多级压气机中可控扩散叶型研究的进展与展望 第二部分 可控扩散叶型的实验与数值模拟

目前 ,大量的可控扩散叶型 (CDA)已设计应用于多级轴流压气机中。通过亚音、跨音叶栅实验 ,证明了在可比的气动设计条件下 ,CDA叶栅可以达到更高的临界马赫数、更大的冲角范围和更高的负荷。通过单级或多级测试 ,CDA提供了更高的效率、更高的负荷、且易于进行级间匹配 ,并最终减少研发费用 ,提高喘振裕度 ;由于 CDA叶型具有增厚的前缘和尾缘 ,这为压气机寿命的提高提供了保证     

Diffusion rocesses

Space Science Reviews -     

带扩压叶片的蜗壳流场计算与分析

利用CFD技术,分析了某氧化剂泵蜗壳的截面形状、截面面积变化规律,以及扩压叶片和隔舌相对位置对水力损失的影响。流场计算结果表明,选取合适的截面面积变化规律可以使水力损失显著减小,提高水力性能;扩压叶片与隔舌相对位置对扩散段流场的分布有影响,适当调整可以减小水力损失。     

Reconnection Diffusion in Turbulent Fluids and Its Implications for Star Formation

Astrophysical fluids are turbulent a fact which changes the dynamics of many key processes, including magnetic reconnection. Fast reconnection of magnetic field in turbulent fluids allows the field to change its topology and connections. As a result, the traditional concept of magnetic fields being frozen into the plasma is no longer applicable. Plasma associated with a given magnetic field line at one instant is distributed along a different set of magnetic field lines at the next instant. This diffusion of plasmas and magnetic field is enabled by reconnection and therefore is termed “reconnection diffusion”. The astrophysical implications of this concept include heat transfer in plasmas, advection of heavy elements in interstellar medium, magnetic field generation etc. However, the most dramatic implications of the concept are related to the star formation process. The reason is that magnetic fields are dynamically important for most of the stages of star formation. The existing theory of star formation has been developed ignoring the possibility of reconnection diffusion. Instead, it appeals to the decoupling of mass and magnetic field arising from neutrals drifting in respect to ions entrained on magnetic field lines, i.e. through the process that is termed “ambipolar diffusion”. The predictions of ambipolar diffusion and reconnection diffusion are very different. For instance, if the ionization of media is high, ambipolar diffusion predicts that the coupling of mass and magnetic field is nearly perfect. At the same time, reconnection diffusion is independent of the ionization but depends on the scale of the turbulent eddies and on the turbulent velocities. In the paper we explain the physics of reconnection diffusion both from macroscopic and microscopic points of view, i.e. appealing to the reconnection of flux tubes and to the diffusion of magnetic field lines. We make use of the Lazarian and Vishniac (Astrophys. J. 517:700, 1999) theory of magnetic reconnection and show that this theory is applicable to the partially ionized gas. We quantify the reconnection diffusion rate both for weak and strong MHD turbulence and address the problem of reconnection diffusion acting together with ambipolar diffusion. In addition, we provide a criterion for correctly representing the magnetic diffusivity in simulations of star formation. We discuss the intimate relation between the processes of reconnection diffusion, field wandering and turbulent mixing of a magnetized media and show that the role of the plasma effects is limited to “breaking up lines” on small scales and does not affect the rate of reconnection diffusion. We address the existing observational results and demonstrate how reconnection diffusion can explain the puzzles presented by observations, in particular, the observed higher magnetization of cloud cores in comparison with the magnetization of envelopes. We also outline a possible set of observational tests of the reconnection diffusion concept and discuss how the application of the new concept changes our understanding of star formation and its numerical modeling. Finally, we outline the differences of the process of reconnection diffusion and the process of accumulation of matter along magnetic field lines that is frequently invoked to explain the results of numerical simulations.     

UPML吸收边界及其内部区域的统一建模方法

利用C＋＋语言的多态性实现了在FDTD计算中单轴各向异性完全匹配层（UPML）吸收边界与吸收边界内部计算区域的统一建模。首先构造基类一Yee元胞类及其继承类来分别封装UPML内部介质和UPML的电磁特性；然后分别创建基于以上两个类的对象数组来给UPML及其内部计算区域开辟计算空间;再构造基类类型的指针数组，并用以上数组的地址赋值；最后，所有的计算在指针数组空间完成。该方法避免了UPML与其内部计算区域间的数据传递，简化了编程。数值实验验证了UPML的吸收效果，证明了方法的有效性。     

转子及滑靴组件的扩散焊工艺研究

设计了压紧力装置，在普通空气炉中实现了转子及滑靴组件扩散焊连接；分别针对圆周面对接和端面对接两种结构的铜合金（ZCuSn10Pb2Ni3）和结构钢（30Cr3MoA）扩散焊工艺进行了研究，试验分析了压紧力、扩散焊温度及保温时间等参数对接头性能的影响，并得到了可获得牢固接头的扩散焊工艺参数。     

扩散焊接及其在航空航天领域的应用

扩散焊接是制造航空航天构件非常重要的连接技术。本文简略地介绍了它人特点，分类，连接机理，焊接设备以及它们在航空航天领域的应用。     

区域杂波估计的多目标跟踪方法

高斯粒子概率假设密度（PHD）滤波往往假定杂波密度参数已知,这种做法对于实际应用是不现实的。此外,杂波的参数值通常依赖于环境条件,可能随时间发生变化。因此,多目标跟踪算法中需要实时准确估计杂波密度的参数。基于此,提出了一种多目标跟踪的区域杂波估计方法。首先根据量测信息在线估计出场景中的杂波数目,然后估计落入目标附近感兴趣区域的杂波数,并估计每个目标感兴趣区域杂波强度。仿真结果表明,在复杂场景下算法的跟踪性能明显优于未进行杂波估计的多目标跟踪算法,提高了跟踪的实时性和跟踪精度。     

Electric Fields and Plasma Processes in the Auroral Downward Current Region, Below, Within, and Above the Acceleration Region

The downward field-aligned current region plays an active role in magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling processes associated with aurora. A quasi-static electric field structure with a downward parallel electric field forms at altitudes between 800 km and 5000 km, accelerating ionospheric electrons upward, away from the auroral ionosphere. A wealth of related phenomena, including energetic ion conics, electron solitary waves, low-frequency wave activity, and plasma density cavities occur in this region, which also acts as a source region for VLF saucers. Results are presented from sounding rockets and satellites, such as Freja, FAST, Viking, and Cluster, to illustrate the characteristics of the electric fields and related parameters, at altitudes below, within, and above the acceleration region. Special emphasis will be on the high-altitude characteristics and dynamics of quasi-static electric field structures observed by Cluster. These structures, which extend up to altitudes of at least 4–5 Earth radii, appear commonly as monopolar or bipolar electric fields. The former are found to occur at sharp boundaries, such as the polar cap boundary whereas the bipolar fields occur at soft plasma boundaries within the plasma sheet. The temporal evolution of quasi-static electric field structures, as captured by the pearls-on-a-string configuration of the Cluster spacecraft indicates that the formation of the electric field structures and of ionospheric plasma density cavities are closely coupled processes. A related feature of the downward current often seen is a broadening of the current sheet with time, possibly related to the depletion process. Preliminary studies of the coupling of electric fields in the downward current region, show that small-scale structures appear to be decoupled from the ionosphere, similar to what has been found for the upward current region. However, exceptions are also found where small-scale electric fields couple perfectly between the ionosphere and Cluster altitudes. Recent FAST results indicate that the degree of coupling differs between sheet-like and curved structures, and that it is typically partial. The mapping depends on the current-voltage relationship in the downward current region, which is highly non-linear and still unclear, as to its specific form.     

DD3合金TLP扩散焊等温凝固过程研究

采用一种含B中间层合金在不同温度下保温不同时间TLP连接DD3高温合金.观察不同连接规范下的焊缝组织并测定了焊缝中央共晶区域的宽度.研究发现,焊缝中央共晶宽度与保温时间的1/2次方成反比.由此推算出1150℃,1200℃和1250℃连接温度下等温凝固完成所需时间分别不超过3h,2h和1h.通过建立扩散模型并利用菲克第二...     

新型航空材料及其结构的扩散焊

北京航空制造工程研究所扩散焊专业一直以来主要致力于新型航空材料的扩散焊技术研究,并在航空新结构的研制方面积累了丰富的经验。     

飞行器无动力应急着陆域和着陆轨迹设计

针对飞行器动力故障迫降着陆问题,提出一种应急着陆域（ELR）和着陆轨迹设计方法。首先,提出了无动力应急着陆域的概念,即无动力条件下可实现成功着陆的着陆点范围,并分别应用最优控制方法和hp自适应伪谱法对着陆域进行设计和求解;采用理论分析与仿真验证相结合的方法分析应急着陆域的特点以及影响着陆域大小的主要因素,并据此得到求解应急着陆域的简单近似方法。然后,依据所求得的应急着陆域,选择合适位置作为预定着陆点,并应用最优控制方法设计对应的着陆轨迹。仿真结果表明：应急着陆域的建立、分析对快速选择预定着陆点具有重要参考价值;设计的应急着陆轨迹可引导无动力飞行器实现成功着陆。     

液相过渡扩散焊

重点介绍液相过渡扩散焊的特点及国外近年的研究和应用情况。     

“一市多场”布局的优劣分析

一个城市有两个或两个以上的机场，这种模式被称作“一市多场”布局，这种方式确实可以缓解航空运输量不断增长所带来的一系列困难，但同时也会出现很多新的问题。我国快速发展的大型城市应如何选择？     

Ti-6Al-4V合金多层板结构的超塑成形／扩散连接工艺研究

采用气压成形方法对多层板结构件进行了超塑成形/扩散连接(SPF/DB)技术研究。研究表明,最佳的扩散连接工艺参数为:连接温度T=930℃,连接时间t=30m in,连接压力P=10MPa。对连接试件的微观组织进行了观察,显示在界面处形成良好的连接。最佳的成形参数为:成形温度Tf=930℃,成形压力Pf=0.6MPa,成形时间tf=55m in。最后对成形后的板厚分布进行了研究。     

基于扩展有限元的钛合金层合结构裂纹扩展特性研究

基于扩展有限元方法研究含预置分层的钛合金层合板在拉-拉循环荷载作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展特性,并通过与试验结果进行对比分析,验证该方法对钛合金层合结构疲劳裂纹扩展分析的适用性。     

Performance Analysis of Adaptive Processors via Diffusion Model Approximations and the Fokker-Planck Equation

Some results on adaptive array processors and adaptive filters that have been obtainsd by the use of diffusion model approximations and the Fokker-Planck equation are described.     

Diffusion Bonding of Tin-Bronze to Steel

The diffusion bonding technology of Tin-bronze QSn4－4 －2.5 to stee l was investigated in this paper. The influence of processing parameters on te n sile strength of joints was studied, and a good-quality joint of strength was up to 180 MPa was obtained with optimum bonding parameters of bonding temperatu re T=820℃～850℃, bonding pressure P=1.0 MPa～2.0 MPa, bo nding time t=20 min.Micros tructure of the joints was analyzed by metallurgical microscope and SEM.     

锡青铜与钢的扩散连接

研究了ＱＳｎ４－４－２．５锡青铜与４５＾＃钢的扩散连接,以及工艺参数对接头性能的影响,确定了锡青铜与钢扩散连接的最佳工艺参数：连接温度Ｔ＝８２０℃－８５０℃,连接压力Ｐ＝１．０ＭＰａ－２．０ＭＰａ,连接时间ｔ＝２０ｍｉｎ,接头抗拉强度可达１８０Ｍａ以上,并运用金相,扫描电镜对接头进行了微观分析。