低速翼型分离流动的等离子体主动控制研究

为了研究等离子体激励器的放电形式及其诱导气流的规律,以及翼型迎角、自由来流速度分别对翼型流动分离抑制效果的影响。在低速、低雷诺数条件下利用介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器对NACA0015翼型进行了主动流动控制研究。结果表明：介质阻挡放电的形式为丝状放电;等离子体激励器诱导气流的方向由裸露电极指向覆盖电极,由电极的布置方式决定,与接线方式无关;当来流速度为25m／s,雷诺数为2．03×10^5时,等离子体气动激励可以有效地抑制翼型吸力面的流动分离,翼型最大升力系数增大约为9．7％,翼型l临界失速迎角由17．5°增大到20．5°;翼型失速延迟的真正原因并非单纯的气流加速;等离子体激励器的作用效果随着来流速度的提高而减弱,研究非定常激励或等离子体激励器与流场之间的耦合效应,也许更加具有潜力。     

等离子体流动控制研究进展与展望

等离子体流动控制是基于等离子体气动激励的新型主动流动控制技术,具有响应时间短、激励频带宽等显著技术优势,在改善飞行器/发动机空气动力特性方面具有广阔的应用前景,已成为国际上等离子体动力学与空气动力学交叉领域的前沿研究热点。鉴于此,从介质阻挡放电(DBD)、电弧放电等离子体气动激励特性,等离子体气动激励抑制流动分离、控制附面层、控制激波与激波/附面层干扰、控制压气机与涡轮内部流动、控制管道流动和飞行控制等方面,综合评述了国际上等离子体流动控制的研究进展情况;从创新等离子体气动激励方式,揭示等离子体气动激励与复杂流动的非定常耦合机制,突破等离子体流动控制系统关键技术等方面,对未来的发展进行展望。     

低速三角翼纳秒脉冲等离子体激励实验

在30m/s来流速度下,进行了纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体气动激励改善47°后掠角钝前缘三角翼气动特性的测力实验.为寻求优化的激励位置,实验研究了5种不同激励位置的流动控制效果.实验结果表明:激励位置对流动控制效果有决定性影响,位于三角翼前缘的等离子体气动激励能有效改善三角翼的气动特性,推迟失速,而上翼面不同展向位置的等离子体气动激励的流动控制效果十分微弱;激励频率是流动控制效果的重要影响因子,激励电压峰峰值为13kV时,激励频率为200Hz下的流动控制效果最好,在迎角30°时可使升力系数由1.31增大到1.44,增大9.6%,升阻比提高3.3%.     

翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验

针对动态失速引起的翼型气动性能恶化的问题,利用小型化的激励电源和介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器,借助动态压力测量和外触发式粒子图像测速（PIV）等手段开展了翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验研究。结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制翼型动态失速,改善平均气动力,提高翼型气动效率,减小气动力随迎角变化的迟滞区域。等离子体诱导出前缘附近的贴体翼面涡,促进分离流再附;增加了上翼面0.2~0.4弦长区域的吸力,减小了升力系数功率谱密度（PSD）分布的二、三、四阶能量幅值,在研究工况下实现了平均升力系数增加7.1%、失速迎角推迟1.3°和迟滞区域减小4.5%的明显控制效果;4°~9°迎角段,等离子体使得翼型平均阻力系数减小40%。此外,振荡频率增加使翼型绕流的非定常性增强,较高雷诺数下的翼型动态分离涡更加难以被抑制,均需要增加等离子体激励强度才能达到较好的控制效果。     

毫秒脉冲等离子体激励改善飞翼的气动性能实验

在来流速度为30m/s时,进行了毫秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体激励改善飞翼气动性能的风洞实验.等离子体激励器布置在飞翼前缘,峰峰值电压为9.5kV时,放电的脉冲能量在0.1mJ/cm量级.通过六分量测力天平测力研究了脉冲激励频率和占空比对升/阻力系数、升阻比和俯仰力矩系数的作用效果.结果表明:等离子体激励可以有效改善飞翼大攻角气动特性;在最佳无量纲脉冲激励频率F+≈1时,临界失速迎角由14°提高到17°,最大升力系数提高10%;占空比对流动控制效果影响较大,减小占空比可以降低能耗,实验中最佳占空比为5%;俯仰力矩系数的变化表明施加等离子体激励改善了飞翼纵向静稳定性.      

多相等离子体气动激励抑制翼型失速分离的实验

开展了多相等离子体气动激励抑制NACA0015翼型失速分离的实验,详细研究了翼型升阻特性随激励电压、激励相角、输入电压波形和占空比等激励参数的影响.研究表明:雷诺数Re=4.9×105(来流速度60m/s)时,多相等离子体气动激励可有效抑制NACA0015翼型吸力面的流动分离,将翼型临界失速攻角提高2°;相位对流动控制...     

等离子体气动激励抑制翼型失速分离的仿真研究

通过求解表面放电的二维流体体力模型,建立了翼型等离子体流动控制的数学模型,得到等离子体气动激励诱导的体力和热量分布,与Navier-Stokes方程耦合求解.进行了低雷诺数条件下,等离子体气动激励抑制NACA0009翼型失速分离的数值仿真研究,研究了等离子体激励的强度、激励电极数目和激励位置对流动分离抑制和翼型升阻特性的影响.在雷诺数为58000、攻角为24°的情况下,施加等离子体激励后,升力系数由0.7449增大到1.2404;阻力系数由0.4012减小到0.3503.      

射频介质阻挡放电改善NACA 0015翼型气动性能的实验

介质阻挡放电(DBD)均匀稳定、易于敷设,是机翼/翼型等离子体流动控制(PFC)中最常用的激励方式。射频介质阻挡放电激励频率高、放电功率大,且能在流场中产生明显的加热,应用潜力大。采用射频电源驱动DBD激励器产生等离子体,分析放电的体积力、热特性和诱导流场特性,开展了射频介质阻挡放电改善NACA 0015翼型气动性能的实验,研究了占空比、调制频率、载波频率和电源功率等参数对流动控制效果的影响规律。结果表明:射频等离子体激励的体积力效应随激励电压的增大而增加;射频等离子体激励产生的热量在诱导的流场中进行传导,加速流场;当来流速度为20m/s,Re=3.36×10~5时,在翼型前缘施加激励,使翼型临界失速迎角推迟1°,最大升力系数增大6.43%,且在过失速迎角下仍具有流动控制效果,使升力下降变缓;调制频率越大,控制效果越好;存在最佳占空比、载波频率和功率,占空比对流场控制效果的影响最显著,最佳占空比、载波频率和功率分别为20%,460kHz和50W。射频等离子体激励以体积力效应、热效应和诱导壁面射流改善失速流场,使得NACA0015翼型气动性能极大改善,流动分离得到有效控制。     

Modeling of dielectric barrier discharge-induced fluid dynamics and heat transfer

A dielectric barrier discharge, operating at kHz and kV conditions, can generate largely isothermal surface plasma and induce wall-jet-like fluid flow. It can serve as an aerodynamic actuator, and has advantages of no moving parts. In order to better understand the mechanism of the momentum coupling between the plasma and the fluid flow, both computational modeling and experimental information are presented. Furthermore, the impact of such athermal, non-equilibrium plasma discharges on low-speed aerodynamics and heat transfer is discussed. The plasma and fluid species are treated as a two-fluid system exhibiting decades of length and time-scale disparities. For Reynolds numbers of 10⁴–10⁵, the time-scales ratios between those characterizing the discharge physics (convection, diffusion, and reaction/ionization) and the fluid flow mechanisms are separated by several decades, allowing the effect of plasma on the fluid dynamics modeled via a one-way body force treatment. At a phenomenological level, the plasma model can be established using a linearized force distribution to approximate the discharge structure. A high-fidelity approach using a first-principle-based hydrodynamic-plasma model is also reviewed. Numerical techniques such as operating splitting are introduced in order to handle the computational stiffness resulting from the time and length scale variations. The goal is to use time-step sizes in the range of the fluid dynamics level while treating the fast varying ones statistically. The momentum coupling is discussed in the context of discharge chemistry; species transport properties, insulator and electrode materials, and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) geometry. Parametric studies conducted on the operating variables such as voltage, frequency and geometric arrangements offer substantial insight into the plasma physics, as well as a basis to explore thermal management and flow control applications.     

Flow separation control on swept wing with nanosecond pulse driven DBD plasma actuators

A 15° swept wing with dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator is designed.Experimental study of flow separation control with nanosecond pulsed plasma actuation is performed at flow velocity up to 40 m/s. The effects of the actuation frequency and voltage on the aerodynamic performance of the swept wing are evaluated by the balanced force and pressure measurements in the wind tunnel. At last, the performances on separation flow control of the three types of actuators with plane and saw-toothed exposed electrodes are compared. The optimal actuation frequency for the flow separation control on the swept wing is detected, namely the reduced frequency is 0.775, which is different from 2-D airfoil separation control. There exists a threshold voltage for the low swept wing flow control. Before the threshold voltage, as the actuation voltage increases, the control effects become better. The maximum lift is increased by 23.1% with the drag decreased by 22.4% at 14°, compared with the base line. However, the best effects are obtained on actuator with plane exposed electrode in the low-speed experiment and the abilities of saw-toothed actuators are expected to be verified under high-speed conditions.     

等离子体气动激励诱导空气流动的PIV研究

为了揭示等离子体气动激励与边界层相互作用的物理机制,作者进行了等离子体气动激励诱导空气流动的PIV研究。实验结果表明：毫秒、微秒等离子体气动激励诱导空气流动以“启动涡”和“壁面射流”的形式出现;当激励电压为12kV时,最大诱导速度约为3m／s;激励电压越大,“启动涡”和“壁面射流”的强度越大;脉冲激励的作用强度和作用范围要强于定常激励。该结论为提高等离子体流动控制的作用能力提供了指导。     

端壁等离子体气动激励抑制高负荷压气机叶栅角区流动分离实验

为揭示端壁等离子体气动激励抑制高负荷压气机叶栅角区流动分离的影响规律和流场特征,在不同流场参数和激励条件下分别开展了微秒脉冲和纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励抑制叶栅流动分离的实验研究.结果表明:端壁等离子体气动激励可以有效抑制叶栅角区的流动分离,其作用效果在攻角为3°时最佳,随攻角的增大逐渐下降;微秒脉冲激励的流动控制效果随来流速度的增大而降低,随激励电压和占空比的增大而提高,最佳非定常脉冲频率为500Hz;在较高来流速度下,微秒脉冲激励的作用效果十分微弱,但纳秒脉冲激励能够有效抑制角区流动分离;纳秒脉冲激励的流动控制效果随激励电压增大而提高,激励频率对控制效果至关重要,作用效果随激励频率的增大而不断增强,但当激励频率为5kHz时,作用效果有所下降.      

等离子体气动激励体积力的实验研究

等离子体流动控制作为一种新概念主动流动控制技术,其物理作用依据之一是“动力效应”。体积力作为表征“动力效应”的重要参数,对研究等离子体流动控制的原理具有重要意义。介绍了实验原理及系统的基本组成,对等离子体气动激励体积力进行了实验测量。结果表明：体积力的大小在mN量级;固定激励频率,激励电压增大时,体积力增大,且线性关系非常明显;固定激励电压,体积力受激励频率的影响不大。     

叶栅等离子体流动控制布局优化和影响规律

为提高流动控制能力,基于高负荷压气机叶栅的流场特性和等离子体气动激励特性,对等离子体流动控制的激励布局进行优化,通过选取典型激励布局,实验揭示了不同因素对等离子体气动激励抑制叶栅流动分离的影响.结果表明:吸力面激励布局中,靠近前缘流向激励的作用效果强于展向激励和尾缘激励,沿流向分布多组电极的激励效果最佳;端壁激励布局中,横向激励的作用效果明显强于流向激励;组合激励布局中,基于端壁横向激励和吸力面流向激励的组合布局的激励效果最佳.等离子体气动激励的作用效果随着激励电压的增大而增强,随着攻角的增大其作用效果先增强后变弱;变定常激励为非定常激励,通过耦合流动的不稳定性,可以提高等离子体气动激励流动控制效果.      

等离子体助燃对燃烧产物影响的实验

采用介质阻挡放电在燃烧实验段中产生等离子体,进行了等离子体助燃条件下丙烷/空气混合气燃烧过程影响因素及其规律的实验研究.测量了空气、丙烷/空气混合气介质阻挡放电的光谱特性,通过烟气分析仪测量燃烧产物成份,得到了燃烧产物中O₂,CO体积分数随时间的变化,研究了激励器放电电压、空气流量、丙烷流量对燃烧产物的影响.实验结果表明:等离子体助燃时,O₂和CO体积分数变化速率增大;稳定燃烧后O₂和CO体积分数小于常规燃烧的,燃烧效率提高;减小放电电压,增大空气、丙烷流量,等离子体助燃的效果减弱.      

Recent developments in thermal characteristics of surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators driven by sinusoidal high-voltage power

Flow control using surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD) plasma actuators driven by a sinusoidal alternating-current power supply has gained significant attention from the aeronautic industry. The induced flow field of the plasma actuator, with the starting vortex in the wall jet,plays an important role in flow control. However, the energy consumed for producing the induced flow field is only a small fraction of the total energy utilized by the plasma actuator, and most of the total energy i...     

等离子体气动激励控制激波的实验研究

在机械式和气动式激波控制方法的基础上,提出了激波控制的等离子体气动激励方法。采用电弧放电等离子体气动激励方式,设计了电弧放电等离子体气动激励器,在小型暂冲式超声速风洞中开展了等离子体气动激励控制尖劈斜激波的实验研究。结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制激波。实验研究了磁场对激波控制效果的影响,结果表明施加磁场使得激波控制效果显著增强。从热效应机理角度出发,建立了等离子体气动激励控制激波的热阻塞模型,采用该理论模型预测的激波变化规律与实验结果一致,从而验证了热阻塞模型的合理性。由于等离子体气动激励方法具有响应迅速、控制灵活等优点,因此将成为激波控制领域一条新的有价值的技术途径。     

Numerical analysis of hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment for an entry configuration in ionized flow

A theoretical methodology for thermochemical non-equilibrium flow combing with the HLLC (Harten-Lax-van Leer Contact) scheme was applied to study the hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment of an entry configuration in ionized flow. A two-temperature controlling model was utilized and the Gupta’s 11 species (N₂, O₂, NO, O, N, NO⁺, N₂⁺, O₂⁺, N⁺, O⁺, e^?) thermochemical non-equilibrium model was taken. Firstly, numerical calculations of hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environments for different aerodynamic shapes were carried out to verify the reliability of the method above. Then, the method was used to research the effects of ionization and wall catalysis on the hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment of the entry configuration in ionized flow. The shock stand-off distance can be reduced by thermochemical reactions but doesn’t continue to decrease significantly when ionization occurs. The shock stand-off distance calculated by the 11 species model is 4.2% smaller than that calculated by the 5 species (N₂, O₂, NO, O, N) thermochemical non-equilibrium model without considering ionization. Ionization reduces wall heat flux but increases wall pressure a little. The effect of ionization on aerothermal loads is greater than that of aerodynamic loads. The thermochemical reactions of electrons and ions catalyzed at the wall increase wall heat flux significantly but make a small change in wall pressure. The maximum wall heat flux obtained by only considering the electrons and ions catalyzed at the partially catalytic wall condition is 11.8% less than that calculated at the super-catalytic wall condition.     

等离子体气动激励改善增升装置气动性能的试验

针对流动分离导致飞机增升装置气动性能下降的问题,进行了脉冲等离子体气动激励抑制增升装置流动分离的试验。研究了等离子体气动激励的频率、占空比及激励位置等参数对流动控制效果的影响。研究结果表明：等离子体气动激励通过加速近壁面附面层,增强附面层内的能量掺混,可有效抑制主翼和襟翼表面的流动分离,改善增升装置气动性能。在主翼前缘施加激励,可有效控制主翼表面大迎角下的失速分离,最大升力系数增大18.1%、临界失速攻角提高4°;在襟翼前缘施加激励,可有效抑制襟翼表面的流动分离,显著减小阻力,在4°迎角下,将试验模型阻力系数减小了28.7%,升力系数提高了7.1%。占空比对控制效果有较大影响,当占空比为10%～30%时,激励的非定常性更强,控制效果最好;占空比为50%的控制效果次之,占空比为100%时的控制效果最差。来流速度越高,逆压梯度越大,流动分离更难被抑制,控制效果也变差。该研究为在增升装置上应用等离子体流动控制技术提供了理论和方法的基础。     

纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励数值仿真

从纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励对流场的作用机理出发,将其对流场的作用等效为热源对流场的快速加热,建立了纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励的空气动力学模型.应用模型计算了单次纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励下静止流场的响应,计算结果表明:纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励可在静止流场中形成一个高温升压升区(716K,225.95kPa)和一个低温升压升区(380K,131.7kPa),分别可诱导一强一弱两道压缩波,压缩波后各有一道稀疏波.压缩波与稀疏波同速向外传播,传播速度开始较大(大于400m/s),随着逐渐向外传播,其传播速度逐渐减小(357m/s).压缩波经过的区域可诱导局部速度,初期诱导的局部速度较大,在激励器切向和法向可诱导60m/s以上的局部速度,随着压缩波的衰减,诱导局部速度的能力减弱,最大可诱导10m/s左右的局部速度.