桥塔尾流致塔周长吊索涡振性能研究

悬索桥桥塔周围的长吊索自振频率较低,且易受桥塔尾流的干扰从而容易发生振动。吊索的安全直接关系着桥梁结构的安全,以实际工程为背景,采用CFD数值模拟方法并选择SST k-ω湍流模型对二维桥塔断面及吊索断面的非定常绕流进行了分析。首先,计算了桥塔和吊索各自的气动特性,并与相关文献的结果进行了对比。在验证分析方法可靠性的基础上,进一步研究了不同来流风速、风向角下,桥塔尾流对塔周长吊索气动特性的干扰。通过对流场特征及吊索气动力的变化规律进行分析,研究了桥塔尾流作用下塔周长吊索发生涡振的可能性。研究结果表明:在相当大的风向角范围内,桥塔脱落的旋涡会对吊索气动特性产生控制作用,从而导致吊索阻力系数和升力系数的变化频率等于桥塔的旋涡脱落频率,使吊索在低风速下存在发生涡激共振的可能性。     

大跨度斜拉桥钢桥塔基于涡振的气动选型及驰振性能风洞试验研究

大型钢桥塔在中国应用较少,其风振特点与常规混凝土桥塔有较大差异。以大跨度斜拉桥＂人＂字弧线形钢桥塔为工程背景,采用考虑三维绕流特性的气弹模型,针对塔柱可能的断面形式进行了多工况的对比试验,并对风洞试验结果进行分析讨论,进而确定最优断面形式。根据确定的断面形式,对该桥桥塔进行了大缩尺比的气弹模型风洞试验,较全面地考查了该桥桥塔的涡激振动及驰振性能,并对比了阻尼比对桥塔涡激振动振幅及驰振临界风速的影响。试验结果表明：当塔柱断面切角为0.8m×0.7m时桥塔涡振响应最小,相应的扭转驰振临界风速较高。     

斜拉桥拉索风雨激振理论模型和机理研究

斜拉桥拉索风雨激振的机理研究是国际风工程和桥梁工程领域的著名难题。本文设计、制作了可方便调节拉索模型倾角和风向角的试验装置以及用于测压试验的带人工雨线的拉索模型,并在风洞中进行了细致的试验。试验得到了具有典型倾角的拉索在不同风向角下,拉索和水线模型上的平均风压和脉动风压系数,以及气动力系数。在此基础上,建立了拉索风雨激振新的理论模型,计算分析了节段三维拉索的风雨激振响应及其机制。     

带人工雨线的斜拉桥拉索模型测压试验研究

斜拉桥拉索风雨激振是当今国际风工程和桥梁工程研究人员非常关注的问题.为了掌握风雨激振时拉索的气动力特性,研究人员对风向角为0°时带人工雨线的拉索模型进行了测力试验.但至今人们尚未测量过风向角不为0°时带人工雨线的拉索模型上的气动力.本文设计、制作了可方便调节拉索模型倾角和风向角的试验装置以及用于测压试验的带人工雨线的拉索模型,并在风洞中进行了细致的试验.试验得到了具有典型倾角的拉索在不同风向角下,拉索模型上的平均风压和脉动风压系数,以及气动力系数.这些结果为建立精细的理论模型提供了基础.     

临界雷诺数下斜拉桥拉索的平均风压和风力特性

采用一套可调节拉索模型倾角和风向角的试验装置,对临界Re数下的斜拉索模型的气动性能进行了风洞试验研究。通过一系列测压试验,测得了临界Re数下、不同风向角时斜拉索模型表面的平均风压系数分布,并得到了作用在斜拉索模型上的气动力系数。研究了风压分布系数、停滞点、最小风压系数和气动力系数随风向角的变化规律。并对临界Re数时的试验结果与亚临界Re数下的结果进行了分析比较。研究表明:风向角的变化会影响拉索模型的平均风压系数分布和气动力系数;当Re数从亚临界区进入临界区后,拉索模型的平均风压系数分布和气动力系数均发生很大变化。     

三角形截面高柔结构横风向振动的风洞试验研究

本文介绍了正三角形截面高柔结构模型在均匀流场和湍流场中三种迎角下的横风向风振响应风洞试验结果，分析了三角形截面高柔结构的横风向涡激振动现象与驰振危险性，获得了一些数据和结论。     

基于黏性涡域法的二维钝体绕流模拟

针对传统计算流体力学方法需要划分网格且计算耗时长等问题，一种确定性涡方法(黏性涡域法)逐渐发展并日臻成熟。本文利用该方法计算模拟了二维钝体的流场、气动系数及斯特劳哈尔数，并与其他成熟CFD软件计算结果对比来验证模拟精度。黏性涡域法的模拟过程为生成涡量、涡量演变及气动计算。文章首先推导了该方法各过程的基本方程，然后基于Lua语言编制了圆柱和方柱绕流计算程序，最后利用Gnuplot实现流场可视化。利用黏性涡域法模拟不同雷诺数下圆柱绕流、不同无量纲频率和无量纲振幅的振动圆柱气动力时程、不同风向角下的方柱绕流，结果表明：雷诺数为2×10²～1×10⁵时，基于黏性涡域法的圆柱绕流气动计算结果与其他方法的计算结果基本一致；基于该方法的不同风向角下方柱绕流气动计算结果与其他文献结果趋势相同。     

刚性开孔结构斜风向内压响应的风洞试验研究

对刚性开孔结构在斜风向作用下的内压响应进行了风洞试验研究。在浙江大学ZD-1边界层风洞中对单一开孔的刚性结构在均匀流场和湍流场中进行了动态内压的测试,探讨了风向角、湍流度、风速、孔口特征等参数对内压响应的影响,重点分析了斜风向作用下内压动态响应的特征,初步探索了涡激内压共振的机理。研究发现在斜风作用下以封闭结构孔口处平均风压来估算平均内压会偏危险;刚性开孔结构在斜风向作用下会产生涡激内压共振效应,导致内压脉动增大,斜风剪切流在孔口处产生涡脱落与Helmholtz共振的共同作用是产生涡激内压共振的原因。参数对比试验结果表明,湍流强度越小、风速越高,涡激内压共振发生的可能性越大,扁矩形孔口能抑制内压涡激共振的发生。     

矩形截面超高层建筑横风向气动阻尼的风洞试验研究

通过15个超高层建筑气动弹性模型的风洞试验,利用随机减量法从模型的风致加速度响应中识别了横风向气动阻尼比,并通过比较验证了识别结果的正确性。在此基础上,研究了矩形截面超高层建筑横风向气动阻尼的变化规律,考察了湍流度、高宽比、宽厚比对建筑结构气动阻尼比的影响。研究结果表明:来流湍流度和建筑的宽厚比是影响高层建筑横风向气动阻尼比至关重要的参数,而高宽比主要通过改变振动幅值来影响横风向气动阻尼;横风向气动阻尼比随折减风速变化的正负峰值大小基本随来流湍流度的增大而减小,气动阻尼比由正转负对应的折减风速随湍流度的增大而增大;宽厚比对横风向气动阻尼比的影响很大,当B/D1、B/D=1及B/D1时,气动阻尼比的变化规律几乎完全不同。基于这些研究数据,对横风向湍流度为0.67%~17.06%的风场中、高宽比5~10及宽厚比1/3~3之间的矩形截面超高层建筑,给出了适用于低折减风速区的横风向气动阻尼比经验公式。     

利用DES方法对大迎角细长旋成体气动特性受俯仰振荡影响的数值研究

采用DES(Detached-Eddy Simulation)对大攻角下细长旋成体俯仰振动的气动特性进行了数值模拟,分析俯仰振动对细长旋成体流场与气动力特性的影响。通过对背风面分离涡的强度和位置,流场形态,截面压强系数和侧向力系数的观察与分析,发现施加小振幅、特定频率的俯仰振动对大迎角细长旋成体背风面流场有明显的控制能力,将改变流场结构,使背风面非对称流场趋于对称。     

飞机大振幅滚转运动动态气动特性实验研究

在南航NH-2低速风洞中,对BJ-1飞机模型动态气动特性进行了实验研究.模型在不同攻角、不同振幅和不同频率时绕体轴作大振幅滚转运动,测量了模型的动态气动特性,着重分析了模型不同运动参数对模型滚转力矩和偏航力矩的影响.结果表明,模型攻角从小到大变化过程中,模型的滚转阻尼和偏航阻尼变化很大,滚转力矩和偏航力矩迟滞环变化方向发生改变.模型滚转频率对模型的滚转阻尼和偏航阻尼影响不明显,只改变力矩迟滞环的大小.随着模型振幅增加,滚转力矩和偏航力矩迟滞环从一个变成3个,出现2个交叉点,大滚转角时滚转阻尼和偏航阻尼特性与小滚转角时的相反.     

Effects of yaw-roll coupling ratio on lateral-directional aerodynamic characteristics

Experimental investigation of large amplitude yaw-roll coupled oscillations was conducted in a low-speed wind tunnel using an aircraft configuration model. A special test rig was designed and constructed to provide different coupled motions from low to high angles of attack.A parameter ‘‘coupling ratio" was introduced to indicate the extent of yaw-roll coupling. At each pitch angle, seven coupling ratios were designed to study the yaw-roll coupling effects on the lateraldirectional aerodynamic characteristics systematically. At high angles of attack, the damping characteristics of yawing and rolling moments drastically varied with coupling ratios. In the coupled motions with the rotation taking place about the wind axis, the lateral-directional aerodynamic moments exhibited unsteady characteristics and were different from the ‘‘quasi-steady" results of the rotary balance tests. The calculated results of the traditional aerodynamic derivative method were also compared with the experimental data. At low and very high angles of attack, the aerodynamic derivative method was applicative. However, within a wide range of angles of attack, the calculated results of aerodynamic derivative method were inconsistent with the experimental data, due to the drastic changes of damping characteristics of lateral-directional aerodynamic moments with yaw-roll coupling ratios.     

带前输出轴直升机进气道侧滑特性

本文针对带有前输出轴直升机进气道结构特点,以实验的方法,在直升机飞行包线范围内,着重研究在侧滑角从0°到135°状态下的直升机进气道流场特性,测量分析了沿程静压分布、进气道出口截面流场畸变指数、总压恢复系数等进气道性能参数。研究结果表明,这类进气道在各种侧滑状态下总压恢复系数较高,且与侧滑角的关系不大。但是进气道内气流分离的区域和出口截面流场畸变指数却与侧滑角的大小密切相关。其中在侧滑角为90°时,进气道出口截面流场品质最佳。      

建筑物干扰条件下双烟囱的风洞试验研究

主要介绍某发电厂双烟囱在有建筑物干扰条件下的风洞试验研究,并主要测试了烟囱在各个风向角条件下基底的静态力和动态力。刚性模型的试验结果表明：当两烟囱处于串列状态时,上风侧烟囱存在显著的遮挡效应,使得下风侧烟囱的静态基底力显著降低。气动弹性模型试验得到的动态基底力结果表明：当两烟囱处于串列状态时,上风侧烟囱对下风侧烟囱的气动干扰较为显著,导致其动态力较大。当烟囱前方存在厂房干扰,且风向角为195°时,烟囱基底的合成弯矩有最大值。     

飞机平尾偏转对大迎角动态气动特性的影响

给出了 BJ-1背景机有不同平尾偏角时静态和大振幅俯仰振荡情况下的气动特性。根据风洞实验结果,采用基于三角剖分数据库建模的方法,计算了任意平尾偏角和任意振动频率时的背景机动态气动特性,与实验结果比较表明,提出的有平尾偏角的建模方法能提供任意舵偏时的全机气动特性。在非定常建模的基础上,采用动导数仿真,分析了不同平尾偏角时的动导数,结果表明,水平尾翼偏角主要对零动态阻尼所对应迎角有较大影响,随着舵偏角的增大,该迎角减小。     

大型结冰风洞气流场适航符合性验证

大型结冰风洞气流场适航符合性是大型结冰风洞适航应用的先决条件。为验证3 m×2 m结冰风洞气流场适航符合性,首先建立了结冰风洞气流场适航符合性验证方法,然后针对主试验段构型,开展了气流场适航符合性验证试验,考察了试验段气流速度和喷嘴干空气射流对流场特征参数(气流速度、气流偏角和气流湍流度)的影响,最后评估了试验段内气流场品质,获得了结冰风洞气流场控制包线。结果表明:喷雾耙结构会影响试验段内气流速度和气流偏角空间分布形态,进而导致了非均匀峰值区的形成;增大试验段气流速度会改善气流场品质,但喷嘴干空气射流会显著恶化试验段气流速度低于60 m/s的气流场品质;3 m×2 m结冰风洞主试验段气流场品质在主要试验速度范围内均满足适航审定要求。     

汽车风洞试验段流场的试验研究

以上海地面交通工具风洞中心全尺寸气动声学风洞1：15模型风洞为研究对象,采用三维热线风速仪,测量了该模型风洞内不同工况下试验段内流场的分布情况。通过所测流场内平均速度的分析,了解该模型风洞试验段内气流的定常流动形态,对比典型射流结构进行分析,得到了该开口式低速汽车风洞试验段内喷口处射流剪切层所特有的结构形态;通过对风洞试验段内不同截面处流场内部湍流强度的分析比较,了解了喷口射流剪切层内以及收集口处的湍流强度大小与分布情况。     

Developing an engineering-statistical model for estimating aerodynamic coeffcients of helicopter fuselage

The design of the geometric shape of a helicopter fuselage poses a serious challenge for designers. The most important parameter in determining the shape of the helicopter fuselage is its aerodynamic coefficients. These coefficients are determined using two methods:wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The first method is expensive, time-consuming and limited. In addition, estimates in regions away from data can be poor. The second method, due to the limitations of numerical solution, the number of nodes and the used solution, is often inaccurate. In this paper, with the aim of accelerating the design process and achieving results with reasonable engineering accuracy, an engineering-statistical model which is useful for estimating the aerodynamic coefficients was developed, which mitigated the drawbacks of these two methods. First, by combining CFD simulation and regression techniques, an engineering model was pre-sented for the estimation of aerodynamic coefficients. Then, by using the data from a wind tunnel test and implementation of statistical adjustment, the engineering model was modified and an engineering-statistical model was obtained. By spending less time and cost, the final model provided the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage at the desired angles of attack with reasonable accuracy. Finally, three numerical examples were provided to illustrate the application of the pro-posed model. Comparative results demonstrate the effectiveness of the engineering-statistical model in estimating the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage.     

Developing an engineering-statistical model for estimating aerodynamic coefficients of helicopter fuselage

The design of the geometric shape of a helicopter fuselage poses a serious challenge for designers. The most important parameter in determining the shape of the helicopter fuselage is its aerodynamic coefficients. These coefficients are determined using two methods: wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation. The first method is expensive, time-consuming and limited. In addition, estimates in regions away from data can be poor. The second method,due to the limitations of numerical solution, the number of nodes and the used solution, is often inaccurate. In this paper, with the aim of accelerating the design process and achieving results with reasonable engineering accuracy, an engineering-statistical model which is useful for estimating the aerodynamic coefficients was developed, which mitigated the drawbacks of these two methods.First, by combining CFD simulation and regression techniques, an engineering model was presented for the estimation of aerodynamic coefficients. Then, by using the data from a wind tunnel test and implementation of statistical adjustment, the engineering model was modified and an engineering-statistical model was obtained. By spending less time and cost, the final model provided the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage at the desired angles of attack with reasonable accuracy. Finally, three numerical examples were provided to illustrate the application of the proposed model. Comparative results demonstrate the effectiveness of the engineering-statistical model in estimating the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage.