平经度与偏心率联合偏置双星共位技术

针对在偏心率隔离情况下,由于共位双星半长轴并不完全相同,导致双星平经度差不断增加的情况,讨论了平经度与偏心率联合偏置情况下的双星共位控制策略.该策略通过计算得到双星允许的最大平经度差,控制双星漂移过程中的平经度差保持在允许的范围,确保在偏心率偏置条件下实现双星的安全隔离.理论和算例表明,双星共位的控制周期与卫星的测控精度有关,随着测控精度的提高,双星共位的控制周期可以等于每颗星的东西位置保持周期.     

静止轨道自旋卫星离轨控制策略的研究

对静止轨道自旋卫星离轨控制策略进行了分析。通过某静止卫星离轨控制的实际工作,分析了有关离轨控制策略制定原则,详细阐述离轨控制策略制定及离轨控制过程中需要考虑的约束条件,总结出适于静止轨道自旋卫星的离轨控制策略。     

Optical fiber geostationary tether satellite (F-GTS) system design

The geostationary satellite orbit (GSO) is a limited natural resource and its efficient utilization is very important. The geostationary tether satellite (GTS) system has a number of satellites aligned along the local vertical on either side of the nominal geostationary position. The system is synchronized with the Earth's rotation and all the various altitudes are geostationary, Furthermore, optical-fiber geostationary tether satellite (F-GTS) system has been introduced to improve the GTS system, with regard to increment of communication capacity, simplification of interference paths and intersatellite link (ISL) capability. The F-GTS system design is discussed with the purpose of achieving a realistic satellite network. Three frequency bands, i.e., the 14/11, 30/20, and 50/40 GHz bands, are examined for selection of the optimum frequency band. The F-GTS system example for covering the service areas in Japan is discussed with regard to satellite antenna diameter, communication capacities, etc. To apply the F-GTS system to the whole GSO, the diagonal azimuth orbit arrangement method is proposed for low latitude service areas. Moreover, the F-GTS communication capacity and total communication capacity, when the F-GTS systems are applied to the whole GSO, are also examined.     

Line-of-sight-pointing for satellites in high altitude inclined elliptic orbits

With a growing demand for space communications and resulting overcrowding of geostationary orbit (GEO), the importance of high altitude inclined elliptic orbits is gaining impetus. However, the satellites in these orbits suffer from a severe problem of apparent periodic angular drift around their line-of-sight. This paper addresses this problem and proposes a cost effective method based on tether to continually tilt the satellites in order to compensate for longitudinal and lateral drifts relative to the ground station. The proposed system comprises two satellites connected by a flexible tether at a point on each satellite with offsets. A control strategy is developed for tether offset variations that ensures judiciously controlled changes in the satellite orientations. The numerical simulation of the governing nonlinear equations of motion establishes the feasibility of the concept. A high degree of line-of-sight pointing of dual satellites as well as the simplicity of the proposed control mechanism makes the concept particularly attractive for future space applications.     

地球静止轨道通信卫星位置保持原理及实施策略

本文从工程应用的角度详尽地介绍了同步通信卫星在定点位置漂移的原因及计算方法，以我国在轨运行的东方红三号卫星和风云二号卫星为例，给出了大量工程实测数据，并给出了定点保持实施策略，它们已经成功地运用到我国在轨同步卫星的管理。     

太阳同步卫星双星组网维持策略

某准共面星座由两颗相位差为 180°的太阳同步卫星组成。在对其进行轨道维持时 ,需综合考虑相位差和地面轨迹范围两方面的限制。然而 ,由于这两颗卫星的轨道倾角存在差异 ,使得在轨道维持过程中不能同时满足相位差和地面轨迹的要求。为解决上述问题 ,本文提出了调整地面参考轨迹的方法 ,实践证明有效。     

基于变结构控制器的敏捷卫星姿态机动方法

随着遥感卫星观测能力的逐步提升,对卫星敏捷机动能力提出了更高的要求。针对敏捷卫星大角度姿态机动问题,以6个单框架控制力矩陀螺(SGCMG)组成五棱锥构型的姿态控制系统执行机构,在构建敏捷卫星姿态运动数学模型以及设计SGCMG系统操纵律的基础上,对卫星绕Euler轴进行姿态机动的角轨迹进行规划,并设计了一种基于误差四元数与误差角速度的变结构控制器。仿真及在轨验证结果表明,该控制器能够完成规划轨迹的良好跟踪且具有较强的鲁棒性,研究成果对敏捷卫星姿态控制系统的设计具有重要的参考意义。     

Genetic algorithm application to efficient utilization of the GSO

Utilization of the geostationary satellite orbit (GSO) has reached full capacity in orbital arcs at certain longitudes. A variety of proposals and regulations have already been established to increase the number of possible satellite positions. The optimum satellite arrangement carried out by considering the geographical distribution of service areas is an effective strategy for efficient utilization of the GSO. The genetic algorithm (GA) method is applied here to optimize the satellite arrangement. Initially, an example of the optimum arrangement of eight satellites is demonstrated by using the GA method to ensure accuracy of the newly developed program. Subsequently, a multiple beam satellite system concept is introduced to further improve the efficient utilization of the GSO. Finally, 80 satellites (40 service areas) in the ITU Region 1 example is solved using the GA method, resulting in a quasi-optimum satellite arrangement solution. By using the GA method, the quasi-optimum solution can be obtained by very short (e.g., several ten seconds) calculation times.     

基于多目标粒子群算法的导航星座优化设计

导航星座的设计涉及诸多优化变量的选取,优化设计的目的是选取合适的优化变量使导航星座最大程度地满足人们需求。提出了将导航性能和卫星生产成本作为目标对导航星座进行多目标优化设计的研究方案,导航星座基本构型为中轨道(MEO)与地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星组成的混合星座,MEO卫星用于全球导航,GEO卫星用于增强星座对中国及周边地区的导航性能。探讨了MEO和GEO的轨道设计思路。阐述了星座导航性能与卫星生产成本的计算方法,并选取定位精度因子(PDOP)作为导航性能指标。介绍了基本粒子群算法和多目标优化的概念,提出了改进的多目标粒子群算法(MOPSO),给出了该算法的计算步骤和测试结果。讨论了导航星座多目标优化设计的数学模型,列举了优化设计变量的定义域,采用MOPSO算法对导航星座进行了多目标优化设计,通过分析优化设计结果,说明了导航星座多目标优化设计方案的可行性。     

天/地基多平台空间目标光电观测时效性分析

针对如何部署光学探测设备才能更好实现对空间目标的高精度高频度监视问题,考虑光照条件、相对关系及探测性能,构建了天/地基空间目标探测与成像仿真模型;按照轨道特征选取了94颗LEO（Low Earth Orbit,低地球轨道）卫星、63颗GEO（Geosynchronous Earth Orbit,地球同步轨道）卫星和18颗大椭圆轨道卫星,选用春夏秋冬典型季节的特定时间长度,仿真分析了国内地基、南北极科考站、LEO卫星、准GEO卫星等多平台光电手段的位置探测和成像观测能力;比对分析地基平台纬度和季节、天基平台轨道高度和倾角对探测能力的影响得出：南北极科考站相比于国内站点可提高重点季节的探测时效性,98°倾角LEO平台对低轨目标成像时效性方面更具优势,等.在此基础上,提出了我国空间目标光电观测设备天地一体的布局构想.     

参考系选择对Kepler广播星历参数拟合精度的影响

通过对MEO、IGSO、GEO三类导航卫星广播星历的开普勒轨道根数拟合方法及其拟合精度的分析研究,得出结论:开普勒轨道根数拟合导航卫星广播星历的方法,能很好吸收坐标变换过程中岁差、章动、极移、地球自转等因素对卫星星历拟合精度的影响。     

基于动量轮转速标定的轨道控制方法研究

某地球同步三轴卫星因故障导致推力器工作效率不稳定,使得采用原有方案进行向西轨道控制时姿态变化大,控制准确度降低.针对上述问题,通过分析卫星用于姿态控制的偏置动量轮的控制规律,利用星体角动量守恒条件,建立了偏置动量轮转速变化与轨道半长轴变化之间的相关性数学模型,提出了一种改进的基于偏置动量轮转速标定的轨道控制方法,同时结合姿态的稳定变化制定了轨道控制实施方案,并将其应用于实际卫星轨道控制中,取得了良好的控制效果.改进的控制方法提高了轨道控制的准确率,使得半长轴误差幅度由最大60％提高到0.2％左右,增加了姿态的稳定性,使得俯仰姿态变化幅度由最大0.7°减小到0.2°左右,降低了控制风险,减轻了地面控制人员的负担.     

On the Non-coplanar Transfer of Type II between Two Circular Orbits

The paper regards two-impulse transfer from a low parking orbit into a circular orbit with the altitude less than 36 000 km, while the inclination correction is carried out with each maneuver. An approximate formula is proposed capable of evaluating analytically the optimal value of the first correction of inclination; the corresponding accuracy data are given. Examples are provided to show the operational efficiency of an optimal non-coplanar transfer of the type II with injections of satellites into various target orbits from Russian launch sites with due account of the available launch azimuths.     

Basic performance of BeiDou-2 navigation satellite system used in LEO satellites precise orbit determination

The visibility for low earth orbit（LEO） satellites provided by the BeiDou-2 system is analyzed and compared with the global positioning system（GPS）. In addition, the spaceborne receivers＇ observations are simulated by the BeiDou satellites broadcast ephemeris and LEO satellites orbits. The precise orbit determination（POD） results show that the along-track component accuracy is much better over the service area than the non-service area, while the accuracy of the other two directions keeps at the same level over different areas. However, the 3-dimensional（3D） accuracy over the two areas shows almost no difference. Only taking into consideration the observation noise and navigation satellite ephemeris errors, the 3D accuracy of the POD is about30 cm. As for the precise relative orbit determination（PROD）, the 3D accuracy is much better over the eastern hemisphere than that of the western hemisphere. The baseline length accuracy is 3.4 mm over the service area, and it is still better than 1 cm over the non-service area. This paper demonstrates that the BeiDou regional constellation could provide global service to LEO satellites for the POD and the PROD. Finally, the benefit of geostationary earth orbit（GEO） satellites is illustrated for POD.     

北斗空间信号误差统计特征及描述方法研究

通过对比北斗卫星导航系统(BeiDou Navigation Satellite System,BDS)广播星历与事后精密星历,提取了轨道和卫星时钟误差。基于北斗轨道误差及北斗卫星时钟误差统计特征分析,构建区别于全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,GPS)的BDS空间信号用户测距误差(Signal-In-Space User Range Error,SISRE)描述方法,对BDS广播星历中用户测距精度(User Range Accuracy,URA)进行了验证。6个月的北斗数据测试结果表明,北斗GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星的URA分别为3.0m、1.9m和1.6m。     

高能电子对地球同步轨道卫星的影响分析

为了厘清在轨GEO(Geosynchronous Earth Orbit,地球同步轨道)卫星不时出现异常的原因,提高卫星执行任务的可靠性,首先从机理上介绍了空间环境中的地球辐射带及高能电子的情况,引出GEO卫星所处恶劣空间环境的现实;其次基于我国SEPC(Space Environment Prediction Center,国家空间环境预报中心)以及NSMC(National Satellite Meteorological Center,国家卫星气象中心)的空间环境月报资料,结合某GEO环境业务卫星故障的实际数据,经统计归纳,分析得出了地球辐射带中的高能电子是导致GEO卫星发生故障的主要原因;最后按照事例技术分析、常规按需预报和特殊情况下的实时预报等3个层次对高能电子预报方法进行了初步探讨。通过分析可以看出,为提高卫星完成任务的可靠性、降低长期管理风险,需要加强GEO卫星所处空间环境高能电子的预报工作。     

Satellite inclination effects on UHF Satcom operation

The cause, magnitude, and time variance of satellite inclination are examined in light of the effects on military UHF SATCOM operation. The effects on required demodulator acquisition range, earth coverage footprint, and user terminal antenna pointing accuracy are considered. It is shown that the allowable satellite inclination to maximize on-orbit lifetime is not based on earth-terminal antenna pointing accuracy, but on allowable loss of high-latitude satellite coverage area. Worst-case Doppler shift for a UHF military satellite is 85-Hz uplink and 67-Hz downlink for a 5° SATCOM user elevation angle and 10° of satellite inclination. This amount of inclination is a reasonable allowance for station-keeping, to minimize thruster fuel and thus maximize satellite life. It is also shown that uplink Doppler frequency shift due to satellite inclination may be corrected based on satellite ephemeris data and rough user terminal location data     

交会对接任务轨道控制规划设计与实施简

针对我国空间交会对接轨道控制规划技术,研究了轨道交会优化、应急轨道控制、安全轨道防护和发射窗口规划等一系列关键问题.设计了全寿命周期交会对接任务轨道控制规划方案,从目标飞行器发射到飞船返回,对轨道控制进行了全程协同、全局优化.设计了相位、高度、圆化度多目标融合控制算法;建立了规划变量对远距离导引终点六自由度的独立控制方程;设计了标称整体规划与动态逐级规划相结合的多模式规划策略;基于导引终点整体调整和局部调整的方式,实现了正常和应急条件下天地导引交接点的动态规划;提出了基于飞行控制过程建模的导引终点精度分析方法,确定了地面导引向自主导引切换的关键判据;建立了多约束交会对接发射窗口模型,构建了多任务多年度发射窗口集合.交会对接轨道控制规划技术成功应用于神舟八号、神舟九号和神舟十号交会对接任务.     

Collision between Satellites in Stationary Orbits

The collisions between stationary satellites, and those between a stationary satellite and abandoned stationary satellites which have nearly synchronous orbits with relatively large inclination are discussed. A general formula is introduced for calculating the probability of collision, as a function of time, three-dimensional sizes, orbital bounds, and numbers of satellites. Numerical calculation shows that the probability of collision is negligible if the sizes and numbers are comparable to those of existing satellites, whereas collision is possible for larger size, e.g., for a huge hypothetical gigawatt solar power satellite. The possibility would become large if the satellites continued to increase in number and to be abandoned in the stationary orbit at the present rate over a century, even if the size is ordinary, such as several meters.