亚/超临界环境下航天煤油液滴燃烧理论研究

目前大推力液氧煤油火箭发动机稳定工作时燃烧室达到超临界环境,而现有的液滴蒸发燃烧模型仅适用于亚临界环境,无法用于超临界环境。建立了亚/超临界环境下煤油液滴燃烧仿真计算模型,开展了亚/超临界环境下环境参数对煤油液滴燃烧特性的影响研究。结果表明:随着环境温度的升高,火焰温度大幅增加,着火时间、迁移时间和液滴寿命均缩短。随着环境压力的增大,煤油液滴燃烧的无量纲火焰半径减小,火焰温度小幅度增大,着火时间、迁移时间和液滴寿命均缩短。压力振荡环境下,煤油液滴燃烧的液滴蒸发速率、无量纲火焰半径和火焰温度随时间变化曲线的振荡频率与环境压力振荡的频率一致,火焰温度对环境压力振荡尤为敏感。     

自燃推进剂组元液滴的亚临界非定常蒸发计算模型

本文详细分析了自燃推进剂组元液滴在高温高压环境下的蒸发——分解燃烧过程。提出了该种液滴的亚临界非定常蒸发计算模型,应用该模型计算了UDMH和N_2O_4液滴在不同环境压力、温度和对流强度下的蒸发常数。计算表明,存在一个界限环境压力,超过这一压力就出现超临界蒸发。对于UDMH,当T_∞=3200°K时,界限压力P_∞=51大气压,而对于N_2O_4,P_∞=120大气压。计算还表明,UDMH的蒸发速度大于N_2O_4的蒸发速度。因而可以得出结论:在一般液体火箭发动机的工作条件下,UDMH为超临界蒸发,而N_2O_4为亚临界蒸发,而且发动机的燃烧过程主要受N_2O_4的蒸发速度所控制。这一结论已为发动机试车所证实。     

压力振荡环境下液滴非平衡蒸发过程的理论分析及试验研究

对压力振荡环境下液滴蒸发过程进行了理论分析与试验研究。结果表明,压力振荡会引起液滴周围表面边界层内蒸气质量分数的振荡,从而导致由扩散控制的蒸发速率发生振荡。此外,压力下降引起的气相场内力的不平衡会驱动蒸气从边界层内流入气相场,使蒸发速率的最大值出现在压力下降的过程中,试验研究结果和理论分析所得结论吻合较好。     

高温高压环境下煤油液滴蒸发过程实验研究

应用高速摄影系统和图像处理技术研究了煤油液滴在温度473~773 K、压力1.0~4.0 MPa静止气体环境下的蒸发过程,得到了环境温度与环境压力对煤油液滴特性的影响规律。实验结果表明:环境温度低于573 K时,煤油液滴蒸发D2曲线不符合d2定律;环境温度高于673 K低于773 K时,液滴直径变化与d2定律吻合。环境压力对液滴蒸发的影响与环境温度密切相关,环境温度低于473 K时,随着环境压力的升高,液滴蒸发速率变慢;环境温度高于673 K时,随着环境压力的升高液滴蒸发速率加快。     

液体火箭发动机高压混合燃气涡轮绝热功计算方法

在高压补燃循环液体火箭发动机的设计中,涡轮绝热功是影响发动机推力的重要设计参数,其计算的准确性直接影响涡轮设计的有效性。高压下,真实气体效应突出,对绝热功的计算有较大影响,必须考虑其作用。对比分析了Soave-Redlich-Kwong(SRK)、Peng-Robinson(PR)和Redlich-Kwong-Peng-Robinson(RK-PR) 3种立方型状态方程描述氧气、甲烷和氢气的热力学性质的准确性。结果表明SRK方程的准确性较高,与NIST数据最大误差不超过2%。高压涡轮燃气为多元混合物,其绝热功的计算应考虑混合规则。假设涡轮等熵膨胀,分别推导了理想气体假设和考虑混合规则下的SRK方程的涡轮绝热功的计算公式,发现理想气体绝热功的计算与真实气体偏差近10%。提出了一种可以在工程上计算各型号发动机高压涡轮绝热功的算法,即利用进出口平均压缩因子计算高压涡轮近似绝热功,该方法与理论方法的最大误差不超过3%。     

卫星气体工质剩余量高精度显式计算方法

为获取卫星气体工质在高压下的剩余量,研究气体密度的不同算法,结果显示:基于理想气体状态方程的密度计算在高压下存在误差;Redliche-Kwong(RK)方程对氮气密度的计算与NIST数据库查询结果最为接近.为在判读卫星实时遥测数据期间快速获取气体工质剩余量,基于数学拟合公式提出一种气体工质剩余量的显式计算方法,并采用...     

氢氧火箭发动机喷雾演化过程作用机理

高压超临界喷雾演化过程作用机理是氢氧火箭发动机燃烧不稳定性机理分析、提高燃烧 效率研究的基础。为探讨高压条件下液氧喷雾演化过程的主要作用因素,引入气液同轴喷嘴 雾化模型和高压蒸发模型,考虑超临界条件下液氧／气氢气液平衡及其物理属性,对氢氧火 箭发动机单喷嘴工况条件下喷雾燃烧过程进行了一体化三维数值仿真,得到了液氧喷雾液滴 分布和燃烧流场参数,综合分析了液氧液滴蒸发率、氢氧化学反应率、混合燃气涡量分布与 液氧喷雾尺寸、数量的变化规律,提出了液氧喷雾演化过程六个作用因素不同的阶段。
     

发动机试验液氧贮箱放气系统动态特性研究

在液氧/煤油火箭发动机地面试验中,为得到液氧贮箱放气系统放气流量与放气阀门动作的响应特性,从而控制箱压的下降速率,验证液氧煤油发动机在低入口压力条件下的工作适应性,对液氧贮箱放气系统的动态特性进行了研究。建立了液氧贮箱二维计算模型,结合试验数据,对低温贮箱内气枕空间的非稳态换热过程进行研究,确定放出气体温度以及相应状态。应用CFD的动网格技术,建立二维计算模型,对放气系统阀门的开关动态特性与过流流量特性进行综合分析,获得了不同通径放气管路的放气流量与箱压的计算关联式,基于理想气体状态方程,完善了箱压计算理论模型。应用该模型量化分析箱压下降速率,为计算箱压控制的准确时间节点提供了操作参考。     

一种新的喷雾燃烧液滴模型

本文考虑液滴的多状态现象,针对稀薄喷雾条件提出了一种新的液滴模型。该模型假定在给定雷诺数、邓克勒(Damkohler)数和传质数条件下,液滴处于环绕火焰燃烧、拖曳火焰燃烧和纯蒸发三种不同汽化形式中的一种。因为这种多状态现象是和着火、熄火、火焰的吹离和重新附着这些不可逆变化结合在一起的,所以液滴状态不仅仅只决定于雷诺数、邓克勒数、传质数和普朗特数。相同环境条件下,对不同初始条件,液滴可能具有不同的状态。为方便喷雾计算,建立了雷诺数和邓克勒数之间的四种临界关系式,以确定对一定初始条件的液滴在运动过程中的状态。另外,还建立了三种不同汽化形式下的液滴汽化速率和阻力系数的关系式,这些关系式是关于斯帕尔丁(Spalding)传质数、普朗特数和雷诺数的函数。最后,通过算例分析了给定燃烧环境时,可导致多状态现象的液滴初始条件。     

N2O/C3H8发动机气液同轴离心式喷嘴喷雾性能数值模拟研究

采用数值计算方法对氧化亚氮/丙烷（N2O/C3H8）发动机样机气液同轴离心式喷嘴的喷雾性能进行了研究,得到了环缝外喷嘴气相喷注压降和内喷嘴缩进深度对离心式喷嘴喷雾流场的影响.分析结果表明,较低的气相喷注压降（＜0.3 MPa）会显著的影响液滴在流场中的蒸发速率以及流场流强、混合比、索太尔平均直径（SMD）和n值的分布;气相喷注压降从0.3 MPa增加至0.6 MPa,稳定喷雾流场液滴SMD和n值分别在2.41～1.68,2.03～0.98范围内变化并逐渐减小.内喷嘴缩进深度从0 mm增加至6 mm,稳定喷雾流场液滴的SMD和n值受其影响较小,均分别在1.70～0.94,2.36～0.99范围内波动.喷嘴的最佳燃烧区主要分布在下游轴向位置0.015～0.035m范围内并随着气相喷注压降的升高和内喷嘴缩进深度的增大逐渐靠近喷嘴出口.该设计喷嘴在发动机热试实验中表现出很好的性能.     

Evaporation and ignition of droplets in combustion chambers modeling and simulation

Computer simulation of liquid fuel jet injection into heated atmosphere of combustion chamber, mixture formation, ignition and combustion need adequate modeling of evaporation, which is extremely important for the curved surfaces in the presence of strong heat and mass diffusion fluxes. Combustion of most widely spread hydrocarbon fuels takes place in a gas-phase regime. Thus, evaporation of fuel from the surface of droplets turns to be one of the limiting factors of the process as well. The problems of fuel droplets atomization, evaporation being the key factors for heterogeneous reacting mixtures, the non-equilibrium effects in droplets atomization and phase transitions will be taken into account in describing thermal and mechanical interaction of droplets with streaming flows. In the present paper processes of non-equilibrium evaporation of small droplets will be discussed. As it was shown before, accounting for non-equilibrium effects in evaporation for many types of widely used liquids is crucial for droplet diameters less than 100 μm, while the surface tension effects essentially manifest only for droplets below 0.1 μm. Investigating the behavior of individual droplets in a heated air flow allowed to distinguish two scenarios for droplet heating and evaporation. Small droplets undergo successively heating, then cooling due to heat losses for evaporation, and then rapid heating till the end of their lifetime. Larger droplets could directly be heated up to a critical temperature and then evaporate rapidly. Droplet atomization interferes the heating, evaporation and combustion scenario. The scenario of fuel spray injection and self-ignition in a heated air inside combustion chamber has three characteristic stages. At first stage of jet injection droplets evaporate very rapidly thus cooling the gas at injection point, the liquid jet is very short and changes for a vapor jet. At second stage liquid jet is becoming longer, because evaporation rate decreases due to decrease of temperature. But combustion of fuel vapor begins which brings to increase of heat flux to droplets and accelerates evaporation. The length of the liquid jet decreases again and remains constant slightly oscillating.     

Ignition of fuel sprays by shock wave mathematical modeling and numerical simulation

The paper presents the results of developing of physical and mathematical model making it possible to take into account the effect of droplets non-uniformity in space and size distribution on ignition conditions for fuel sprays. The influence of condensed phase volume fraction on ignition and combustion of sprays was studied, physical and mathematical models for multi-phase flows, mixture formation and combustion of liquid fuels based on solving Navier–Stokes equations for gas phase accounting for thermal and mechanical interaction with poly-dispersed droplets array. The problems of particulate phase dynamics are regarded accounting for the interaction with gas phase atomization, evaporation and combustion.It was shown that depending on droplet size distribution and aerosol cloud density different flow scenarios were possible.Several ignition zones could be formed behind incident shock wave depending on mixture properties and initiation parameters. The possibility of numerical simulation permitting variation of definite parameters only made it possible to explain this fact.     

Non-equilibrium diffusion combustion of a fuel droplet

A mathematical model for the non-equilibrium combustion of droplets in rocket engines is developed. This model allows to determine the divergence of combustion rate for the equilibrium and non-equilibrium model. Criterion for droplet combustion deviation from equilibrium is introduced. It grows decreasing droplet radius, accommodation coefficient, temperature and decreases on decreasing diffusion coefficient. Also divergence from equilibrium increases on reduction of droplet radius.Droplet burning time essentially increases under non-equilibrium conditions. Comparison of theoretical and experimental data shows that to have adequate solution for small droplets it is necessary to use the non-equilibrium model.     

超临界环境下煤油和UDMH单滴燃烧现象

采用重活塞实验系统,对煤油和UDMH在超临界环境下的蒸发和燃烧现象进行了初步研究,结果表明:无论液态或者凝胶燃料,在超临界环境下均存在蒸发现象。在空气超临界环境下,煤油和UDMH均产生自燃现象。自燃呈现多点着火现象,类似于"森林火灾"模式,且持续时间较长。燃烧大致可分为蒸发、点火、燃烧前期和燃烧后期4个阶段。     

Droplet vaporization in supercritical pressure environments

For most liquid-fueled combustion systems the behavior of the fuel as it is introduced to the combustion zone, often by spray injection, will have a significant impact on combustion. The subsequent combustion may be affected to a considerable degree by the initial spread of the liquid, break-up of larger fuel sheets and droplets into droplets of various sizes, droplet vaporization, and diffusion of gaseous fuel. Among the many factors which affect spray break-up and droplet vaporization are the environmental conditions into which the spray is introduced. For both diesel engines and rockets the environment pressure and temperature may be above the critical pressure and temperature of the injected fuel. In a compression-ignition internal combustion engine, the environment consists primarily of air, at pressures from 20 to 100 atmospheres and temperatures ranging from 900 to 1500 K. Even higher pressures are encountered in turbocharged diesels. A typical diesel reference fuel, dodecane, has a thermodynamic critical pressure of about 17 atmospheres, and a critical temperature of 600 K. Fuel is injected into a diesel engine environment in which ambient pressures exceed the critical pressure. While droplet temperatures are subcritical at first, they may rise to the critical temperature or higher.This paper will survey current understanding of supercritical pressure droplet vaporization. Specifically, the topics covered will include: liquid phase behavior; vapor phase behavior; thermodynamic and transport properties; droplet distribution and break-up; micro-explosions; and effects of microgravity.     

气相速度脉动对JP-10液滴破碎的影响

在不同时均气相速度、初始液滴尺寸和速度脉动频率条件下,研究了气相速度脉动对JP-10液滴破碎速率的影响。计算结果表明,低时均气相速度时,小尺寸液滴较难破碎;达到破碎条件的情况下,随着脉动强度的增大液滴破碎所用时间缩短,而气相速度脉动频率对JP-10液滴破碎的影响不明显。     

推进剂中燃烧铝滴直径分布和聚集状态的研究

本文给出了含铝推进剂燃烧时,气相中燃烧铝滴的直径大小与分布,讨论了配方中氧化剂粒度和铝粉粒度对铝的凝聚程度的影响。实验表明,由粗氧化剂组成的推进剂其燃烧时铝的凝聚是很明显的;并且,对应于相同的粗氧化剂,细铝粉比粗铝粉更易凝聚。实验结果支持复合推进剂中铝凝聚的“口袋模型”。本文还用显微密度分析方法对铝的凝聚燃烧机理进行探讨,发现有三种不同类型的光密度分布曲线,文中称之为液滴型,微滴型和液—汽过渡型,它们分別对应于铝的一种聚集状态。此外,还有一种在底片上无铝亮条出现的称之为气相型,它们的燃烧效率是依次升高的。     

Monopropellant droplet decomposition for large activation energies

The quasi-steady decomposition of a monopropellant droplet in a quiescent atmosphere is analyzed, in the limit of large activation energy, for a gas phase decomposition reaction of the Arrhenius type.An analytical relation is obtained for the pre-exponential rate constant, or the Damköhler number, as a function of the droplet vaporization rate. The curve giving the vaporization rate in terms of the Damköhler number has, for low values of the temperature at infinity, an S shaped form which exhibits ignition-extinction characteristics.With increasing values of the droplet vaporization rate above the pure vaporization value we pass from a nearly frozen regime, under which ignition conditions occur due to the large temperature sensitivity of the reaction rate, to a complete decomposition regime, in which practically all the fuel is decomposed in a thin reactive-diffusion zone, separated from the droplet surface by a transport region of lower temperature. For sufficiently large Damköhler numbers, the thin reaction zone is located close to the droplet surface, so that the flame structure becomes planar: a linear relation between the droplet radius and time is obtained in this case. The non planar effects are responsible for the extinction of the flame at low Damköhler numbers and ambient temperatures below the adiabatic flame temperature. For sufficiently low values of the ambient temperature, an intermediate regime exists in which the enhancement of the vaporization rate is due only to the fraction of the vaporized fuel decomposed at a thin reaction zone, not far from the droplet, where the temperature reaches its maximum value; the remaining fuel is decomposed very far from the droplet.