reservoirs at various positions across the surface of Mars during periods of different orbital configurations have been identified. For this reason, it has been proposed that Mars is currently evolving between ice ages. The advent of climate tools has given a theoretical frame to the study of orbitally-induced climate changes on Mars. These models have provided an explanation to many puzzling observations, which when put together have permitted reconstruction of almost the entire history of Mars in the last 10 million years. This paper proposes to give an overview of the scientific work dedicated to this topic.     

失速／尾旋模型自由飞试验的空间设计问题

本文论述了在制定飞机的失速/尾旋模型自由飞试验总体方案时必须充分考虑的空间利用问题之重要性;分析了制约试验空间的诸因素;提出了设计飞行剖面的工程估算方法——其中一些半经验方法之使用效果已为我们的自由飞试验所证实;以我们已成功地进行过的带动力遥控试验机、摇控热气飞艇带飞/投放、飞机带飞/投放的失速/尾旋模型自由飞试验为例,剖析了组成整个飞行剖面的各个飞行阶段之特点和影响因素,并以此为据提出了充分利用自由飞试验空间的一些见解。     

Charge exchange lifetimes for ring current ions

In applying the charge exchange mechanism to ion phenomena within the Earth's magnetosphere it is critical to the proper interpretation of observations that the charge exchange lifetimes for the ions be known as accurately as possible. Various new results have been published which significantly modify the charge exchange lifetimes which have been used in space physics research during the past decade and a half. Some of the newer results have been used in the application of the charge exchange decay mechanism but the use has been limited and for the most part incomplete. The neutral hydrogen density distribution now yields lifetimes which are shorter than previously calculated, while the functional dependence of the lifetimes on pitch angle provides for slower decay for ions mirroring off the geomagnetic equator. This review coalesces and summarizes the latest and best measurements of the physical quantities involved in the complete calculation of the charge exchange lifetime of the mirroring magnetospheric ions.     

Is information security an oxymoron?

Although weaknesses have been demonstrated in some security techniques (encryption, protocols, mobile code such as Java, etc.), current security technology is quite strong in many areas. Despite this, information security has proved difficult to achieve in large modern software systems. Many problems have been reported in which supposedly secure systems have been penetrated and, in some cases, significant damage done. One problem considered is a buffer-overrun attack. The idea called a 〈wrapper〉 which is a layer of software that logically surrounds a software artifact and enhances the functionality of the artifact in some way, is then discussed. Most proposals for the use of wrappers assume that their presence is transparent to the artifact being wrapped. In other words, the artifact sees its operating environment as unchanged and the artifact does not have to be modified in i order to permit it to be wrapped. Wrappers have been proposed as an approach to dealing with deficiencies in existing systems, deficiencies in security for example. The use of shells as a feasible solution to the problem of security is also considered     

磁流变液研究进展

 磁流变液是近年来得到重视的一种新型智能材料。在磁场作用下,它的流变学性能可以作出迅速的响应,且易于控制。磁流变液已得到一些成功的应用,并极有发展前景。将就近10年来磁流变液的研究进行较为全面的综述,涉及的内容有:磁流变液的组成、性能、微观结构和应用。     

Solar Variability and the Earth's Climate: Introduction and Overview

Numerous attempts have been made over the years to link various aspects of solar variability to changes in the Earth's climate. There has been growing interest in this possible connection in recent years, spurred largely by the need to understand the natural causes of climate change, against which the expected global warming due to man's activities will have to be detected. The time scale of concern here is that of decades to centuries, and excludes the longer millennial scale in which orbital variations play a dominant role. The field has long been plagued by the lack of an acceptable physical mechanism by which solar variability can affect climate, but the discovery of variability in the Sun's total irradiance (the solar ``constant' of meteorology) by spacecraft instruments has pointed to a direct mechanism. Other less direct mechanisms that have been suggested involve variations in the Sun's ultraviolet flux and in the plasma outflow of the solar wind. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the current state of the field, emphasizing the proposed mechanisms as an introduction to the more detailed papers that follow. The particular case of sea-surface temperature data will be used as an illustration.     

高超声速复杂气动问题数值方法研究进展

高超声速流场具有复杂流动特征,其中真实气体效应、磁流体干扰效应和力热结构耦合效应等对气动力分析产生了重要影响。将流体力学研究扩展到分子动力学、电磁流体力学以及流固耦合等交叉学科领域,这给数值模拟方法带来了巨大挑战。针对高超声速气动力/热分析的热点问题,重点关注高温效应与低密度流动效应、磁流体干扰效应和力热结构耦合效应等,结合算例分析了相应的数值求解技术;在气动热方面主要比较了3类求解方法(纯工程方法、纯数值方法和基于Prandtl边界层理论的方法),并给出了相应算例;对于气动力/热/结构耦合问题,从耦合模型及耦合计算方法两方面开展了分析。最后指出了高超声速复杂气动问题数值求解技术未来需重点关注的几个方面。     

多因子异方差分析

提出一种多因子异方差分析方法,在变异系数相同的条件下,详细讨论了单因子、双因子以及多因子异方差分析。该方法可以对多个正态母体是否具有某种不同的均值进行检验和估计。并且通过少量试验,对仿真和数字化设计结果进行检验,分析各个因素(因子)对仿真和数字化设计结果的影响,以确定哪些因素已被正确仿真,而哪些因素尚未被正确模拟,从而指导仿真软件的编制。此外,该方法还可以根据试验数据对仿真和数字化设计结果进行修正。      

Fast Variability from Black-Hole Binaries

Currently available information on fast variability of the X-ray emission from accreting collapsed objects constitutes a complex phenomenology which is difficult to interpret. We review the current observational standpoint for black-hole binaries and survey models that have been proposed to interpret it. Despite the complex structure of the accretion flow, key observational diagnostics have been identified which can provide direct access to the dynamics of matter motions in the close vicinity of black holes and thus to the some of fundamental properties of curved spacetimes, where strong-field general relativistic effects can be observed.     

The Application of Overstress Testing-to-Failure to Airborne Electronics?A Status Report

Several years of study and actual testing have answered many of the previously controversial questions about the application of environmental overstress testing-to-failure as a useful tool for reliability evaluation. The answers included the fact that more than 65 percent of the failures occurring under overstress environments were duplicates of experienced operational failures. Improvements of 5 to 1 in reliability levels have resulted from application of results of overstress tests, which consumed less than 200 hours of actual test time. Overstress tests have also been used as a method of evaluating multiplesource designs. The first in a required series of indices has been derived, which may assist in the eventual use of overstress testing for reliability index measurement.     

Theoretical Advances in Prominence Seismology

Prominence seismology is a rapidly developing topic which seeks to infer the internal structure and properties of solar prominences from the study of its oscillations. An extensive observational background about oscillations in quiescent solar prominences has been gathered during the last 70 years. These observations point out the existence of two different types of oscillations: Flare-induced oscillations (winking filaments) which affect the whole prominence and are of large amplitude and small amplitude oscillations which seem to be of local nature. From the theoretical point of view, few models have been set up to explain the phenomenon of winking filaments while, on the contrary, for small amplitude oscillations a large number of models trying to explain the observed features have been proposed.     

Microphysics of Quasi-parallel Shocks in Collisionless Plasmas

Shocks in collisionless plasmas require dissipation mechanisms which couple fields and particles at scales much less than the conventional collisional mean free path. For quasi-parallel geometries, where the upstream magnetic field makes a small angle to the shock normal direction, wave-particle coupling produces a broad transition zone with large amplitude, nonlinear magnetic pulsations playing an important role. At high Mach numbers, ion reflection and acceleration are dominant processes which control the structure and dissipation at the shock. Accelerated particles produce a precursor, or foreshock, characterized by low frequency magnetic waves which are convected by the plasma flow into the shock transition zone. The interplay between energetic particles, waves, ion reflection and acceleration leads to a complicated interdependent system. This review discusses the spacecraft observations which have motivated the current view of the high Mach number quasi-parallel shock, and the theories and simulation studies which have led to a better understanding of the microphysics on which the quasi-parallel shock depends.     

民用飞机驾驶舱设计变革

民用飞机驾驶舱设计历经了数代的发展,从原始简单衍变至复杂集成,继而往简约智能化方向发展。同时驾驶舱设计理念也在不断进步,从"以功能为中心"的设计理念衍变为"以人为中心"的设计理念,但不同制造商对此理念的理解存在差异,体现在对使用者"驾驶员"角色的定位差异明显。从该设计理念出发,提出了基于驾驶舱运行场景的正向设计方法,通过充分识别运行场景并提取和转化设计需求,设计出人机匹配度高的驾驶舱。随着各种新技术的成熟应用,"以人为中心"设计理念为牵引,利用基于驾驶舱运行场景的驾驶舱正向设计方法,将引领新一代民用飞机驾驶舱设计的变革,并展望了民机驾驶舱在人机交互方式、驾驶舱布置和布局、驾驶舱视景和驾驶舱综合环境等方面的发展趋势。     

碳纤维表面CVD硅涂层对其性能的影响

 分析了碳纤维表面化学气相沉积Ｓｉ涂层的相结构,研究了Ｓｉ涂层对碳纤维抗氧化性能及强度的影响。结果表明：涂层中Ｓｉ元素呈非晶态分布；Ｓｉ涂层可提高碳纤维的抗氧化性能；氧化温度不同,Ｓｉ涂层碳纤维的氧化失重或增重规律也不相同。同时,Ｓｉ涂层降低了碳纤维拉伸强度,而适度空气氧化又可使Ｓｉ涂层碳纤维强度得到大幅度提高；Ｓｉ涂层碳纤维的强度随氧化温度、氧化时间的变化而改变。     

应用复合型网格求解叶栅气动设计杂交型问题

建立在流线坐标系上的叶栅气动设计反命题与杂交命题是在映象平面(由流线坐标与周向坐标构成H上求解的.以往在映像平面只采用H型网格,本文首次将H加C型复合网格用于这类反命题计算,使叶栅前缘附近网格构造趋于合理,从而明显提高了计算精度.本文采用的解法是基于叶轮机气动变分原理的有限元方法.     

高温TiAl合金热成形技术研究进展

γ-TiAl合金具有优异的高温性能,是航空发动机650~900℃服役温度区间的重要候选材料。在回顾TiAl合金发展过程与应用现状的基础上,主要介绍了TiAl合金铸锭熔炼、铸造、包套等温锻造、包套热挤压等热加工技术的研究进展,提出了TiAl合金低成本近净成形技术面临的机遇和挑战。