Magnetic Field Topology and Criticality in Geotail Dynamics: Relevance to Substorm Phenomena

Recent observations and analyses seem to suggest that certain dynamical features of the Earth's magnetosphere could resemble the evolution of a complex system near a forced and/or self-organized criticality (FSOC). Here, we review concepts dealing with the phenomenology of criticality and disorder systems in connection with magnetospheric processes. In more detail, we discuss the importance of intermittency, turbulence and local topological disorder in the geomagnetic tail regions, that form a new paradigm for the understanding of the magnetotail dynamics.     

Introduction to Solar Magnetism: The Early Years

The year 2008 marked the one hundredth anniversary of the observational discovery by George Ellery Hale of magnetic field in sunspots (Hale in Astrophys. J. 28:315–343, 1908). This observation, the first to suggest a direct link between the best-known variable features on the Sun and magnetism, started a line of research that has widened considerably over the last 100 years and is continuing today. Knowledge about all aspects of the Sun has increased in a remarkable way over the past few decades. Variations in the appearance of the Sun and its corona, as well as deeper sources of quasi-regular and chaotic changes that make up solar variability have been extensively documented by both ground-based and space-based solar observatories. It has been recognized that solar magnetism is the key phenomenon that drives solar variability. The workshop devoted to the origin and dynamics of solar magnetism held in the International Space Science Institute in Bern, Switzerland, from 21 to 25 January 2008 reviewed the status of the field and has led to this volume that brings together the best available knowledge and understanding of solar magnetism 100 years after Hale’s pioneering paper. This introductory paper gives an outline of the history of research into solar variability up to the work of Hale and his colleagues. The achievements of the past decades are discussed extensively in the other contributions to this volume.     

Correction to: Mission to Planet Earth: The First Two Billion Years

Space Science Reviews - The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission makes measurements in near-Earth space that provide knowledge of the state of the ionosphere. From the vantage of...     

航改燃气轮机燃烧室故障模式、影响及危害性分析

为提高航改燃机燃烧室可靠性及使用安全性,在设计阶段对某型中等功率航改燃气轮机燃烧室进行故障模式、影响及危害性分析（FMECA）。根据燃烧室结构组成,建立硬件层次及可靠性逻辑框图。针对燃烧室机匣、火焰筒、燃油总管、燃油喷嘴、导流罩等零部件进行故障模式分析,指出可能发生故障的原因及其影响,并有针对性地提出改进措施。根据各零部件发生故障的概率及严重程度建立危害性矩阵,找出系统的薄弱环节,得到FMECA表。结果表明：火焰筒壁面掉块及燃油总管焊缝开裂是影响燃烧室性能及使用安全性的主要因素,应采取相应措施降低其发生概率及严重程度,同时指出对于发生概率及严重程度较低的故障可以适当降低其设计成本。运用FMECA表客观地找出系统薄弱环节,为后续燃烧室维护及测试提供参考。     

复杂任务场景无人机集群自组织侦察建模与仿真

基于agent的作战建模与仿真是无人机集群侦察效能评估的重要方法,但以往方法中agent行为机制 和模型结构难以描述复杂任务场景下的自组织侦察行为。以反海盗侦察任务为例,提出一种面向集群自组织 侦察的作战建模与仿真方法。设计多agent分层复合行为机制和可组合模块化agent模型结构,通过简单行为 的组合描述复杂行为;通过信息素图模块与航路管理模块的交互,实现自组织航路规划与飞行控制;并通过仿 真算例,来验证方法的可行性,对比分析不同航路规划方法的侦察效能。结果表明:自组织航路规划对中断航 路侦察的动态事件的适应性更强;对于大区域、长时间、低目标密度的区域覆盖侦察任务,仅通过改进航路规划 方法来降低访问间隔难以显著提高目标发现概率。     

舰载直升机起飞着舰事故模式影响及危害性分析

文章应用故障模式影响及危害性分析方法研究了影响舰载直升机起飞着舰安全性的各种因素,建立直升机安全影响因素的鱼刺模型,确定直升机在起飞着舰过程中遇到的典型事故模式,在建立安全等级分析准则的基础上对各事故模式实施事故模式影响及危害度分析。建立的舰载直升机起降FMECA工作表,有助于指导直升机研制和使用部门采取合理的事故预防措施来降低直升机舰上起降的风险,最大限度地减少人员装备损失。     

Injection and Acceleration Processes in Corotating Interaction Regions: Theoretical Concepts

A brief overview on particle injection and acceleration in corotating interaction regions is presented. After introducing the diffusion-convection transport equation for energetic particles we discuss diffusive acceleration at the corotating shocks, stochastic acceleration within the interaction region, and the injection and acceleration of pickup ions at the corotating shocks. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

内部审计理念及其营销

现代内部审计理念在丰富和完善过程中,形成了诸如独立、服务、增值、风险、审计技能多元化以及人际关系等诸多现代管理理念。长期以来,人们对内部审计工作在公司治理、控制和风险管理过程中的作用不能充分认识。因此,内部审计人员需要借助营销学的内容,针对不同群体(董事会和审计委员会、管理层、分(子)公司、被审计单位以及组织整体)采取不同的营销策略,使组织内部各级管理部门和相关人员接受现代内部审计理念,扩大内部审计的影响。