遗传算法在微弱GPS信号捕获方法中的应用

 研究了微弱GPS信号的捕获问题,以捕获时较低的虚警概率和较高的检测概率为目标,以累加时的粗捕获(C/A)码周期数和导航数据数,以及捕获门限等参数为决策变量,应用遗传算法(GA)来解决这一多目标优化问题。仿真结果表明,该方法能够有效地解决所提出的问题,所得解能够优化捕获时欲选取的参数,从而提高捕获性能。     

一种低信噪比大多普勒频移下的直扩信号捕获方法

提出了伪码相位一载波频率二维搜索伪码捕获结构在低信噪比大多普勒频移情况下捕获性能恶化的问题,给出了一种中频端简单数字处理算法的解决方案,并分析了该算法的性能。仿真表明,改进的伪码相位一载波频率二维搜索伪码捕获结构在低信噪比大多普勒频移情况下解决了捕获性能恶化的问题。     

弹道辅助的弹载接收机伪卫星信号快速捕获方案

 为实现导航式弹道修正弹在高动态环境下对导航信号的快速捕获且摆脱全球定位系统(GPS)的限制,提出了一个完整的基于伪卫星区域定位系统的弹载接收机信号快速捕获方案。首先利用期望弹道辅助获得多普勒频移初始值以缩小多普勒频移搜索范围,然后采用改进的搜索策略进一步减小多普勒频移搜索时间,最后利用三次样条插值法处理相关谱谱峰及邻近采样点的数据以提高低频采样下粗捕获(C/A)码相位的测量精度。算法分析及仿真结果表明,所提方案能有效缩短多普勒频移搜索时间,提高PN码相位测量精度。     

Cubature Kalman filter with closed-loop covariance feedback control for integrated INS/GNSS navigation

Cubature Kalman Filter (CKF) offers a promising solution to handle the data fusion of integrated nonlinear INS/GNSS (Inertial Navigation System/Global Navigation Satellite System) navigation. However, its accuracy is degraded by inaccurate kinematic noise statistics which originate from disturbances of system dynamics. This paper develops a method of closed-loop feedback covariance control to address the above problem of CKF. In this method, the posterior state and its covariance are fed back to the filtering process to constitute a closed-loop structure for CKF covariance propagation. Subsequently, based on the maximum likelihood principle, a control scheme of the prior state covariance is established by using the feedback state and covariance within an estimation window and further adopting a proportional coefficient to amplify the feedback terms in recent time steps for the full use of new information to reflect actual system characteristics. Since it does not directly use kinematic noise covariance, the proposed method can effectively avoid the adverse impact of inaccurate kinematic noise statistics on filtering solutions. Further, it can also guarantee the prior state covariance to be positive semi-definite without involving extra measures. The efficacy of the proposed method is validated by simulations and experiments for integrated INS/GNSS navigation.     

小卫星主动磁控制地球捕获姿态控制系统设计

分析了小卫星捕获阶段的客观条件要求,重力梯度杆的指向要求,捕获阶段视为大角度机动问题,采用欧拉动力学和四元数方法描述,建立小卫星捕获阶段的动力学模型。控制器采用大角度机动拟 PD控制,拟PD控制器参数采用了简化分析和经验调试设计,同时分析设计了磁力矩器的磁偶极子,最后给出某小卫星姿态捕获仿真结果,经过几个轨道周期后可以实现一定精度的对地捕获,验证了本文的设计方法的可行性。     

Ballistic missile track initiation from satellite observations

An algorithm is presented to initiate tracks of a ballistic missile in the initial exoatmospheric phase, using line of sight (LOS) measurements from one or more moving platforms (typically satellites). The major feature of this problem is the poor target motion observability which results in a very ill-conditioned estimation problem. The Gauss-Newton iterative least squares minimization algorithm for estimating the state of a nonlinear deterministic system with nonlinear noisy measurements has been previously applied to the problem of angles-only orbit determination using more than three observations. A major shortcoming of this approach is that convergence of the algorithm depends strongly on the initial guess. By using the more sophisticated Levenberg-Marquardt method in place of the simpler Gauss-Newton algorithm and by developing robust new methods for obtaining the initial guess in both single and multiple satellite scenarios, the above mentioned difficulties have been overcome. In addition, an expression for the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) on the error covariance matrix of the estimate is derived. We also incorporate additional partial information as an extra pseudomeasurement and determine a modified maximum likelihood (ML) estimate of the target state and the associated bound on the covariance matrix. In most practical situations, probabilistic models of the target altitude and/or speed at the initial point constitute the most useful additional information. Monte Carlo simulation studies on some typical scenarios were performed, and the results indicate that the estimation errors are commensurate with the theoretical lower bounds, thus illustrating that the proposed estimators are efficient     

Optimum Position Estimation Using Multiple-Frequency Omega

The maximum-likelihood estimator of the line of position (LOP) resulting from K frequencies received from each of two Omega stations for high SNR is derived. The estimator takes advantage of interfrequency correlation of phase uncertainties by modeling them as resulting from phase velocity uncertainties which are jointly Gaussian with known covariance. The utilization of Omega for search and rescue systems is examined. For this application, the result of increasing the size of the unambiguous lanes of Omega by addition of a fourth frequency to the present three-frequency format is examined. The results of Monte Carlo simulation, performed for several easily implemented fourth frequencies, are presented. The simulation results illustrate the extent to which lane errors can be expected as a function of various fourth frequencies, phase velocity uncertainties, and SNR.     

一种加速度计小型化V/F电路设计

本文提出了一种惯导系统中加速度计信息采集的V/F方案,其将加速度计输出的电流信号通过采样电阻转化成电压信号,再由高精度V/F芯片进行电压信号到频率信号的转换,然后通过FPGA计数、同步、补偿并最终输出.整个方案的实现过程简单,电路体积小,成本低,非常适用于导弹及鱼雷等捷联惯导系统应用领域.实验证明,该方法提高了加速度计...     

Passive target tracking using maximum likelihood estimation

Estimation of target trajectory from passive sonar bearings and frequency measurements in the presence of multivariate normally distributed noise, with unknown inhomogeneous general covariance, is modeled as a nonlinear multiresponse parameter estimation problem. It is shown that maximum likelihood estimation in this case is identical to optimizing a determinant criterion which has a concise form and contains no elements of unknown covariance matrix. A Gauss-Newton type algorithm using only the first-order derivatives of the model function and a new convergence criterion, is presented to implement such estimation. The simulation results demonstrate that performance of the maximum likelihood estimation method with the above noise model is superior to that with the traditional noise assumption     

Synthesis and Analysis of Tracking Systems with Optimal Acquisition

The behavior of a tracking system during its acquisition phase is studied in the case where the input signal is a frequency step. The tracking system considered is a generalization of a type-II phase-lock loop where the phase detector characteristic is a general function. In order to improve the acquisition characteristics, the natural evolution of the local oscillator is modified by a command signal chosen in order to minimize the acquisition time, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, to maximize the lock-in range and the capture range of the tracking system. The influence of the different parameters (input, damping, natural frequency, pha e characteristic,command signal) on the acquisition of the resulting systems has been précised by means of a theoretical study of the trajectories in the phase plane and by an analog simulation. A simple criterion adopted in order to characterize the acquisition of a system disturbed by noise permits the study of the influence of S/N ratio on acquisition time.     

一种基于功率谱估计的图像相位匹配方法

相位相关法作为常用的相位匹配技术在使用中会遇到相位卷绕问题,一般频域求解方法需要进行相位解绕和最小二乘或RANSAC拟合,但相位解绕过程繁琐,且最小二乘拟合法易受噪声干扰,RANSAC拟合方法时间开销大.为此,提出了一种基于平均周期图法功率谱估计的相位匹配方法,将空间域问题转化到频域内求解,并成功规避了相位解绕步骤,相位匹配精度达到了亚像素量级.与经典频域分析方法对比,方法可在规避相位解绕的同时获得精度相当的有效结果.最后对方法的分辨精度进行了仿真分析,实验结果证明能够达到亚像素级的视差分辨率,为相位匹配在频域中的研究提供了新的思路.     

Reference Loop Phase Shift in an N-Element Adaptive Array

Adaptive arrays based on the LMS algorithm require the generation of a reference signal which is usually derived from the array output. A particular problem associated with this technique is that of a phase shift in the reference signal loop. The effects of this phase shift on the performance of an N-element adaptive array are discussed. It is shown that a reference loop phase shift causes the array weights to cycle, thereby frequency translating the signals at the output. The weight-cycling frequency is related to various system parameters of an N-element array. In particular, it is observed that the cycling frequency increases as the number of antennas (N) increases.     

Signal Acquisition Techniques for Receiving Arrays of Large-Aperture Antennas

This paper considers the signal phase acquisition problem for arrays of large-aperture steerable antennas. In particular, long-range signal acquisition is considered for those cases in which the signal-to-noise ratio in each antenna-receiver channel is too low to permit signal phase-lock in each individual receiver. Techniques are discussed which promise to extend the array acquisition sensitivity toward that of an equivalent-area single-aperture antenna. Several acquisition methods are analyzed mathematically and an approximate minimum power threshold estimated for each technique. A numerical comparison between the acquisition techniques for various assumed atmospheric conditions is presented which indicates the limitations on array sensitivity imposed by both the transmission medium and the acquisition technique.     

On the Accuracy And Resolution of Radar Signals

Information matrices are derived for estimates of the range parameters of moving targets as obtained by combining a priori information (if available) with reflected radar signals observed in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. The inverse of the information matrix provides a lower bound on the covariance matrix of any unbiased parameter estimates. This bound can be approached with a high signal-to-noise ratio and optimum data processing (matched filters). Arbitrary frequency modulation, amplitude modulation, and target motion as well as various assumptions on processing the RF phase are considered. The multiple-target case makes possible investigation of a signal's resolution ability, as well as its accuracy potentials. Results for a carrier frequency much greater than the effective signal bandwidth are obtained as a special case. A main purpose of the paper is the reduction of the original radar problem to a linear model which is equivalent in the sense of having the same information matrix. These models provide valuable insight into the relative effects of multiple targets, choice of modulation, a priori information, and assumptions regarding RF phase and bandwidth. The linear equivalent model also leads to a valuable computational algorithm for investigations using digital or hybrid computers. The various special cases of interest are obtained by simple modifications of the general case, and thus the algorithm can provide a very versatile tool for evaluating and designing radar signals.     

受地效影响飞机起飞着陆运动模型的参数辨识

利用基于最小模型误差法和线性不连续跳跃多重打靶法建立的非线性辨识法，辨识了飞机起飞着陆过程的非线性动态模型。对于包含复杂非线性项的动态系统，本方法可以从实际试验测量的系统非线性数据，确定飞机处于地面效应影响运动过程的系统模型，而不需要预先详细描述系统的非线性形式。算例表明该方法对于原始近似动态系统的状态估计是足够精确的。     

Improved Phase-Locked Loop Performance with Adaptive Phase Comparators

A major problem in phase-locked loop (PLL) design is to meet the requirements of both fast signal acquisition and good synchronous mode performance. This relation is reviewed for different types of phase comparators. As a result a new phase-and-frequency comparator is proposed. This comparator is based on an up-down counter principle and can be considered as an adaptive acquisition control circuit. The analysis of a PLL with the proposed phase comparator is based on an exact calculation method for the pull-in time. It is shown that fast signal acquisition is possible without affecting the filtering properties of the loop. Experimental results are given of the acquisition behavior of a second-order type-2 loop which show a good correspondence with the theoretical analysis.     

An anti-image interference quadrature IF architecture for satellite receivers

Since Global Navigation Satellite System（GNSS） signals span a wide range of frequency, wireless signals coming from other communication systems may be aliased and appear as image interference. In quadrature intermediate frequency（IF） receivers, image aliasing due to in-phase and quadrature（I/Q） channel mismatches is always a big problem. I/Q mismatches occur because of gain and phase imbalances between quadrature mixers and capacitor mismatches in analog-to-digital converters（ADC）. As a result, the dynamic range and performance of a receiver are severely degraded. In this paper, several popular receiver architectures are summarized and the image aliasing problem is investigated in detail. Based on this analysis, a low-IF architecture is proposed for a single-chip solution and a novel and feasible anti-image algorithm is investigated. With this anti-image digital processing, the image reject ratio（IRR） can reach approximately above50 dB, which relaxes image rejection specific in front-end circuit designs and allows cheap and highly flexible analog front-end solutions. Simulation and experimental data show that the antiimage algorithm can work effectively, robustly, and steadily.     

基于PWM控制的开关磁阻电机中低速无位置传感器控制方法

无位置传感器的中低速运行控制是开关磁阻电机研究的难点问题。为实现中低速阶段对转子位置的连续估计,提出一种基于PWM控制的无位置传感器方法。该方法将开通关断角所对应的参考信号与高频三角载波进行交截,并将得到的PWM信号作为不对称半桥功率变换器的开关管驱动信号。通过对PWM信号进行频谱分析可知,该PWM注入方式等效于注入载波频率的高频正弦信号。然后,对电流信号进行滤波及坐标变换处理,解算出连续的转子位置信息。针对电感曲线正弦度不高的问题,通过移相相减的方法消除二次谐波,简化了位置估计过程。该方法无需额外注入高频正弦信号,易于工程实现,并具备高频信号注入法的精度。最后针对一台12/8结构样机,进行了相应的仿真和实验,验证了该方法的可行性。     

Improved Global Range Alignment for ISAR

An improved global range alignment is presented for inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging. The shifts of the echoes are modeled as a polynomial, and the coefficients of this polynomial are chosen to optimize a quality measure of range alignment. The shift in the time domain is carried out by introducing a phase ramp in the frequency domain in order to remove the limitation of integer steps. Because the quality measure of range alignment is calculated directly in the frequency domain, this method is computationally more efficient than the original global method.     

A strategic flight conflict avoidance approach based on a memetic algorithm

Conflict avoidance （CA） plays a crucial role in guaranteeing the airspace safety. The cur- rent approaches, mostly focusing on a short-term situation which eliminates conflicts via local adjust- ment, cannot provide a global solution. Recently, long-term conflict avoidance approaches, which are proposed to provide solutions via strategically planning traffic flow from a global view, have attracted more attentions. With consideration of the situation in China, there are thousands of flights per day and the air route network is large and complex, which makes the long-term problem to be a large-scale combinatorial optimization problem with complex constraints. To minimize the risk of premature convergence being faced by current approaches and obtain higher quality solutions, in this work, we present an effective strategic framework based on a memetic algorithm （MA）, which can markedly improve search capability via a combination of population-based global search and local improve- ments made by individuals. In addition, a specially designed local search operator and an adaptive local search frequency strategy are proposed to improve the solution quality. Furthermore, a fast genetic algorithm （GA） is presented as the global optimization method. Empirical studies using real traffic data of the Chinese air route network and daily flight plans show that our approach outper- formed the existing approaches including the GA .based approach and the cooperative coevolution based approach as well as some well-known memetic algorithm based approaches.