基于433 Eros的多面体引力模型精度与运行时间研究

基于Planetary Data System(PDS)公布的433 Eros多面体模型,使用多面体模型法计算了433 Eros的表面引力加速度分布情况,并研究了该方法在不同精度的多面体模型下的计算时间和误差。实验结果表明:1)多面体模型法的时间复杂度为O(n);2)在以433 Eros为目标天体的着陆导航与制导控制相关仿真计算中,使用面数为22 540的多面体模型进行引力加速度计算,可以同时满足计算速度和精度的要求,并且由于计算速度接近实时,可用于半物理仿真实验中。     

Electrostatic gravity gradiometer design for the future mission

Satellite gravity gradiometry has been applied in GOCE mission to obtain higher harmonics of the Earth’s gravity mapping. In-orbit results showed that the precision of GOCE gradiometry achieved a level of 10–20 mE/Hz^1/2 in the bandwidth of 38–100 mHz, and the major error source came from the intrinsic noise of the core sensor electrostatic accelerometer. Two schemes for improving sensitivity of such accelerometer are presented by optimizing the parameters to reduce the dynamic range and choosing the heavier proof mass to suppress the thermal noise limited by the discharging gold wire. As a result, an accelerometer with a better resolution of 6.6×$6.6\times$10⁻¹³ m/s²/Hz^1/2 could be developed, and then a precision of 3 mE/Hz^1/2, corresponding to a spatial resolution of about 78 km half wavelength, is achievable for the future satellite gradiometric mission.     

Case study of inclined sporadic E layers in the Earth’s ionosphere observed by CHAMP/GPS radio occultations: Coupling between the tilted plasma layers and internal waves

We have used the radio occultation (RO) satellite data CHAMP/GPS (Challenging Minisatellite Payload/Global Positioning System) for studying the ionosphere of the Earth. A method for deriving the parameters of ionospheric structures is based upon an analysis of the RO signal variations in the phase path and intensity. This method allows one to estimate the spatial displacement of a plasma layer with respect to the ray perigee, and to determine the layer inclination and height correction values. In this paper, we focus on the case study of inclined sporadic E (E_s) layers in the high-latitude ionosphere based on available CHAMP RO data. Assuming that the internal gravity waves (IGWs) with the phase-fronts parallel to the ionization layer surfaces are responsible for the tilt angles of sporadic plasma layers, we have developed a new technique for determining the parameters of IGWs linked with the inclined E_s structures. A small-scale internal wave may be modulating initially horizontal E_s layer in height and causing a direction of the plasma density gradient to be rotated and aligned with that of the wave propagation vector k. The results of determination of the intrinsic wave frequency and period, vertical and horizontal wavelengths, intrinsic vertical and horizontal phase speeds, and other characteristics of IGWs under study are presented and discussed.     

基于加速度反馈的两杆柔性机械臂振动控制与实验研究

针对柔性机械臂在定位运动或外部扰动产生的持续振动,影响定位精度和操作性能的问题.以两杆柔性机械臂实验平台为基础,采用安装在两柔性臂末端的加速度计作为振动信号传感器,以伺服电机作为振动控制驱动器,对柔性臂转动过程中由于电机力矩驱动产生的弹性振动,采用比例控制和非线性控制算法进行振动主动控制,实验结果表明,基于加速度反馈的抑制两杆柔性机械臂振动的稳定性、有效性和实用性.     

Modeling gravity effects on water retention and gas transport characteristics in plant growth substrates

Growing plants to facilitate life in outer space, for example on the International Space Station (ISS) or at planned deep-space human outposts on the Moon or Mars, has received much attention with regard to NASA’s advanced life support system research. With the objective of in situ resource utilization to conserve energy and to limit transport costs, native materials mined on Moon or Mars are of primary interest for plant growth media in a future outpost, while terrestrial porous substrates with optimal growth media characteristics will be useful for onboard plant growth during space missions. Due to limited experimental opportunities and prohibitive costs, liquid and gas behavior in porous substrates under reduced gravity conditions has been less studied and hence remains poorly understood. Based on ground-based measurements, this study examined water retention, oxygen diffusivity and air permeability characteristics of six plant growth substrates for potential applications in space, including two terrestrial analogs for lunar and Martian soils and four particulate substrates widely used in reduced gravity experiments. To simulate reduced gravity water characteristics, the predictions for ground-based measurements (1 − g) were scaled to two reduced gravity conditions, Martian gravity (0.38 − g) and lunar gravity (0.16 − g), following the observations in previous reduced gravity studies. We described the observed gas diffusivity with a recently developed model combined with a new approach that estimates the gas percolation threshold based on the pore size distribution. The model successfully captured measured data for all investigated media and demonstrated the implications of the poorly-understood shift in gas percolation threshold with improved gas percolation in reduced gravity. Finally, using a substrate-structure parameter related to the gaseous phase, we adequately described the air permeability under reduced gravity conditions.     

空间辐射场蒙特卡罗模拟计算方法研究

对利用蒙特卡罗方法对由银河宇宙射线引起的空间辐射场各成分进行计算的方法进行了调研,对计算模型的建立以及计算过程中通常使用的方差减小技术进行分析,给出了美国的Roesler等人利用FLUKA程序以及加拿大Anid等人利用MCNPX程序计算得到的由银河宇宙射线引起的空间辐射场各量值及其与实验结果的比较,验证了计算方法与计算模型的可靠性。对任意航线空间辐射场剂量分布预评估方法进行分析,给出了由银河宇宙射线引起的空间辐射场的基本特征。     

Second post-Newtonian approximation of scalar-tensor theory of gravity

Deep space laser ranging missions like ASTROD I (Single-Spacecraft Astrodynamical Space Test of Relativity using Optical Devices) and ASTROD, together with astrometry missions like GAIA and LATOR will be able to test relativistic gravity to an unprecedented level of accuracy. More precisely, these missions will enable us to test relativistic gravity to 10^-7–10^-9${10}^{-7}''–''{10}^{-9}$ of the size of relativistic (post-Newtonian) effects, and will require second post-Newtonian approximation of relevant theories of gravity. The first post-Newtonian approximation is valid to 10^-6${10}^{-6}$ and the second post-Newtonian approximation is valid to 10^-12${10}^{-12}$ in terms of post-Newtonian effects in the solar system. The scalar-tensor theory is widely discussed and used in tests of relativistic gravity, especially after the interests in inflation models and in dark energy models. In the Lagrangian, intermediate-range gravity term has a similar form as cosmological term. Here we present the full second post-Newtonian approximation of the scalar-tensor theory including viable examples of intermediate-range gravity. We use Chandrasekhar’s approach to derive the metric coefficients and the equation of the hydrodynamics governing a perfect fluid in the second post-Newtonian approximation in scalar-tensor theory; all terms inclusive of O(c^-4)$\mathrm{O}(c^{-4})$ are retained consistently in the equations of motion.     

Evaluation of using two-phase frictional pressure drop correlations for normal gravity to microgravity and reduced gravity

The calculation of two-phase frictional pressure drop (TPFPD) is required by two-phase systems operating under microgravity and reduced gravity. There are a large number of correlations for the TPFPD in tubes under normal gravity. However, it is hard to find out a TPFPD correlation obtained from microgravity and/or reduced gravity conditions, and thus people have to use TPFPD correlations for normal gravity to calculate TPFPD under microgravity and reduced gravity. It is necessary to evaluate the feasibility of such practice. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the TPFPD correlations for normal gravity and an up-to-data survey of the TPFPD experimental study under microgravity and reduced gravity. There are 23 TPFPD correlations for normal gravity reviewed and 135 experimental data under microgravity obtained from the literature. These experimental data are used to evaluate the reviewed TPFPD correlations. It is found that the smallest mean absolute relative deviation (MARD) of the correlations is greater than 34%. Using TPFPD correlations for normal gravity to reduced gravity and microgravity may be acceptable for the first approximation, but correlations intended for microgravity and reduced gravity are needed and more experiments are desired to obtain more data with high accuracy.     

Search for gamma-quanta with energy 10 eV in the primary cosmic radiation

The extensive air showers (EAS) experimental data, registrated with the help of the Tien Shan array during the effective running time of 17461 hours, have been analyzed. On the basis of EAS, poor in muons with energy E_μ > 5 GeV and in high energy hadrons, the primary flux of the gamma-quanta was estimated.     

Formation mechanism of great positive TEC disturbances prior to Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008

The problems of physical explanation and possible mechanisms of the seismo-ionospheric effects formation are under discussion now. There are proposed different mechanisms of such effects, for example, large- and small-scale internal gravity waves (IGWs), atmospheric electric field, electromagnetic fields and emissions. However, the appearance of local large-scale seismo-ionospheric anomalies in Total Electron Content (TEC) is possible to explain only by two mechanisms: an atmospheric electric field and/or small-scale IGWs. In this paper, the simulation results for reproduction of the observed seismo-ionospheric great positive effects in TEC prior to strong Wenchuan earthquake are presented. The obtained results confirm the proposed mechanism of seismo-ionospheric effects formation by the penetration of the seismogenic electric field from the atmosphere into the ionosphere. It is suggested that so great TEC enhancement observed 3 days prior to Wenchuan earthquake could be explained by combined action of seismogenic vertical electric field and IGWs generated by the solar terminator.     

Physical and model interpretation of HF radio propagation on the St. Petersburg–Longyearbyen (Svalbard) path

HF radio wave observations have been carried out with an oblique ionospheric sounding (OIS) method on the radio path from St. Petersburg to Longyearbyen (Svalbard), and experimental ionograms were obtained for December 2001. These ionograms have been analysed to investigate the impact of the main ionospheric trough (MIT) and magnetic disturbances on the signals on this path. The observations during weakly disturbed (K_р = 2) magnetic conditions on 14–15 December 2001 were compared with predictions from ray-tracing through a numerical model of the ionosphere. The ray-tracing computer program synthesizes the OIS ionograms by means of the “shooting method”. This method calculates trajectories of HF radio waves for different values of elevation angle and transmission frequency. There was a variety of calculated trajectories, from which we choose those which reach the receiver, and the selected paths provide a synthesis of the oblique ionograms. To simulate HF radio wave propagation, we apply a three-dimensional distribution of the electron density calculated with the mathematical model of the high-latitude ionosphere developed in the Polar Geophysical Institute (PGI). These numerical simulations permit us to interpret specific peculiarities of the OIS data such as abnormal propagation modes, increased delays of signals, enhanced MOF (maximum observed frequency) values etc. New results of the study are summarised as follows. (1) An unusual feature of the propagation along the path is the change of propagation mechanism during substorms on entering a path midpoint (or 1-hop reflection point) to the MIT. (2) Even weak substorms, having the distinguished intensities, lead to the appearance of different types of irregularities observed by the CUTLASS radar and therefore to the different propagation modes and F2MOF values. (3) The PGI model of the ionosphere was first used for ray-tracing at high latitudes. The model results are basically in a good qualitative agreement with experimental observations. This model provides the satisfactory agreement between the calculated and experimental F2MOF values while not correctly representing the fine structure of the experimental OIS ionograms at night. An agreement between the calculated and experimental data is better for day and evening hours than at night.     

Simulation-based evaluation of a cold atom interferometry gradiometer concept for gravity field recovery

The prospects of future satellite gravimetry missions to sustain a continuous and improved observation of the gravitational field have stimulated studies of new concepts of space inertial sensors with potentially improved precision and stability. This is in particular the case for cold-atom interferometry (CAI) gradiometry which is the object of this paper. The performance of a specific CAI gradiometer design is studied here in terms of quality of the recovered gravity field through a closed-loop numerical simulation of the measurement and processing workflow. First we show that mapping the time-variable field on a monthly basis would require a noise level below $5\text{mE}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$. The mission scenarios are therefore focused on the static field, like GOCE. Second, the stringent requirement on the angular velocity of a one-arm gradiometer, which must not exceed ${10}^{-6}$?rad/s, leads to two possible modes of operation of the CAI gradiometer: the nadir and the quasi-inertial mode. In the nadir mode, which corresponds to the usual Earth-pointing satellite attitude, only the gradient $V_{\mathit{yy}}$, along the cross-track direction, is measured. In the quasi-inertial mode, the satellite attitude is approximately constant in the inertial reference frame and the 3 diagonal gradients $V_{\mathit{xx}}\text{,}{V}_{\mathit{yy}}$ and $V_{\mathit{zz}}$ are measured. Both modes are successively simulated for a 239?km altitude orbit and the error on the recovered gravity models eventually compared to GOCE solutions. We conclude that for the specific CAI gradiometer design assumed in this paper, only the quasi-inertial mode scenario would be able to significantly outperform GOCE results at the cost of technically challenging requirements on the orbit and attitude control.     

QCD-scale modified-gravity universe

A possible gluon-condensate-induced modified-gravity model with f(R) ∝ ∣R∣^1/2 has been suggested previously. Here, a simplified version is presented using the constant flat-spacetime equilibrium value of the QCD gluon condensate and a single pressureless matter component (cold dark matter, CDM). The resulting dynamical equations of a spatially-flat and homogeneous Robertson-Walker universe are solved numerically. This simple empirical model allows, in fact, for a careful treatment of the boundary conditions and does not require a further scaling analysis as the original model did. Reliable predictions are obtained for several observable quantities of the homogeneous model universe. In addition, the estimator E_G, proposed by Zhang et al. to search for deviations from standard Einstein gravity, is calculated for linear sub-horizon matter-density perturbations. The QCD-scale modified-gravity prediction for E_G(z) differs from that of the ΛCDM model by about ±10% depending on the redshift z.     

On the possibility to check the magnetosphere’s model by CR: The strong geomagnetic storm in November 2003

We report on a study of cosmic ray cutoff rigidity variations during the strong geomagnetic storm of 18–24 November 2003. We employed the most recent Tsyganenko magnetospheric model to represent the very strong disturbed Magnetosphere. We used this magnetic field for the cosmic ray trajectory calculations to determine the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity throughout this period of severe geomagnetic disturbance. We determine the cutoff rigidity changes during this period by two methods, by trajectory calculations and by the spectrographic global survey method. The values of the change of cutoff rigidities obtained by two different methods are correlated with the D_st and interplanetary magnetic field and plasma parameters and result in correlation coefficients in the range 0.63–0.84 for the various cosmic ray stations. The result of this study indicates that the most significant contributions to the cutoff rigidity changes are due to D_st variation although the influence of solar wind density and B_z and B_y components of IMF variations is significant.     

Spectral characteristics of electron fluxes at L < 2 under the Radiation Belts

The paper presents the analysis of experimental data on electron fluxes with energies 10 keV–10 MeV. Data were obtained during 1978–2005 years in different space experiments (COSMOS-900, MIR Space Station, ACTIVE, SAMPEX, CORONAS-I, CORONAS-F, NOAA POES-17, TATYANA and others). Two areas of electron flux enhancements are studied in the paper: the near-equatorial (L < 1.2) zone and the middle-latitude (1.2 < L < 1.9) zone. It is shown that electron flux enhancements are regularly registered at L < 2 and the observed formations have some typical features. Electron peaks at L < 1.2 appear sporadically while peaks at 1.2 < L < 1.9 are observed regularly. The approximations of spectra by several functions including kappa-function are presented.     

Asymmetric precipitation in a coronal loop as explanation of a singular observed spectrum

Almost 10 years of solar submillimeter observations have shown new aspects of solar activity, such as the presence of rapid solar spikes associated with the launch of coronal mass ejections and an increasing submillimeter spectral component in flares. We analyse the singular microwave–submillimeter spectrum of an M class solar flare on 20 December, 2002. Flux density observations measured by Sun patrol telescopes and the Solar Submillimeter Telescope are used to build the radio spectrum, which is fitted using Ramaty’s code. At submillimeter frequencies the spectrum shows a component different from the microwave classical burst. The fitting is achieved proposing two homogeneous sources of emission. This theoretical fitting is in agreement with differential precipitation through a magnetically asymmetric loop or set of loops. From a coronal magnetic field model we infer an asymmetric magnetic structure at the flare location. The model proposed to quantify the differential precipitation rates due to the asymmetry results in a total precipitation ratio Q₂/Q₁≈10⁴–10⁵, where Q₁(Q₂) represents the total precipitation in the loop foot with the high (low) magnetic field intensity. This ratio agrees with the electron total number ratio of the two sources proposed to fit the radio spectrum.     

Magnetic levitation of large water droplets and mice

We report successful levitation of large water droplets and mice using a newly built variable gravity simulator. The simulator consists mainly of a superconducting magnet with a room temperature accessible experimental levitating space. The superconducting magnet generates a field and field gradient product that is large enough to levitate water and many other common liquids. The warm bore of the magnet has a diameter of 66 mm, large enough to levitate small mammals. We demonstrate that water drops up to 50 mm in diameter and young mice can be levitated in the system. The capability of levitating large water drops and biological systems offers new opportunities for conducting detailed and in-depth study of properties of fluids and biological systems in reduced gravity environments.     

地面模拟静止微重力环境中导线先期着火特性研究

针对在微重力环境中运行的载人航天飞行器上的电缆和导线在工作时由于电流过载导致温度升高而引起着火的情况,提出了"功能模拟"实验原理,并且利用地面实验设备对微重力环境下导线的着火前期特性进行了功能模拟实验研究.通过实验,得到了在微重力情况下由于浮升力的减小使自然对流减弱导致电流过载时导线的热平衡温度高于地面正常重力情况,从而证明了这正是引起航天飞行器着火的潜在点火源.      

Experimental and mathematical model of the interactions in the mixed culture of links in the “producer–consumer” cycle

The paper presents a experimental and mathematical model of interactions between invertebrates (the ciliates Paramecium caudatum and the rotifers Brachionus plicatilis) in the “producer–consumer” aquatic biotic cycle with spatially separated components. The model describes the dynamics of the mixed culture of ciliates and rotifers in the “consumer” component, feeding on the mixed algal culture of the “producer” component. It has been found that metabolites of the algae Scenedesmus produce an adverse effect on the reproduction of the ciliates P. caudatum. Taking into account this effect, the results of investigation of the mathematical model were in qualitative agreement with the experimental results. In the “producer–consumer” biotic cycle it was shown that coexistence is impossible in the mixed culture of invertebrates of the “consumer” component. The ciliates P. caudatum are driven out by the rotifers B. plicatilis.