计量测试与航天科技

随着科学技术的发展,计量测试技术已渗透到国民经济的各个领域,从科研生产到贸易结算、从医疗卫生到人身安全、从环境保护到衣食住行.可以形象地说没有计量,人们就如同"盲人"一样生活在一片漆黑世界里.航天作为高科技产业,对计量更有着很强的依赖性.无论是火箭还是导弹,无论是卫星还是飞船,计量工作作为研制生产不可分割的一部分,贯穿于设计、加工、总装、测试和发射的全过程,并为评定航天产品的综合水平提供权威的依据.未来航天领域新工艺、新材料、新器件的应用,载人飞行技术的发展,航天测控、发射技术的提高,都对计量测试技术提出更高的要求.回顾国外航天大国航天事业的发展,计量在保证产品质量方面发挥了不可低估的作用.我国的航天事业正处在一个新的发展阶段."科技要发展,计量须先行".计量工作应抓住机遇,以型号需求为牵引,扎扎实实地为型号服务,为我国航天事业的发展贡献更大力量.     

1996年春节航天京区计量座谈会上的讲话

１９９６年春节航天京区计量座谈会上的讲话刘晓林１９９６年是实施“九五”计划的第一年，是贯彻落实《航天总公司改革与发展纲要》的一年，也是航天型号研制生产任务十分繁重和非常关键的一年。工作繁重，形势严峻。为确保各项工作按时完成，圆满成功，总公司下发了１９...     

质量管理体系中的计量保证工作研究

计量保证是型号产品质量管理的重要组成,是保证型号研制、生产、试验、使用中单位统一、量值准确可靠的重要手段,为支撑型号创新发展和保证型号产品质量发挥着基础性保障性作用。经过多年发展,计量保证已逐步融入型号质量工作,并通过质量管理条例、计量监督管理条例等相关法规和标准得到进一步的巩固,有力地支撑着型号的研制生产。新时期,型号产品发展为计量保证工作提出了新要求、新问题和新挑战,本文对型号计量保证工作的现状、发展需求和存在的不足进行了分析,并提出了后续的工作建议。     

浅析航天系统计量器具一体化管理

计量是航天运载和武器型号发展的重要技术基础,关系到型号的质量与可靠性,计量器具是型号质量保障的重要手段。主要介绍了计量管理工作的现状和不足,结合航天一院计量器具多年管理经验,提出了计量器具一体化管理运行模式,为军工企业的计量器具一体化管理提供借鉴。     

质量管理体系中的计量保证工作研究

计量保证是型号产品质量管理的重要组成,是保证型号研制、生产、试验、使用中单位统一、量值准确可靠的重要手段,为支撑型号创新发展和保证型号产品质量发挥着基础性保障性作用。经过多年发展,计量保证已逐步融入型号质量工作,并通过质量管理条例、计量监督管理条例等相关法规和标准得到进一步的巩固,有力地支撑着型号的研制生产。新时期,型号产品发展为计量保证工作提出了新要求、新问题和新挑战,本文对型号计量保证工作的现状、发展需求和存在的不足进行了分析,并提出了后续的工作建议。     

浅析航天型号计量保证工作

计量保证工作是航天型号任务质量保障的基础,关系着型号任务的成败。主要介绍了航天型号任务中计量保证工作的现状和不足,结合航天型号任务的全流程工作,提出在型号任务各环节的计量保证工作建议。     

航天科技计量体系建设思考与方法研究

简述了航天科技集团公司计量体系建设的整体情况,分析思考体系建设的难点并提出了以航天型号计量保证为重点的计量体系架构,对航天企业的计量管理体系建设、型号产品的计量保障工作及今后的发展方向等进行了研究和探讨。     

型号计量保证有效途径的探讨

为适应武器系统研制的复杂性和测量参数的多样化,不断提高武器装备测量质量,本文根据武器系统研制特点提出了在型号产品研制初期开始融入可计量性的理念,在型号产品的方案、研制、生产、试验等阶段进行计量需求分析、提出计量方案和测量手段,将计量设计与型号产品设计有效结合,在型号研制过程中同时开展计量保证工作等实施方法。通过开展武器系统全过程、全寿命周期的计量保证工作提高型号产品的测量质量和水平,确保型号产品研制、生产、试验、交付全过程的量值统一、数据准确可靠。通过在某些型号中应用本文提出的方法,改进提高了型号产品测量方法,为武器系统飞行试验的成功起到了保驾护航的作用。     

航空航天部航天计量工作“七五”总结和“八五”设想(摘要)

<正>各位领导、各位代表:我受部领导的委托,作航天计量工作“七五”总结和“八五”设想的报告,提请大会审议。五年来,在治理整顿、深化改革和军民结合方针的指引下,在各级领导和机关的重视下及计量战线全体同志的共同努力下,航天计量工作取得了较大的成绩。各级领导和全体同志的计量意识和法制观念得到了加强。管理水平有了很大的提高,计量测试手段和计量人员的素质也有很大提高。至今,航天系统已经建立了6个一级计量站、17个二级计量站(区域站)、125个三级计量站,形成了数千人的航天计量队伍,为保证第一代型号研制任务的完成,做出了重要的贡献,为今后计量测试技术的发展奠定了良好的基础。     

系统工程中的统一计量工作

为了有效地解决在航天系统以及其它复杂大系统的研制中由于量值不准确、不统一、不衔接、不协调所带来的问题,以航天系统型号试验为例,对系统的研制和鉴定以及系统工程中统一计量的必要性、主要内容和工作步骤进行了阐述。开展统一计量工作能够提高系统研制的质量、试验和运行的成功率,加快研制速度,并可大量节约资金。论述内容对其它各分系统、武器系统和民用大系统的研制和运行也可提供参考。     

中国深空测控系统建设与技术发展

我国深空测控系统是伴随着探月工程“绕”“落”“回”三步走战略的实施,从突破关键技术、初步建成系统到系统完善,逐步建立起来的,火星探测工程的实施将进一步带动深空测控系统能力的建设。站在历史的视角,从顶层设计、关键技术攻关和系统建设等方面,回顾了我国深空测控系统从无到有的发展历程,并结合未来深空测控技术的发展,对我国深空测控系统的发展前景进行了展望。     

Toward a global space exploration program: A stepping stone approach

In response to the growing importance of space exploration in future planning, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Panel on Exploration (PEX) was chartered to provide independent scientific advice to support the development of exploration programs and to safeguard the potential scientific assets of solar system objects. In this report, PEX elaborates a stepwise approach to achieve a new level of space cooperation that can help develop world-wide capabilities in space science and exploration and support a transition that will lead to a global space exploration program. The proposed stepping stones are intended to transcend cross-cultural barriers, leading to the development of technical interfaces and shared legal frameworks and fostering coordination and cooperation on a broad front. Input for this report was drawn from expertise provided by COSPAR Associates within the international community and via the contacts they maintain in various scientific entities. The report provides a summary and synthesis of science roadmaps and recommendations for planetary exploration produced by many national and international working groups, aiming to encourage and exploit synergies among similar programs. While science and technology represent the core and, often, the drivers for space exploration, several other disciplines and their stakeholders (Earth science, space law, and others) should be more robustly interlinked and involved than they have been to date. The report argues that a shared vision is crucial to this linkage, and to providing a direction that enables new countries and stakeholders to join and engage in the overall space exploration effort. Building a basic space technology capacity within a wider range of countries, ensuring new actors in space act responsibly, and increasing public awareness and engagement are concrete steps that can provide a broader interest in space exploration, worldwide, and build a solid basis for program sustainability. By engaging developing countries and emerging space nations in an international space exploration program, it will be possible to create a critical bottom-up support structure to support program continuity in the development and execution of future global space exploration frameworks. With a focus on stepping stones, COSPAR can support a global space exploration program that stimulates scientists in current and emerging spacefaring nations, and that will invite those in developing countries to participate—pursuing research aimed at answering outstanding questions about the origins and evolution of our solar system and life on Earth (and possibly elsewhere). COSPAR, in cooperation with national and international science foundations and space-related organizations, will advocate this stepping stone approach to enhance future cooperative space exploration efforts.     

Space Research Plan of China's Space Stationormalsize

China's manned spaceflight missions have been introduced briefly, and the research planning of space sciences for China's Space Station (CSS) has been presented with the topics in the research areas, including:life science and biotechnology, microgravity fluid physics and combustion science, space material science, fundamental physics, space astronomy and astrophysics, earth sciences and application, space physics and space environment, experiments of new space technology. The research facilities, experiment racks, and supporting system planned in CSS have been described, including:multifunctional optical facility, research facility of quantum and optic transmission, and a dozen of research racks for space sciences in pressurized module, etc. In the next decade, significant breakthroughs in space science and utilization will hopefully be achieved, and great contributions will be made to satisfy the need of the social development and people's daily life.      

空间站概述

自1961年世界上第一名航天员上天以来,载人航天技术有了飞速的发展。载人航天器已由初期的小型载人飞船,发展到大型空间站和航天飞机。空间站的诞生,特别是永久性空间站的建立,将会引起人类社会的众多方面发生重大而深刻的变化。本文首先就过去十多年中美国、苏联和欧洲发射的空间站作一简略概括,然后对空间站的构型,用途和未来发展等进行论述。     

Current concepts and future directions of CELSS.

Studies of bioregenerative life support systems for use in space indicate that they are scientifically feasible. Preliminary data suggest that they would provide cost- and weight-saving benefits for low Earth orbit, long duration space platforms. Concepts of such systems include the use of higher plants and/or micro-algae as sources of food, potable water and oxygen, and as sinks for carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes. Recycling of materials within the system will require processing of food organism and crew wastes using microbiological and/or physical chemical techniques. The dynamics of material flow within the system will require monitoring, control, stabilization and maintenance imposed by computers. Future phases of study will continue investigations of higher plant and algal physiology, environmental responses, and control; flight experiments for testing responses of organisms to weightlessness and increased radiation levels; and development of ground-based facilities for the study of recycling within a bioregenerative life support system.     

Engineering strategies for the design of plant nutrient delivery systems for use in space: approaches to countering microbiological contamination.

Microbiological contamination of crops within space-based plant growth research chambers has been postulated as a potentially significant problem. Microbial infestations; fouling of Nutrient Delivery System (NDS) fluid loops; and the formation of biofilms have been suggested as the most obvious and important manifestations of the problem. Strict sanitation and quarantine procedures will reduce, but not eliminate, microbial species introduced into plant growth systems in space habitats. Microorganisms transported into space most likely will occur as surface contaminants on spacecraft components, equipment, the crew, and plant-propagative materials. Illustrations of the potential magnitude of the microbiological contamination issue will be drawn from the literature and from documentation of laboratory and commercial field experience. Engineering strategies for limiting contamination and for the development of countermeasures will be described. Microbiological control technologies and NDS hardware will be discussed. Configurations appropriate for microgravity research facilities, as well as anticipated bio-regenerative life support system implementations, will be explored. An efficiently designed NDS, capable of adequately meeting the environmental needs of crop plants in space, is considered to be critical in both the research and operational domains. Recommended experiments, tests, and technology developments, structured to allow the development of prudent engineering solutions also will be presented.     

基于在轨组装维护的模块化深空探测器技术进展与应用研究

在轨组装与维护是航天器在轨服务技术的基本内容,而模块化设计则是实现航天器在轨组装与维护的一项主要支撑技术。调研总结了国外深空探测领域模块化航天器设计以及在轨组装与在轨维护实施的技术进展,主要包括模块化地外行星着陆探测器、大型在轨组装深空探测器、布置于SEL2(Sun-Earth Libration 2)等轨道的超大型在轨组装空间望远镜系统等,分析了深空探测器领域应用模块化设计实现在轨组装与维护的关键技术要素。针对深空探测航天器长寿命、高可靠、特殊推进系统及其设备配套等技术特点与需求,提出一种应用在轨组装与维护技术的火星多任务探测器系统设想,介绍了探测器系统的任务架构、基本组成、轨道策略等,为我国深空探测技术发展以及新型深空探测器研制提供参考。     

美国高轨天基态势感知技术发展与启示

太空是国家新边疆,太空活动是国家意志和战略意图的重要体现,是国家利益拓展的重要保障,太空安全已成为国家安全的重要组成部分.经略太空感知先行,空间态势感知是指获取和认知空间态势信息,包括空间 目标监视和空间环境监测,是进一步开展空间操控和空间对抗的基础.本文首先梳理了美国空间态势感知领域相关条令的发展历程,介绍了美国高轨...     

Space Research Plan of China's Space Station

China's manned spaceflight missions have been introduced briefly,and the research planning of space sciences for China's Space Station(CSS) has been presented with the topics in the research areas,including:life science and biotechnology,microgravity fluid physics and combustion science,space material science,fundamental physics,space astronomy and astrophysics,earth sciences and application,space physics and space environment,experiments of new space technology.The research facilities,experiment racks,and supporting system planned in CSS have been described,including:multifunctional optical facility,research facility of quantum and optic transmission,and a dozen of research racks for space sciences in pressurized module,etc.In the next decade,significant breakthroughs in space science and utilization will hopefully be achieved,and great contributions will be made to satisfy the need of the social development and people's daily life.     

Strategic Priority Program on Space Science

In 1957, the launch of the first artificial satellite ushered in a new era for modern space science.The past 50 years' developments in China's space science have witnessed many major missions, and substantial progress has been achieved in space science study, exploration technology as well as experiment technology. Strategic Priority Program on Space Science was officially started in 2011. Through both self-developed space science missions and those with international cooperation,it is expected that the innovative breakthroughs will be realized, leapfrog development of related high-tech will be achieved to establish the important strategic status of space science in national development. To sum up, the implementation of the Strategic Priority Program on Space Science will definitely promote the rapid development of China's space science endeavor, making contributions to China's development and the progress of human civilization.