Design and feedforward control of large-rotation two-axis scan mirror assembly with MEMS sensor integration

As a key component of electro-optical systems, a Two-axis Scan mirror AssemblY(TSAY) is usually used for Line-of-Sight(LOS) precision pointing, tracking, scanning, and stabilizing. Therefore, it is necessary for a TSAY to have a large angular range, high dynamic characteristics, and small mirror surface distortion. Furthermore, vibration from carriers of electro-optical systems, such as spacecraft and airplanes, is inevitable, so it is critical to guarantee the control accuracy of a TSAY under vibration. In this paper, a TSAY prototype is designed and developed. To increase the control bandwidth, structural topology optimization is applied to the TSAY's elliptical mirror to reduce the moment of inertia, meanwhile keeping surface flatness. A flexible hinge is adopted to achieve a large angular range. To suppress the angular perturbation caused by the base linear vibration, an adaptive feedforward loop with base-integrated Micro-Electro-Mechanical System(MEMS) accelerators is constructed to enhance the TSAY's feedback loop. Simulation and experimental results show that the TSAY prototype's two-axis mechanical angular ranges are more than ±3.2°, the mirror surface flatness Root Mean Square(RMS) value is better than 0.04 k, and the closed-loop bandwidth is beyond 330 Hz. These are suitable for most applications. Besides, the angular perturbation caused by the base vibration can be suppressed more than 37.7% with the addition of the adaptive feedforward loop.     

超流体物质波干涉陀螺仪的噪声研究

 陀螺仪的精度与其噪声密切相关,为开发新型高精度的超流体物质波干涉陀螺仪,必须对其噪声进行系统研究。根据超流体陀螺噪声产生的机理,分析了该陀螺噪声的来源,并把超流体陀螺的噪声类型归纳为:热、锁定值波动、温度波动、频率波动和检测元件等。在建立了各噪声数学模型的基础上,利用超流体陀螺通用的参数,对其噪声进行了分析。分析结果表明:热噪声与陀螺的结构参数和工作参数相关,与被测角速度无关;锁定值波动噪声只与结构参数相关;其他噪声与结构参数、工作参数和被测角速度都相关;检测元件、频率波动和锁定值波动噪声是构成超流体陀螺输出噪声的主要因素;在角速度变化量的范围内,超流体陀螺的输出噪声非线性变化,在1 Hz的带宽下,其变化范围为-7到-6次方的数量级。     

分子液环式角加速度测量演示系统研制

利用界面双电层和流动电流基本原理,设计并制作了一种新型的分子液环式角加速度计,可对角加速度进行直接测量.为了对该种新型的角加速度计进行功能演示,研制了其测量演示系统,可为角加速度计提供基准的角加速度输入,并实时处理和显示测量数据.实验结果表明:该种分子液环式角加速度计测量范围可达20000(°)/s2,测量精度≤1(°)/s2,带宽可达0.1Hz～120Hz,可应用于高精度、高动态的角加速度直接测量.其测量演示平台可以提供频率和幅值可控的角加速度输入,实现该种新型角加速度计功能演示.     

基于等效角振动的光纤陀螺带宽测试方法

光纤陀螺的数字闭环调制解调原理决定了其带宽可以达到几百甚至几千赫 兹,当光纤陀螺带宽大于角振动台最高频率时,采用传统的角振动方法无法准确测试其 带宽。分析了光纤陀螺带宽测试的原理,提出了一种基于等效角振动的光纤陀螺带宽测试 方法,该方法能够满足大带宽光纤陀螺的带宽测试。对同一只光纤陀螺进行了带宽测试的 对比试验,证明所提出的方法与角振动方法的测试结果一致。将该陀螺带宽增大到原带宽 的4 倍后,采用此方法进行带宽测试,测试结果与理论计算值一致。     

宽带信号角跟踪和四通道单脉冲方案

分析了宽带信号角跟踪的特殊问题及其实现方案。基于互相关函数的角误差检测方法,推导出了在非相关噪声及相关噪声背景下差路信号的输出信噪比及其角度随机误差的数学表达式,进而给出了带宽增益和最佳带宽的概念,以及提高输出信噪比的方法。为了在低载噪比（C/N）时获得角捕获所需要的和路信号以及差路的归一化信号,提出了四通道单脉冲方案。最后归纳出了低C/N时宽带信号角捕获和角跟踪的几种方法并提出了建议。     

单框架控制力矩陀螺奇异问题研究

 研究单框架控制力矩陀螺群的奇异问题。给出了一种新的奇异度量,并推导出利用该度量的简洁的零运动公式。对于不同的构型,该度量反映了陀螺群Jacobian矩阵求逆运算的误差灵敏度,且具有相同的取值范围,因此在分析各种构型的优劣时具有可比性。上述结论通过数值仿真给出了验证。对常用的行列式形式奇异度量,给出其零运动的清晰公式。基于奇异值分解,给出陀螺群的各类操纵律,证明了奇异方向与分解矩阵的关系,明确框架锁死出现的条件和鲁棒操纵律调控的依据。给出五棱锥构型奇异角动量体的切片图,为角动量体内奇异的出现提供了认识的方法;对失效情况下的五棱锥构型,通过奇异角动量曲面图和具体的切片图,直观地得到其内部形式和特性的显著变化。     

Results from a Four-Element Adaptive Antenna Experiment

Experimental results from a four-element, linear, half-wavelength spacing, adaptive-array antenna under the control of the least mean square (LMS) algorithm are presented. The array is found to be capable of nulling a 70-MHz signal to -35 dB below a desired signal over a 5-MHz bandwidth. The antenna processing gain is constant over a desired signal-to-jammer signal power ratio range from -20 dB to 5 dB. A sharp reduction in processing gain is observed for angular separations between jammer and desired signal of less than 10°. Antenna patterns taken with weights set in 300 iterations of the LMS algorithm show that the one strong, one weak jammer combination has a longer weight convergence time and reduced processing gain compared with a two strong jammers combination. Contours of constant desired signal-to-jammer signal power ratio, after adaptive antenna processing, reveal a complex shape for communication between air and ground due to the finite angular resolution of the adaptive antenna.     

高速风扇噪声的频谱分析中带宽的影响

叶片通过频率分量是风扇噪声的主要成分,但在对噪声测量信号进行频谱分析中发现选择不同带宽可导致显著不同的叶片通过频率分量谱值.讨论了使用不同带宽对相同风扇噪声记录进行的快速傅里叶变换(FFT)分析过程,由于FFT分析得到的频谱声压级是带宽内谱能量和,当由于转速波动引起的叶片通过频率波动范围超过分析带宽时带宽的变化将引起声压级的差异,本文提出了获得确定声压级频谱的方法.     

现代飞机俯仰跟踪时诱发振荡预测分析

根据飞机纵向ＰＩＯ的特点，提出了预测分析ＰＩＯ所用的人－机闭环系统数学模型，其中飞机采用等效系统数学模型，驾驶员操纵采用ＭｃＲｕｅｒ模型，参数按地面人－机模拟飞行跟踪试验确定，集中介绍了四种飞机纵向ＰＩＯ预测准则，Ｓｍｉｔｈ－Ｇｅｄｄｅｓ准则，修正带宽准则，增益，相位裕度准则，Ｎｅａｌ－Ｓｍｉｔｈ原则，并提供了相应的计算方法。     

Nullifying ACF grating lobes in stepped-frequency train of LFM pulses

An effective way to increase the bandwidth of a coherent pulse-train is to add a frequency step /spl Delta/f between consecutive pulses. A large /spl Delta/f implies a large total bandwidth, hence improved range resolution. However, when the product of the frequency step times the pulse-duration t/sub p/, is larger than one (t/sub p/ /spl Delta/f > 1), the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the stepped-frequency pulse-train suffers from ambiguous peaks, known as "grating lobes." It is well known that replacing the fixed-frequency pulses with linear FM (LFM) pulses of bandwidth B can reduce those grating lobes. We present a simple analytic expression for the ambiguity function (AF) and ACF of such a signal and derive from it very simple relationships between /spl Delta/f, B, and t/sub p/ that will place s exactly where the grating lobes are located, and thus remove them completely.     

口径近场的特征谱

 提出口径近场特征谱的概念,以描述口径设计近场特征。特征谱包括角域谱和时域谱,分别定义为口径近场区空域场和频域场在角域和时域的变换。理论分析和计算结果表明,特征谱可以在角域和时域上分离有限大口径的直达波和绕射波,因而可以用来描述口面尺寸、形状和场分布等条件改变时绕射场的相对变化,这对紧缩场设计具有参考价值。基于口面场卷积法,计算、比较了限度为5 m×5 m圆口径和方口径近场在X波段特征谱分布。并导出：口径近场角谱为口径场角谱和网络响应函数角谱的乘积,网络响应函数等效于一个空间角谱滤波器。     

飞机着陆下滑状态人-机系统动态特性分析

采用最优控制驾驶员模型在频率域内分析是理论评价电传操纵飞机着陆下滑状态飞行品质的一种有效方法。基于人 -机系统响应特性可揭示出驾驶员工作负荷和系统动态特性之间相互影响。驾驶员相位补偿作为驾驶员工作负荷的度量 ;取人 -机系统闭环带宽、开环高频峰值和飞行轨迹倾角误差均方值等指标来评价系统动态特性。这些评价准则与驾驶员主观评分之间具有很好的相关性。应用该方法对某电传操纵飞机进行分析 ,其结果与飞行模拟评价结果较为一致     

微波波导五端口测量网络设计

介绍了工作于9～10 GHz频带的对称五端口波导网络的设计方法.为了使五端口波导网络能较好地工作于六端口反射计中,要求各端口反射系数的绝对值小于0.1.这里结合了频移法、渐变线分割研究法和数值解法等理论对五端口波导测量网络进行设计.     

直升机机动飞行的逆模拟

本文给出了一种直升机机动飞行的逆模拟方法以计算跟随预定飞行轨迹的驾驶员操纵,根据这一方法可以确定为完成直升机机动飞行所需的驾驶员操纵输入及直长机的飞行速度、角速度和的变化历程。直同飞行动力学模型没有作任何线化假设,其中考虑了旋翼入流的时滞效应、前行桨叶的压缩性物后行桨叶的失速特性及旋翼桨叶的非定常挥舞运动,引入了旋翼尾迹对直升机机身、尾翼和尾桨的气动干扰。最后以黑鹰直升机为例计算了鱼跃越障机动飞行     

Aircraft system for measuring the angular deflections of control surfaces

We consider the aircraft system hardware and software to measure the angular deflections of control surfaces. The experimental studies of a photoelectric transducer for converting the control surface angular deflections into digital codes are performed. The mathematical models are obtained to describe a dependence of measuring errors on the coordinates of emitter arrangement. The optimal emitter arrangement is determined using the mathematical models and a pilot model of the aircraft system proposed has been developed.     

基于反射型超表面的超宽带涡旋波生成

由于轨道角动量的模态正交性,涡旋波的应用已成为提升信道容量的关键。然而,现有的涡旋波产生装置存在带宽窄、效率低、结构复杂等缺点,不利于无线通信系统信号的高效传输。文章利用 Pancharatnam-Berry相位原理,提出了 1种用于产生涡旋波的反射型超表面,能覆盖 8.6~19.3 GHz(相对带宽 76.7%)的频率范围,且在整个工作频带内入射平面波转换为反射涡旋波的效率达 80%以上。为验证所提超表面结构的性能,模拟了由不同旋转角的单元结构组成的超表面反射阵列,在右旋圆极化波的激励下,产生了期望模式数 l= 2的轨道角动量涡旋波,其数值模拟结果与理论相符。提出的超表面具有工作频带宽、模式纯度较高、低剖面、易于制作等优点,为超宽带涡旋波的产生提供了新的参考。     

High-resolution SAR imaging with angular diversity

We propose to use the APES (amplitude and phase estimation) approach for the spectral estimation of gapped data and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging with angular diversity. A relaxation-based algorithm, referred to as GAPES (Gapped-data APES), is proposed, which includes estimating the spectrum via APES and filling in the gaps via a least squares (LS) fitting. For SAR imaging with angular diversity data fusion, we perform one-dimensional (1-D) windowed fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) in range, use the GAPES algorithm to interpolate the gaps in the aperture for each range, apply 1-D inverse FFTs (IFFTs) and dewindow in range, and finally apply the two-dimensional (2-D) APES algorithm to the interpolated matrix to obtain the 2-D SAR image. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm     

相关法测量中的噪声信号源和扫频信号源的性能比较

时差法相关测量中信号的带宽越宽，互相关函数的峰值点的峰值优势越大，其测量的抗干扰性能越好。通过理论分析和数学仿真研究了两种宽带信号源——噪声信号和扫频信号，并利用相关分析法测量两信号问时差时的性能。结论是：噪声信号频带范围宽，带宽不受所采用信号长短的限制，测量分辨力高，但其频谱与噪声干扰频谱相似，抗干扰能力差；扫频信号的频率和带宽可人为控制，频谱特征明显，抗干扰性能好。     

Filter Selection for Receivers Using Square-Law Detection

A numerical method is described for predicting the detection probability performance of a pulse receiver which uses square-law detection. The method is useful for receivers where the ratio of RF bandwidth to video bandwidth is in the range from 2 to 40; a range where numerical results have previously been hard to obtain. A key feature of the approach is that it takes into account the actual filter transfer functions, pulse envelope shape, and pulse frequency.     

Effect of a Few Dominant Specular Reflectors Target Model Upon Target Detection

Some data indicate that aircraft targets viewed from certain aspects are well modeled as consisting of a few specular reflectors. The effect of a simplified form of this target model upon radar detection performance for two different waveforms has been analyzed. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required for detection as a function of waveform bandwidth for a conventional-single-channel waveform and for a four-channel frequency diversity waveform is evaluated. It is shown that for either waveform there is an optimum bandwidth to minimize the SNR required for detection. In addition, the single-channel minimum is less than the four-channel minimum. The best performance occurs for the single-channel waveform when the waveform bandwidth just resolves the individual reflectors. For typical targets, this bandwidth is of the order of 35 to 75 MHz. It is also shown that only a 0.8-dB loss relative to this minimum is incurred when using a four-channel narrow bandwidth waveform.