Gasdynamics of the solar wind interaction with the interstellar medium

A survey of the present-day situation in gasdynamical models of solar wind interaction with the local interstellar medium is presented. A role of these models in interpreting a number of observed physical phenomena is investigated. Experimental data and possible observations are considered from the viewpoint of their interpretation on the basis of theoretical models. Our attention is concentrated on the main limitations of the gasdynamical models, in particular, two-shocks model developed by Baranovet al. (1981, 1982).     

涡轮盘多轴低循环疲劳寿命可靠性分析

多轴低循环疲劳是航空发动机涡轮盘的主要失效模式,应用多轴疲劳寿命预测的等效应变模型和临界面模型对某涡轮盘中心孔的疲劳寿命进行了预测,并与试验寿命进行了对比,得出等效应变模型预测结果均偏于危险,并且误差较大,而临界面模型误差较小,尤其拉伸型破坏的SWT模型误差在10%以内。进一步选取SWT模型进行了涡轮盘的寿命可靠性分析,鉴于多轴疲劳试验复杂、费用高并缺少统计数据,利用现有单轴疲劳试验数据将疲劳性能参数表示为标准正态随机变量的函数,将SWT模型随机化建立多轴疲劳寿命概率模型,得到可靠度0.998 7的涡轮盘寿命,与试验估计给出的技术寿命较为接近。     

近似函数用于疲劳寿命曲线的数学建模

 将近似函数引进到带缺口试验件的疲劳寿命数学建模中,利用“疲劳转折点”概念,提出“分段建模”概念,给出基于经验变换和基于近似函数的两种数学模型,并与传统的“三参数”模型对比。结果表明 :两种模型的精度高,适用范围广,其中,基于近似函数的数学模型还具有很强的适应性,在工程上具有一定的应用前景。     

燃烧室中湍流涡旋流动的数值模拟

ＡＳＭ也进行了研究。研究的流场包括有约束的和自由的强涡旋流动。研究结果表明,二阶矩封闭模式在计算强涡旋湍流流动中很有效,代数模式则不能令人满意。计算结果可供燃烧室设计参考。     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF TURBULENT SWIRLING FLOW IN COMBUSTOR

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Best practices for model-based and simulation-aided engineering of power transmission and motion control systems

This paper deals with the modelling and simulation of aircraft systems, in particular for power transmission and control. It is intended to review, propose and disseminate best practices for making model-based/simulation-aided engineering more efficient at any phase of the system life cycle. The proposals are aimed at creating value, not only by increasing the performance of the product under study but also by shortening the time to market, capitalizing knowledge, mitigating risks and facilitating concurrent engineering. The needs associated with the engineering activities are firstly identified to define a set of requirements for the models. Then, these requirements are used to drive the considerations leading to model development, focusing in particular on the process, modelled physical effects, modelling level, model architecting and concurrent engineering. The third part deals with the model implementation, giving special consideration to the different types of models, causalities, parameterization, implementation and verification. Each part is illustrated by examples related to safety critical actuators.     

Functional models for space power electronic circuits

Presented here is a new approach to model power electronic components so that system level issues of large space power systems can be studied. To demonstrate this approach, the models for two major power electronic components in the space station power system are described. The new models are useful not only in system level studies but also in the design/analysis of particular components     

两种涡扇发动机部件特性自适应模型对比

发展了航空发动机自适应模型．并对以两种优化算法为基础的自适应模型进行了对比分析。两种模型以通用特性为基础运用优化方法,以发动机主要性能参数和过程参数偏差函数最小为优化目标,以部件特性耦合因子为被优参数,可以预测出不同飞行条件下的发动机风扇、压气机、燃烧室、高压涡轮、低压涡轮等部件特性。运用单纯形和遗传算法为基础的自适应模型对某型涡扇发动机性能的计算结果表明：相对于单纯形算法模型．遗传算法模型对发动机主要性能参数和过程参数的计算偏差降低了20％～30％;对发动机各截面总温、总压计算偏差降低了15％～20％;遗传算法模型相对于单纯形模型具有更为宽广的自适应模拟范围。对某型已知部件特性的涡扇发动机模拟结果显示．遗传算法模型部件特性模拟结果与已知部件特性差别甚微。     

Resolving information on algol systems

Our awareness of the facts on Algol systems, arising from both statistical evidence and examination of particular examples, is presented. The statistical information derives from the author's recent catalogue of Algol-type candidate stars. The particular cases of R Ara and W Cru are considered. The presence of undiscerned background factors in these systems exemplify persistent threats to the confidence we place on parameter sets characterising any models we may form of such objects.     

Forbush decreases in the cosmic radiation

The experimental observations of Forbush decreases in recent years are reviewed and related to different theoretical models which have been proposed. The observational data from both ground-based and spacecraft experiments were selected to illustrate the important characteristics of Forbush decreases. The form of the rigidity dependence of the cosmic-ray modulation during the decreases and effects of the geomagnetic field upon the magnitude of the decreases are discussed. Recent results to deduce the cosmic-ray flow patterns from the observed anisotropies during the decreases are presented. Other features such as differences in onset times, recovery times, precursory increases are discussed. In considering the theoretical models particular emphasis is placed upon the agreement of the predictions of the model with the experimental observations. A theoretical model is suggested which is not original but represents a synthesis of several models previously proposed. Future important measurements and analyses necessary to an understanding of Forbush decreases are outlined.     

航空发动机中的干摩擦阻尼器及其设计技术研究进展

总结了航空发动机中的典型干摩擦阻尼器的结构形式及其工作原理,并给出了干摩擦模型以及接触运动模型的简化方法以及不同简化模型的优缺点和适用范围.分析了干摩擦阻尼系统响应分析的各种方法的特点,重点论述了近年来发展较为迅速的基于时频转换算法的高阶谐波平衡法的基本思想,并介绍了在进行时频转换分析过程中的弧长延拓法等关键技术.最后,论述了航空发动机中干摩擦阻尼器的设计和发展所面临的困难和未来的发展方向.      

The Omnibus model: a new model of data fusion?

Over the last two decades there have been several process models proposed (and used) for data and information fusion. A common theme of these models is the existence of multiple levels of processing within the data fusion process. In the 1980's three models were adopted: the intelligence cycle; the JDL model; and the Boyd control. The 1990's saw the introduction of the Dasarathy model and the Waterfall model. However, each of these models has particular advantages and disadvantages. A new model for data and information fusion is proposed. This is the Omnibus model, which draws together each of the previous models and their associated advantages whilst managing to overcome some of the disadvantages. Where possible, the terminology used within the Omnibus model is aimed at a general user of data fusion technology to allow use by a distributed audience     

Radio emission from coronal streamers

Different models of coronal streamers are used to calculate the radio brightness temperature at the wavelengths of observation of the Nançays Radioheliograph. Calculation are performed assuming the location of the streamer both on the disk and at the limb. Their comparison with observations show that a satisfactory agreement with a particular model can be found in the shape and in the relative enhacement of the streamer with respect to the quiet Sun, although the absolute values of the computed brightness temperatures are much higher than the observed ones.     

Modeling of Venus, Mars, and Titan

Increased computer capacity has made it possible to model the global plasma and neutral dynamics near Venus, Mars and Saturn??s moon Titan. The plasma interactions at Venus, Mars, and Titan are similar because each possess a substantial atmosphere but lacks a global internally generated magnetic field. In this article three self-consistent plasma models are described: the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model, the hybrid model and the fully kinetic plasma model. Chamberlain and Monte Carlo models of the Martian exosphere are also described. In particular, we describe the pros and cons of each model approach. Results from simulations are presented to demonstrate the ability of the models to capture the known plasma and neutral dynamics near the three objects.     

The modulation of cosmic rays in the high latitude heliosphere: A computer simulation

Modulation models based on the numerical solution of Parker's transport equation for galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere make clear predictions about modulation in the high latitude heliosphere. However, for these predictions certain assumptions have to be made, for example, what the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) looks like above the solar poles and what the spatial dependence of the diffusion coefficients are. For this presentation the general predictions of a standard drift model for the modulation of cosmic rays in the high latitude heliosphere, in particular predictions for the Ulysses trajectory, are discussed and critically reviewed. Preliminary results from Ulysses show a significant increase in the solar wind speed towards higher latitudes. The effects of this strong latitudinal dependence together with different modifications of the HMF at these high latitudes on the apparently too large diffusion and drifts predicted by current models are also shown.     

飞行系统中人的可靠性评估

人的可靠性是个非常活跃的研究领域。本文从航空事件的历史数据出发,论证了飞行系统中人员失误率评估的重要性和迫切性。综述了近年来国内外人的可靠性分析的方法和模型,它们是HCR,CSE,NRC,TESEO,SLIM和灰色模型;评述了各种模型的适用条件及优劣,特别是文中提出的灰色模型将是人员失误率评估中最为有效的方法。同时也为飞行系统的系统配置、座舱资源管理等提出了新的设计考虑因素。     

颗粒阻尼对直升机旋翼桨叶减振效果的试验

 为探索直升机减振技术的新方法,研究颗粒阻尼技术在直升机旋翼桨叶减振中的应用,设计了直升机旋翼桨叶模型及其相应的颗粒阻尼器形式,利用试验方法研究了颗粒阻尼对非旋转及旋转桨叶模型的阻尼减振效果。试验结果表明：颗粒阻尼可以有效提高非旋转桨叶模型的前3阶阻尼水平,尤其可使桨叶第3阶模态阻尼比提高一个数量级甚至更多;在较低的转速范围内,颗粒阻尼还可以克服离心力作用,使旋转桨叶模型的挥舞和摆振加速度响应水平均得到有效削减,充分表明了颗粒阻尼作为一种振动控制手段应用于直升机旋翼桨叶的可行性。     

Wave induced energetic particle generation and space plasma modeling

An increasing number of high-resolution spacecraft observations provide access to details of energetic electron and ion velocity-space distribution structures. Since resonant wave-particle interaction processes depend considerably on the distribution function details, space plasma modeling is of particular interest for studies of a variety of plasma environments as planetary magnetospheres, the interplanetary medium or solar flares. After summarizing the most popular particle acceleration processes we focus on wave-powered energization mechanisms induced by Landau interaction and demonstrate from a time-evolutionary scenario that power-law distributions, highly favored by observations in recent years, are generated resonantly by an Alfvén wave spectrum and possibly saturate. This process is further stimulated in non-uniform magnetic field configurations where multiple wave packets at different phase velocities provide the energy source for a continuous acceleration process. Moreover, in this conjunction we demonstrate that in particular κ-distributions are a consequence of a generalized entropy concept, favored by nonextensive statistics, which provides the missing link for power-law plasma models from fundamental physics. With regard to in situ space observations examples are provided illuminating that for non-thermal plasma characteristics the particular structure of the velocity-space distribution dominates as regulating mechanism for the wave-particle interaction process over effects related to changes in space plasma parameters. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Theoretical modelling of Algol disks

A brief review of various theoretical approaches to model accretion disks is presented. Emphasis is given to models that determine self-consistently the structure of a disk together with the radiation field. It is argued that a proper treatment of the vertical structure is essential for calculating theoretical spectra to be compared with observations. In particular, it is shown that hot layers above an accretion disk (sometimes called disk “chromospheres” or “coronae”), whose presence is indicated by recent UV observations of strong emission lines of highly ionized species, may be explained using simple energy balance arguments.