伸缩机翼变体飞机气动特性研究

伸缩机翼变体飞机通过机翼伸缩调整机翼展长,从而改变机翼面积和展弦比,改变飞机的气动布局和机翼的气动特性,满足多任务点的设计要求。简要介绍伸缩机翼变体飞机的发展历史,重点研究一种采用伸缩机翼设计的超音速飞机的气动特性变化。研究结果表明：亚音速时机翼展长伸长,展弦比增大,飞机诱导阻力降低,升阻比提高,可以明显提高飞机的航程;超音速时机翼展长缩短,展弦比减小,飞机的波阻降低,升阻比增大,提高了超音速飞行性能。伸缩机翼概念用于超音速飞机设计时能很好地兼顾亚音速巡航和超音速冲刺。     

从教职工健康普查中看高脂血症患病情况

对中国民航学院１９９３年中老年教职工健康普查中所发现的高脂血症患者情况进行了总结。统计结果表明，３５岁以上教职工５８７人中高脂血症患病率为２７．０６％。其中男性患病率为３０．０６％，女性患病率为１４．０８％，男性高于女性。普查中还发现患高血压病的职工同时合并高脂血症者占高血压组的３７．７１％，而无高血压的教工患高脂血症者占无高血压组的２５．５６％，两者有明显差异，并随着受检人年龄组的增高，高脂血症的患病率有所增高。     

低速全模颤振试验悬挂支撑系统

为适应日益增多的低速风洞全模颤振试验的需要,发展颤振试验技术,在气动中心低速所3．2m 风洞建立了一套通用的悬挂支撑系统。该悬挂系统分为垂直和水平两部分,水平悬挂系统由水平钢索装置和张紧机构组成。系统可提供模型沉浮、俯仰、横侧向、偏航和滚转5个方向的自由度;可单独改变模型某一方向的自由度而不影响其它方向的自由度;可确保模型上下、左右、前后位置都处于试验段正中心;可方便地调整模型的迎角和滚转角。对采用该悬挂系统的颤振模型,文中提供了技术要求和参数选择方法。采用同一颤振模型在3．2m 风洞与TsAGI的T-103风洞进行了对比试验,得到的颤振临界速度、频率基本一致,证明该套悬挂系统设计合理,可以应用于低速全模颤振试验。     

飞机座舱透明材料大气老化与使用老化当量关系的研究

根据 YB-3航空有机玻璃海南自然老化 1,2,3年后的疲劳寿命曲线和在东北沈阳 -鞍山地区飞行使用 5年后的疲劳寿命曲线,用疲劳强度降,建立了大气老化与使用老化两者的当量关系。并用 YB-2航空有机玻璃海南大气自然老化与南方飞行使用老化的数据,验证了建立的加速当量的正确性和准确性。     

西部地区高校国际交流与合作现状及思考

在经济全球化,教育国际化的大背景下,西部地区高校和西部大开发的强劲东风,积极拓展了教育国际间的交流与合作,有力地推动了西部地区高等教育国际化的进程。但又由于受地域偏远、交通不发达和经济发展缓慢的影响,西部地区高校国际交流与合作和我国东部发展地区相比,在广度和深度方面还有很大的差距,面临着很大的发展空间。     

Trends in the Neutral and Ionized Upper Atmosphere

This article reviews our knowledge of long-term changes and trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. These changes are part of complex and comprehensive pattern of long-term trends in the Earth’s atmosphere. They also have practical impact. For example, decreasing thermospheric density causes the lifetime of orbiting space debris to increase, which is becoming a significant threat to important satellite technologies. Since the first paper on upper atmosphere trends was published in 1989, our knowledge has progressed considerably. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases affect the whole atmosphere, not only the troposphere. They cause warming in the troposphere but cooling in the upper atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide are not the only driver of long-term changes and trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. Anthropogenic changes of stratospheric ozone, long-term changes of geomagnetic and solar activity, and other drivers play a role as well, although greenhouse gases appear to be the main driver of long-term trends. This makes the pattern of trends more complex and variable. A?consistent, although incomplete, scenario of trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere is presented. Trends in F2-region ionosphere parameters, in mesosphere-lower thermosphere dynamics, and in noctilucent or polar mesospheric clouds, are discussed in more detail. Advances in observational and theoretical analysis have explained some previous discrepancies in this global trend scenario. An important role in trend investigations is played by model simulations, which facilitate understanding of the mechanisms behind the observed trends.     

高原航线飞机颠簸出现规律的对比分析——以青藏高原与云贵高原为例

不同的高原产生大气湍流的条件不尽相同,因此航线上飞机颠簸的出现规律也不一样。分析青藏高原和云贵高原的地形差异和气候区别,并根据四川航空公司的机载QAR数据,对青藏高原和云贵高原的飞机颠簸出现次数、出现概率和颠簸强度进行统计,对比分析了青藏高原和云贵高原航线上飞机颠簸的出现和分布规律,为高原航线飞机颠簸的预报和航行签派工作提供重要参考。     

Coherent nonlinear effects on electromagnetic wave-particle interactions

In many particle simulations and space experiments, the knowledge of nonlinear characteristics of both waves and particles in plasmas is very helpful in the data analysis phase. Such knowledge is needed even more in the designing phase of appropriate diagnostics and probings in both simulations and space experiments. In this tutorial lecture, I will attempt to provide a basic introduction to the fundamental features of coherent nonlinear wave-particle and wave-wave interactions in magnetized plasmas. The present lecture covers only some of the important and basic characteristics in the coherent nonlinear interactions. The main subjects are: (1) trapping dynamics in the electrostatic wave, (2) nonlinear phase trapping and phase bunching in electromagnetic wave both in homogeneous and inhomogeneous plasmas, and (3) coherent three wave interactions.     

V: SEA LEVEL: Benefits of GRACE and GOCE to sea level studies

The recently published Third Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have underlined the scientific interest in, and practical importance of past and potential future sea level changes. Space gravity missions will provide major benefits to the understanding of the past, and, thereby, in the prediction of future, sea level changes in many ways. The proposal for the GOCE mission described well the improvements to be expected from improved gravity field and geoid models in oceanography (for example, in the measurement of the time-averaged, or ‘steady state’, ocean surface circulation and better estimation of ocean transports), in geophysics (in the improvement of geodynamic models for vertical land movements), in geodesy (in positioning of tide gauge data into the same reference frame as altimeter data, and in improvement of altimeter satellite orbits), and possibly in glaciology (in improved knowledge of bedrock topography and ice sheet mass fluxes). GRACE will make many important steps towards these ‘steady state’ aims. However, its main purpose is the provision of oceanographic (and hydrological and meteorological) temporally-varying gravity information, and should in effect function as a global ‘bottom pressure recorder’, providing further insight into the 3-D temporal variation of the ocean circulation, and of the global water budget in general. This paper summaries several of these issues, pointing the way towards improved accuracy of prediction of future sea level change. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

一种适用于中小型无人机的新型螺旋桨设计

目前,中小型活塞动力无人机所配备的螺旋桨主要是两叶定距螺旋桨,其桨叶布局特征主要体现桨尖和桨根较窄,桨叶中部较宽,但在实际使用中发现,此类螺旋桨匹配无人机后飞行性能表现不佳。针对低速中小型活塞动力无人机,设计一种矩形薄型直桨叶二叶螺旋桨方案。将该螺旋桨方案与其他七种方案进行风洞试验,分别对各方案在零风速和巡航速度下的性能特性进行系统研究。结果表明:与其他方案相比,采用矩形桨叶设计的螺旋桨在静推力、功率、效率、拉力系数、功率系数等关键性指标上均表现出优异特性,尤其是在同样功率输入下,具有最低转速的特性,因此该方案螺旋桨具有优良的装机匹配特性。     

大弯度可控扩散叶型叶栅槽道中气体流动的试验研究

本文对一种大弯度可控扩散叶型叶栅槽道和栅后流场进行了测量 ,并对端壁和叶片表面进行了流动显示。通过研究 ,对叶栅槽道特别是端部气体流动 ,旋涡结构以及二次流影响有深入的了解。本文的工作对于改进压气机端部流动条件 ,发展第二代可控扩散叶型有重要的实际意义。     

Magnetic Turbulence in the Geospace Environment

Magnetic turbulence is found in most space plasmas, including the Earth’s magnetosphere, and the interaction region between the magnetosphere and the solar wind. Recent spacecraft observations of magnetic turbulence in the ion foreshock, in the magnetosheath, in the polar cusp regions, in the magnetotail, and in the high latitude ionosphere are reviewed. It is found that: 1. A large share of magnetic turbulence in the geospace environment is generated locally, as due for instance to the reflected ion beams in the ion foreshock, to temperature anisotropy in the magnetosheath and the polar cusp regions, to velocity shear in the magnetosheath and magnetotail, and to magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail. 2. Spectral indices close to the Kolmogorov value can be recovered for low frequency turbulence when long enough intervals at relatively constant flow speed are analyzed in the magnetotail, or when fluctuations in the magnetosheath are considered far downstream from the bow shock. 3. For high frequency turbulence, a spectral index α?2.3 or larger is observed in most geospace regions, in agreement with what is observed in the solar wind. 4. More studies are needed to gain an understanding of turbulence dissipation in the geospace environment, also keeping in mind that the strong temperature anisotropies which are observed show that wave particle interactions can be a source of wave emission rather than of turbulence dissipation. 5. Several spacecraft observations show the existence of vortices in the magnetosheath, on the magnetopause, in the magnetotail, and in the ionosphere, so that they may have a primary role in the turbulent injection and evolution. The influence of such a turbulence on the plasma transport, dynamics, and energization will be described, also using the results of numerical simulations.     

PIV技术在复杂二相流场中的应用

光学元器件随飞行器在大气中飞行时,其工作性能越来越多地受到大气悬浮汇聚微粒的影响。大气微粒在复杂流场中呈现何种运动汇聚效应,对于合理准确评估机载光学元器件的工作效能具有十分重要的工程意义,而复杂气动流场中微粒分布状态的预估一直是飞行器外界环境研究中的一个难点。气动问题的复杂性、大气中微粒的多样性一直是制约各种试验手段展开、数值模型建立的主要因素。利用先进的激光粒子图像技术,在风洞中对舵面旋涡主导的复杂流场中的微粒速度及分布特性进行了实验研究。在测量舵面翼梢脱落旋涡特性的基础上,通过激光片光扫描流场全域,同时高帧频CCD相机同步曝光,利用PIV 拍摄到的流场中涡流截面内微粒分布的瞬态图像。结合图像后处理技术,对原始粒子图像进行互相关、二值化处理,通过对图像区域内的灰度值计算,统计相对流场截面内的粒子浓度系数,得到在复杂旋涡结构流场内瞬态粒子的分布特性规律。研究结果表明,利用大气中微粒在激光片光下的米氏散射原理,可以有效地拍摄到复杂流场结构下粒子光学散射及分布的特性图像,解决了传统环境测试设备无法对复杂条件下流场内粒子分布进行实时测量的缺陷;在旋涡为主导的流场中,大气中的微粒由向心力牵引,在涡核周围达到平衡运动状态,微粒环绕涡核形成一条环状带,这一区域中的粒子浓度系数要远大于自由流场中的微粒,涡核中心粒子呈“空洞”状态。     

Dust in Supernovae and Supernova Remnants I: Formation Scenarios

Supernovae are considered as prime sources of dust in space. Observations of local supernovae over the past couple of decades have detected the presence of dust in supernova ejecta. The reddening of the high redshift quasars also indicate the presence of large masses of dust in early galaxies. Considering the top heavy IMF in the early galaxies, supernovae are assumed to be the major contributor to these large amounts of dust. However, the composition and morphology of dust grains formed in a supernova ejecta is yet to be understood with clarity. Moreover, the dust masses inferred from observations in mid-infrared and submillimeter wavelength regimes differ by two orders of magnitude or more. Therefore, the mechanism responsible for the synthesis of molecules and dust in such environments plays a crucial role in studying the evolution of cosmic dust in galaxies. This review summarises our current knowledge of dust formation in supernova ejecta and tries to quantify the role of supernovae as dust producers in a galaxy.     

宽体客机座舱COVID-19传播特性研究

针对新冠疫情下座舱内乘客因气流组织分布而产生交叉感染问题,以宽体客机座舱为对象,研究了座舱内COVID-19病毒的传播特性,并提出了人体微环境控制方法来抑制病毒在座舱内的传播。采用拉格朗日方法模拟了座舱旅客呼出带病毒飞沫,揭示了座舱内病毒传播轨迹和分布特性,分析了不同送风方式、送风速度以及人体微环境控制技术对座舱内病毒颗粒传播特性的影响。提出了相对暴露值量化不同位置乘客被病毒飞沫污染程度。结果表明：送风速度对座舱内病毒飞沫传播的影响相对较小,顶/侧送风的组合送风方式可有效降低病毒飞沫的扩散范围;在座舱上方增加气幕带送风式的人体微环境控制方法,有效降低了舱内病毒飞沫浓度,减小了人员交叉感染风险,相邻位置乘客感染的相对暴露值降低了65%,其他位置乘客相对暴露值降低约90%。     

Acceleration of particles by shocks in a cosmic plasma

The theory and observational evidence pertaining to particle acceleration by shock waves in astrophysical objects and in space are systematized. Recent works showing observational and theoretical aspects of the problem dealing with shocks in turbulent media are emphasized. The acceleration of particles by shocks in turbulent media is observed in interplanetary space. This acceleration mechanism is of particular interest from the point of view of the origin of cosmic rays, providing the degree form of the spectrum. The index of the spectrum is close to the observable one for galactic cosmic rays. It depends slightly on specific conditions in the acceleration region. Electron and nucleus acceleration in supernova remnants and in radiogalaxies is discussed, and theory and observational data are compared. The theory of particle acceleration by supersonic turbulence is outlined.     

Role of BIT in support system maintenance and availability

The role of built in test (BIT) in electronic systems has grown in prominence with the advances in system complexity and concern over maintenance lifecycle costs of large systems. In an environment where standards drive system designs (and provide an avenue for focused advancement in technology), standards for BIT are very much in an evolutionary state. The reasons for advancing the effectiveness of BIT include reduced support overhead, greater, confidence in operation, and increased system availability. The cost of supporting military electronic systems (avionics, communications, and weapons systems) has driven much of the development in BIT technology. But what about the systems that support these end items that contain test and measurement instrumentation - such as automatic test equipment (ATE), simulators and avionics development suites? There has also been a beneficial effect on the maintenance and availability of these systems due to the infusion of BIT into their component assemblies. But the effect has been much more sporadic and fragmented. This paper looks at the state of BIT in test and measurement instruments, explain its affect on system readiness, and present ideas on how to improve BIT technologies and standards. This will not provide definitive answers to BIT development questions, since the factors that affect it are specific to the instrument itself. The topics covered in this paper are: definitions of built-in test, instrument BIT history, importance of BIT fault coverage and isolation in support systems, overview of BIT development process issues that limit the effectiveness of BIT Standards related to instrument BIT, making BIT more effective in support system maintenance and availability and conclusions.     

航空发动机中介轴承的故障特征与诊断方法

提出了转差域频谱和转差域包络谱的概念,建立了诊断航空发动机中介轴承故障的方法.利用发动机高、低压转差作为触发信号,对发动机振动信号进行等转差周期采集,并在转差域对振动信号进行频谱和包络谱分析.结果表明:不平衡响应、不对中响应以及外环静止的轴承故障响应等振动信号在转差域频谱和转差域包络谱上的位置随转速变化;而中介轴承的故障响应在转差域频谱上的边频成分间距不随转速变化,具有倍频“恒间距”特征;在转差域包络谱上的位置也不随转速变化,具有“恒频”特征.带外环故障的中介轴承实验表明:转速变化时,在转差域包络谱中,外环故障特征倍频成分位置不变;在转差域频谱中,出现间隔宽度恒定为外环故障特征倍频的频率成分.      

定位于材料基因组计划的镍基高温合金互扩散系数矩阵的高通量测定

寻找新一代镍基单晶高温合金中Re的替代元素以实现少Re甚至无Re化是当前高温合金领域的研究热点。从扩散系数角度出发寻找具有与Re相当或者更低扩散系数的元素是有效的研究策略之一。在多元合金中,互扩散系数矩阵可全面表征任一合金元素的扩散能力。因此,精确测定不同合金元素在镍基高温合金γ和γ'相中随成分和温度变化的互扩散系数矩阵是当务之急。首先,概述当前镍基高温合金互扩散系数矩阵测定的现状,以及用于多元合金互扩散系数测定的传统Matano-Kirkaldy方法和新型数值回归方法。由于传统Matano-Kirkaldy方法效率低,文献中鲜有镍基高温合金三元及更高组元体系互扩散系数矩阵的报道。本研究小组最近基于Fick第二定律和原子移动性概念发展起来的新型数值回归方法,可用于任意组元合金精准互扩散系数矩阵的高通量测定。随后以Ni-Al-Ta三元合金γ相为例详细阐述新型数值回归法用于合金互扩散系数矩阵高通量测定以及测定结果的可靠性验证过程。之后,简述本研究小组关于镍基高温合金γ和γ'相互扩散系数矩阵测定的最新进展。目前已经完成了核心三元合金体系Ni-Al-X(X=Rh,Ta,W,Re,Os和Ir)γ及γ'相互扩散系数矩阵的高通量测定,并对结果可靠性进行了细致的验证。通过对比不同元素在镍基高温合金中的互扩散系数,初步提出新一代镍基高温合金中Re的可能替代元素及合金成分设计的关键。最后,指出镍基高温合金互扩散系数矩阵测定的下一步工作和互扩散系数矩阵高通量测定的发展方向。