粉末火箭发动机燃烧室燃烧流动特性研究

选取颗粒轨道模型,对Al／AP粉末颗粒在粉末火箭发动机内流动和燃烧进行三维数值模拟,为以Al粉末燃料和AP粉末氧化剂作为推进剂的新型燃烧室的设计以及实验研究提供参考。文中提出了一种粉末火箭发动机构型,通过对发动机燃烧室进行冷态和热态数值模拟,研究了氧燃比、Al粉末颗粒大小、燃烧室体积等因素对粉末火箭发动机燃烧室燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,一定范围内氧燃比较高时,燃烧室温度反而较低;较小粉末颗粒在燃烧室内更易离散;Al颗粒粒径越小越易燃烧,Al燃烧率也越高;验证了在Al／AP粉末火箭发动机的设计中引入特征长度来匹配Al粉粒径与燃烧室体积的合理性。     

驻涡火焰稳定器式粉末燃料冲压发动机两相流数值模拟

根据已有粉末燃料冲压发动机的特点,设计了驻涡火焰稳定器,并对现有发动机结构进行了改进,提出了驻涡火焰稳定器式粉末燃料冲压发动机。采用颗粒轨道模型,对镁基粉末燃料冲压发动机进行了三维流场数值模拟,对比分析了改进前后发动机内流场结构对该发动机燃烧效率的影响,以便为进一步的实验研究提供指导。数值模拟结果表明,驻涡火焰稳定器的应用,可使燃烧效率较现有发动机提高10%。     

粉末燃料冲压发动机燃烧室两相流数值模拟

采用颗粒轨道模型对镁粉燃料冲压发动机的两相流场进行了三维数值模拟,目的是为进一步的实验研究提供指导和参考。结合理论性能分析,提出了一种发动机构型,通过数值模拟分析了颗粒粒径、产物相态等因素对该发动机燃烧效率的影响。结果表明,粉末燃料的粒径较小时点火延迟时间短,颗粒在发动机中的滞留时间长,燃料燃烧效率较高。     

Al/AP粉末发动机燃料喷射流场的数值研究

为研究Al/AP粉末发动机燃料输送方式对粉末分散及混合效果的影响,利用气相控制方程、湍流模型、欧拉模型,对金属粉末发动机粉末燃料喷射掺混过程进行了详细的数值模拟。数值计算结果表明:固相体积分数和喷射入口有无锥体结构对流场参数具有较大影响。随着Al/AP粉末入口固相质量分数增加,粉末混合区域由燃烧室尾部向燃烧室头部移动。入口处安装锥体有利于粉末在燃烧室内分散,燃烧室头部颗粒相质量分数增加,轴线上平均固相质量分数降低,喷管前粉末局部积聚现象消失。     

RBCC混合燃烧模式下燃料喷注位置对燃烧性能影响研究

通过数值模拟发现,喷注位置前移有利于改善燃烧性能。为了更加细化探讨,在直连式实验台上进行了进一步的实验研究,研究了RBCC混合燃烧模式中燃料喷注位置对燃烧性能的影响。实验中,详细比较了相同实验条件、不同喷注位置条件下燃烧室压强及燃烧性能。实验发现,在燃烧室前端进行燃料喷注,有利于提高燃烧室压强,提高发动机比冲。可见,燃料提前喷注加强了燃料与火箭羽焰剪切层的掺混,且火箭羽焰对燃料的雾化蒸发效果更佳,使得燃料的燃烧性能得到更大提升,从而提高发动机性能。     

环形燃烧室中自燃推进剂的非稳态旋转爆震现象

为研究环形燃烧室中自燃推进剂旋转爆震波的传播特性,以一甲基肼和四氧化二氮为推进剂,在圆环形燃烧室中组织旋转爆震燃烧。燃烧室外径和内径分别为60 mm和30 mm,采用了24对撞击式喷嘴,四氧化二氮的喷孔直径为0.4 mm,一甲基肼的喷孔直径为0.3 mm,通过高频脉动压力传感器记录了旋转爆震波的传播过程。研究结果表明:自燃推进剂的旋转爆震燃烧过程具有高度非稳态特性,不仅各个旋转周期之间存在明显差异,而且同一个传播周期内旋转爆震波的强度也是动态变化的;对于自燃推进剂的旋转爆震燃烧的产生及维持过程来说,外界激励不起决定性作用,燃烧室几何构型、流量和混合比对旋转爆震燃烧的影响更大。     

含硼富燃料推进剂低压燃烧模型

针对含硼富燃料推进剂低压燃烧的凝相反应和气相燃烧具有气相反应在燃面上的惰性“沉积层”中进行、气相放热主要由AP与HTPB分解产物的扩散燃烧产生的特点,以BDP模型为基础,建立了含硼富燃料推进剂低压燃烧模型,分析了“沉积层”对气相燃烧的影响。结果分析认为,“沉积层”的存在是含硼富燃料推进剂能在较低压强下维持稳定燃烧,并具有较高燃速和压强指数的主要原因。燃烧模型实质是对BDP模型的拓展,利用该模型定性解释了含硼富燃料推进剂低压下特有的燃烧现象。     

金属粉末燃料冲压发动机初步试验研究

为了检验金属粉末燃料冲压发动机的点火及燃烧特性,对设计的发动机进行了初步的直连式试验研究。初步试验结果表明,目前设计的燃料供应系统能将粉末燃料有效输送到发动机燃烧室;在火炬作用下粉末燃料能实现快速点火启动;火炬工作结束粉末燃料可自身维持燃烧;燃烧室壁面沉积较多,主要分为2层,其中表层为白色MgO,内层为Mg、MgO和Mg3N2的混合物。     

自吸气共振型PDE谐振腔内工作过程数值模拟

自吸气共振型脉冲爆震发动机(简称自吸气共振型PDE)的工作原理是基于激波在谐振室内的聚焦点火,从而直接起爆爆震波.通过对自吸气共振犁PDE谐振室内的工作过程进行数值模拟,得到了爆震波的直接起爆、传播等一系列过程,总结出了该新型发动机的潜在优点和缺点,为下一步的研究工作奠定了基础.     

高马赫数飞行条件下超燃冲压发动机燃烧组织方案数值模拟

针对高马赫数飞行条件下(Ma=8,其中燃烧室内流马赫数为3.88)超燃冲压发动机燃烧组织方案的优化问题,采用三维可压缩雷诺平均(RANS)数值模拟方法对采用不同燃料喷射角度和凹腔后倾角的燃烧方案进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明：高马赫数下燃烧主要集中在凹腔和燃烧室近壁区,随着燃料喷射角度的增大,燃烧反应更加剧烈;增大燃料喷射角度和减小凹腔后倾角能提高混合效率,从而提高燃烧效率,燃烧也更充分,但是燃烧引起的总压损失也会相应地提高;高马赫数条件下发动机内流阻力很大,大约是发动机净推力的7～8倍,而增大喷射角度和减小凹腔后倾角有利于提高发动机的推力性能,其中采用135°的逆向燃料喷入方案获得的正推力最大,此时燃烧位置相对靠前,有利于燃烧室设计尺寸的小型化。     

Some technical aspects of gaseous detonation

This paper briefly describes two attempts to utilize detonative combustion processes to MHD conversion of thermal energy of fuel to electrical energy and bonding of atmospheric nitrogen. For this purpose a continuous impulse detonation chamber with a frequency up to 200 cps was constructed. Using methane-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures the chamber was maintained in stable operation for several hundred hours. Oil was also employed as fuel.Estimates based on experimental data showed that up to 2% of chemical energy of the fuel may be converted into electrical energy. The use of an accelerating nozzle may improve this result.The concentration of nitrogen oxide in combustion products of the detonation wave was higher by 14% than that expected under usual combustion conditions.The advantages of this type of apparatus are: absence of compressors for fuel and oxidant, impulse current generation, low temperatures of chamber walls, and operation over a large range of operating conditions.Problems associated with the effect of the magnetic field on the propagation of the detonation wave are discussed and the possibility of applying the Zeldovich theory to the case of MHD interaction is described. It is shown that the detonation velocity may either increase or decrease depending on the relative orientation of the direction of magnetic field with respect to the detonation wave.     

Hydrodynamic instabilities and transverse waves in propagation mechanism of gaseous detonations

The present study examines the role of transverse waves and hydrodynamic instabilities mainly, Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) and Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) in detonation structure using two-dimensional high-resolution numerical simulations of Euler equations. To compare the numerical results with those of experiments, Navier–Stokes simulations are also performed by utilizing the effect of diffusion in highly irregular detonations. Results for both moderate and low activation energy mixtures reveal that upon collision of two triple points a pair of forward and backward facing jets is formed. As the jets spread, they undergo Richtmyer–Meshkov instability. The drastic growth of the forward jet found to have profound role in re-acceleration of the detonation wave at the end of a detonation cell cycle. For irregular detonations, the transverse waves found to have substantial role in propagation mechanism of such detonations. In regular detonations, the lead shock ignites all the gases passing through it, hence, the transverse waves and hydrodynamic instabilities do not play crucial role in propagation mechanism of such regular detonations. In comparison with previous numerical simulations present simulation using single-step kinetics shows a distinct keystone-shaped region at the end of the detonation cell.     

固体燃料超燃冲压发动机研究概况

对固体燃料超燃冲压发动机的应用背景、潜在优势,以及国内外研究现状和进展做了详细阐述。从固体燃料超燃冲压发动机工作原理、固体燃料类型、数值模拟以及实验研究等方面出发,论述了固体燃料超燃发动机研究的进展和难点,并对固体燃料超燃冲压发动机未来研究趋势进行了展望。研究认为:固体燃料在超声速流动下的热量分布与表面火焰传播等方面还需要深入研究,需建立不同固体燃料的受热行为模型;应用大涡模拟方法分析微尺度下流场结构并耦合固体燃料传热传质过程的可行性需进一步确认;考虑飞行参数,进气道与隔离段性能的发动机整体数值模拟工作需要进一步加强。     

爆震波点火器在氢氧塞式喷管的工程应用

建立了氢氧爆震波点火器试验系统,并根据试验塞式喷管发动机工作状态要求设计了爆震波点火器。在高空条件下(0.005￣0.002MPa),爆震波点火器供气压力0.3MPa、混合比3左右,对爆震波点火器的点火性能进行了试验,成功实现了高空条件下爆震波点火火炬。在同样高空条件下对爆震波点火器点燃单元塞式喷管试验发动机成功进行了点火试验。试验结果表明,氢氧爆震波点火器能以较低的供气压力实现可靠点火。爆震波点火器在气氢气氧单元塞式喷管试验发动机点火的成功应用,为下一阶段应用于多管塞式喷管发动机的实际点火试验提供了技术基础。     

Pulse detonation engines: Technical approaches

The paper contains analysis of the problems preventing from wide use of pulse detonation engines (PDE), and provides suggestions to overcome those problems. In particular, the results of theoretical investigations of basic operating cycle in PDE—deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) processes in combustible gaseous mixtures and transmission of detonation into large chambers—are presented. The paper investigates the effect of implosion shock waves on the onset of detonation in gases, and suggests the scheme of detonation transmission from a narrow gap into a wide chamber, which makes it possible to reduce the predetonation length thus shortening the necessary length of the engine.     

混合比影响爆震波点火器工作过程之实验研究

爆震波点火器用于工程，其设计存在一个最佳结合点，使得在合适的管路中，爆震波传播速度、转捩距离、爆震波能量等能够符合点火器目标需求。为了研制适用于工程的爆震波点火器，在氢氧爆震波点火器基本特性试验的基础上，对初始混合气体的混合比等与爆震波特性的关系进行了研究。对实验结果进行分析认为。混合比对爆燃爆震转捩（DDT）距离影响较大，混合比大于3时，其转捩距离小于500mm。混合比增加时，爆震波传播速度会减小，但稳定的爆震波相对于波的混气的马赫数并小减小，维持在4．8左右。在初始混气压力不变情况下，质量流量可以提高爆震波能量，增强爆震波的点火能力。研究结论时爆震波点火器在工程中实际应用及以后的研究方向具有指导性作出。     

Cylindrical heterogeneous detonation waves

Further experimental studies of blast wave initiated cylindrical heterogeneous (liquid fuel drops, gas oxidizer) detonation waves are described. A pie-shaped shock tube, used for these studies, was altered in certain ways so as to improve the modeling of cylindrical waves. These modifications, along with some operational aspects, are briefly discussed. The breech of the facility, where the blast wave is generated by an explosive, became distorted with usage. Results are presented which show that lower detonation velocities are realized with the damaged breech (other conditions being the same). A photographic and pressure switch wave time of arrival study was made to ascertain the wave shape. Photographs are shown which show that the waves, blast as well as detonation, are close to cylindrical. However, in some cases there is appreciable distortion of the wave front by debris ahead of the wave. Presumably this debris comes from the blasting cap used to ignite the condensed explosive. A series of experiments was conducted using kerosene drops of 388 μm diameter dispersed in air through use of a large number of hypodermic needles. Radial fuel void regions were established by cutting off the fuel flow to a number of needles. Preliminary results relating to the effect of the size of the cloud gap on detonation velocity, quenching, and the initiator energy levels required for detonation are discussed.     

超空泡推进发动机燃料能量特性比较

超空泡鱼雷实现高航速、远航程的有效途径之一是携带高能燃料--金属粉末燃料或金属基燃料.为了说明这些燃料的能量特性,结合水冲压发动机的工作特点,采用最小自由能法对各种燃料进行热力计算,并进一步进行能量比较.分析结果表明,铝粉是较为理想的燃料,镁基燃料不可取.热力计算和能量比较法可为燃料的选择提供依据,进而指导水冲压发动机的设计和试验.     

粉末燃料冲压发动机研究进展

粉末燃料冲压发动机采用高能金属或硼粉为燃料,兼具液体燃料冲压发动机推力可调、比冲高及固体火箭冲压发动机安全可靠、结构简单等优点,尤其是固体/粉末或液体/粉末燃料组合冲压发动机,粉末燃料的加入不仅可大幅提高传统冲压发动机的比冲等性能,还能改善并增加其原有功能,是极具发展潜力的新一代导弹动力装置之一。针对粉末燃料冲压发动机及其相关研究领域的发展现状进行了概述分析,并以此梳理出粉末燃料供给、发动机燃烧组织、发动机点火等粉末燃料冲压发动机主要关键技术,同时对发动机技术提出了高性能粉末燃料研究、冲压空气作为驱动流化气可行性研究、发动机快速响应和环境适应潜力及工作可靠性研究等几点研究展望。通过对粉末燃料冲压发动机相关研究技术进行综述梳理,明确了其研究的重点和难点,为发展高性能冲压发动机提供了一定参考。     

Recent experiments in laser supported absorption waves

Recent experimental studies with laser supported absorption waves, arising from intense laser radiation incident upon various surface materials, are discussed. The propagation characteristics of both subsonic (laser supported combustion), intensity about 10⁵ W/cm², and supersonic (laser supported detonation), intensity greater than 10⁶ W/cm², waves are described, including the dependence of wave speed on laser intensity, beam diameter, gas density and laser wave length. Measurements of the plasma properties in such waves are described, and the analysis of these data allows conclusions identifying the dominant transport mechanism in such waves. It is also concluded that in the LSC (subsonic) case, radial flow ahead of and within the wave are dominant features of the wave structure. The equipment and laser facilities used in the experiments are also discussed.