孔间距和前倾角对进出口扩张形气膜孔流量系数的影响(英文)

Discharge coefficients of 3-in-1 hole of three inclination angles and three spacing between holes are presented which described the discharge behavior of a row of holes. The inlet and outlet of the 3-in-1 hole both have a 15° lateral expansion. The flow conditions considered are mainstream turbulence intensities and density ratios of secondary flow to mainstream. The momentum flux ratios varied in the range from 1 to 4. The comparison is made of the discharge coefficients of three shaped holes to find an optimal hole with low flow loss. The results show that the discharge coefficients of 3-in- 1 hole are highest in three shaped holes and therefore this article is focused on the measurements of discharge coefficients of 3-in-1 hole for various geometries and aerodynamic parameters. The measured results of 3-in-1 hole indicate that turbulence intensities, density ratios and momentum flux ratios have weak influence on discharge coefficients for inclination angle of 20°. The high turbulence intensity yields the small discharge coefficients for inclination angle of 45° and 90°. The increased both momentum flux ratios and density ratios lead to the increased discharge coefficients for inclination angle of 45° and 90°. The increased inclination angle causes the rapidly increased discharge coefficients. There is a weak dependence of discharge coefficients on hole pitches.     

Experiments on film cooling with sonic injection into a supersonic flow

Film cooling experiments with sonic injection were conducted to investigate the effects of the number of the injection holes, the mass flow ratio, and the hole spacing on the film cooling effectiveness. The mainstream was obtained by the hydrogen-oxygen combustion, entering the experimental section at a Mach number of 2.0. The nitrogen with ambient temperature was injected into the experimental section at a sonic speed. The measured mainstream recovery temperature was approximately 910K. The mass flow ratio was regulated by varying the nitrogen injection pressure. The experimental results show that for the investigated cooling surface, the cooling effectiveness increases with the increase in the number of the injection holes with other parameters held constant. For a fixed cooling configuration, the cooling effectiveness increases with the increase in the mass flow ratio. Different from the subsonic film cooling, the optimal mass flow ratio is not observed. When the hole spacing is less than 4, no obvious difference is observed on the cooling effectiveness and lateral uniformity. With the mass flow ratio increasing further, this difference becomes much smaller. The shock wave also has an effect on the cooling effectiveness. Downstream the incident point of the shock wave, the cooling effectiveness is lower than that in the case without the shock wave.     

Design and experimental study of a micro-groove grinding wheel with spray cooling effect

The effectiveness of grinding fluid supply has a crucial impact on grinding quality and efficiency in high speed grinding. In order to improve the cooling and lubrication, through in-depth research of self-inhaling internal cooling method and intermittent grinding mechanism, a new spray cooling method used in high speed grinding is proposed. By referring to the structure of bowl- shaped dispersion disk, the grinding wheel matrix with atomization ability is designed; through studying heat transfer of droplet collision and the influence of micro-groove on the boiling heat transfer, grinding segment with micro-groove is designed to enhance the heat flux of coolant and achieve maximum heat transfer between droplets and grinding contact zone. High-speed grinding experiments on GH4169 with the developed grinding wheel are carried out. The results show that with the micro-groove grinding wheel just 5.4% of pump outlet flow rate and 0.5% of spindle energy is needed to reduce the grinding temperature to 200℃, which means the developed grinding wheel makes cooling high efficient and low energy consuming.     

Numerical simulation on a film-cooled rotating model with 30° injection holes

The flow and heat transfer characteristics were numerically investigated on a film cooling model under different rotating operating conditions.The computational model was originated from the mid-span section of a typical turbine rotor with two rows of 14 staggered injection holes angled 30° both on the suction surface and pressure surface,and the flow through the coolant plenum and all the hole-pipes were resolved as a part of the computational domain by specifying the coolant mass flux in the plenum.The computations primarily focus on under-standing the rotational effect on film cooling performance in mechanism research approach.In the present study,the Reynolds number(Re) based on mainstream velocity and injection hole diameter varied from 1835.5 to 5507.4,and the averaged blowing ratio(M) ranges of 0.5 to 1.5.Results show that the coolant will move on to the high-radius locations near the suction and pressure surfaces due to the strong centrifugal effect,which leads to the decrease in adiabatic effectiveness accordingly.The discharge coefficients(Cd),on the pressure surface,are much higher than that on the suction surface under a given operating condition.In addition,the critical values of angular speed which represent the equilibrium of centrifugal force and Coriolis force near the pressure surface are also presented.      

利用液晶测量吹风比对尾缘半劈缝换热特性的影响(英文)

This article deals with the effects of a blowing ratio measured with narrowband liquid crystal in transonic experiments on the heat transfer characteristics of trailing edge cutback. The experimental results are compared and contrasted in terms of available data for traditional experiments with thermocouples. It is concluded that the blowing ratio exerts rather significant effects on film cooling effectiveness distribution of the rib center line. As the blowing ratio decreases, similar to the cooling effectiveness distribution curve of the slot center line, that of the rib center line makes a clockwise rotation about the end. When the blowing ratio increases, the regular film cooling effectiveness curve of the surface becomes rather smooth. On the whole measuring surface, the most intensive heat transfer occurs at the extended borderline of the slot and the rib, neither at the rib center line nor at the slot center line. The experimental results of cooling effectiveness measured with thermocouples are lower than those with liquid crystal. In addition, the transient experiments using narrowband liquid crystal can eliminate the higher errors of Nusselt numbers in measurements with thermocouples at the slot outlet.     

Operating characteristics of a high radius pre-swirl cooling system

An experimental investigation into pre-swirl effectiveness and receiver hole discharge coefficient characteristics for a high radius injection pre-swirl cooling systems was carried out on a physically representative experimental rig with a 450 mm diameter rotor.The receiver holes and pre-swirl nozzle were located at a radius of 181 mm and 180 mm respectively.The experimental work was mainly conducted at 5 000～12 000 r/min,4 bar absolute pressure and 1.132 kg/s air supply.The maximum air supply temperature was 190 ℃.Pressure and temperature distributions in the pre-swirl system were examined with an emphasis on the velocity effectiveness of the pre-swirl system as a whole and on the discharge coefficients of the rotating 'receiver holes' in the rotor.The results showed that the velocity effectiveness increased with increasing swirl ratio resulting in reduced blade cooling flow temperature.Different seal flow configurations caused very different effectiveness at different speeds,but outflow through the inner and outer seals always gave the highest effectiveness compared other configurations.Increasing the seal flow rate reduced the effectiveness.For the coefficient of discharge,except for the low speed range,it increased with increase in swirl ratio for most speeds.      

Numerical Study of Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Impingement/Effusion Cooling

Three-dimensional numerical simulation is carried out to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of impingement/effusion cooling systems. The impingement/effusion holes are arranged on two parallel perforated plates respectively in a staggered manner. Every effusion hole has an inclined angle of 30° with respect to the surface. The two parallel plates are spaced three times the diameter of the effusion hole. The ratio of center-to-center spacing of adjacent holes to the diameter of the effusi...     

Experimental investigation of the full coverage film cooling effectiveness of a turbine blade with shaped holes

The film cooling effectiveness of two turbine blades at different turbulence intensities(0.62% and 16.00%) and mass flux ratios(2.91%, 5.82%, 8.73% and 11.63%) is studied by using the Pressure-Sensitive Paint(PSP) measurement technique. There are a baseline and an improved turbine blade in current work, and their film cooling hole position distribution is the same. But the hole shape on suction surface and pressure surface is changed from cylindrical hole(baseline)to laid-back fan-shaped hole(im...     

Experiments of flow and heat transfer performances for air-cooling laminated turbine vane

Flow resistance and heat transfer coefficients of typical double wall laminated film cooling configuration within a turbine vane were experimentally studied.The specimen was in large scale,and made of transparent organic glass.Laminated configuration consisted of double wall laminates,pin-fins,staggered arrays of impingement and film holes.The number ratio of impingement holes,pin-fins and film holes was2∶1∶1.Five experiment vanes were installed in static cascade,and experiments were carried out under constant heat flux.Re of internal cooling air in the experiment was from 104 to 2×105,and Re of external fluid was from 105 to 3×105.The experiment results show that flow resistances of front channel and back channel of the vane are in the same level,and both of them decrease as Re of cooling air increases.Nuof front channel is slightly higher than that of back channel.Both of them increase as Re of cooling air increases.And experiment results were obtained from experiment vanes were compared with that obtained from laminated flat plates,and the tendency of the results agrees well.     

Numerical investigation of transcritical liquid film cooling in a methane / oxygen rocket engine

Transcritical film cooling was investigated by numerical study in a methane cooled methane/oxygen rocket engine.The respective time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations have been solved for the compressible steady three-dimensional(3-D) flow.The flow field computations were performed using the semi-implicit method for pressure linked equation(SIMPLE) algorithm on several blocks of nonuniform collocated grid.The calculation was conducted over a pressure range of 202 650.0 Pa to 1.2×107 Pa and a temperature range of 120.0 K to 3 568.0 K.Twenty-nine different cases were simulated to calculate the impact of different factors.The results show that mass flow rate,length,diameter,number and diffused or convergence of film jet channel,injection angle and jet array arrangements have great impact on transcritical film cooling effectiveness.Furthermore,shape of the jet holes and jet and crossflow turbulence also affect the wall temperature distribution.Two rows of film arranged in different axial angles and staggered arrangement were proposed as new liquid film arrangement.Different radial angles have impact on the film cooling effectiveness in two row-jets cooled cases.The case of in-line and staggered arrangement are almost the same in the region before the second row of jets,but a staggered arrangement has a higher film cooling effectiveness from the second row of jets.     

基于瞬态液晶测量技术的收缩-张形孔气膜冷却特性

采用一种进行全表面测量的瞬态液晶测量技术测量了新型气膜孔（收缩-张形孔）的气膜冷却特性,研究了动量比对冷却效率和换热系数的影响,并与传统的圆柱形孔气膜冷却特性进行了对比,结果表明：收缩-扩张形孔中心线附近区域的冷却效率相对较低,而两孔之间区域的冷却效率相对较高,与圆形孔分布规律相反;在上游区域,两孔中间区域的换热系数比相对孔中心线附近区域较高,而在下游区域,两孔中间区域的换热系数比相对孔中心线附近又较低,与圆形孔相比也有较大不同。相对于圆柱形孔,收缩缝形孔的平均换热系数比在上游较高,在下游较低;收缩-扩张形孔喷出气膜对下游壁面区域的有效覆盖率远大于圆柱形孔,其展向平均冷却效率明显高于圆柱形孔;收缩-扩张形孔在动量比为2时的平均冷却效率最高。     

双向扩张型孔射流角度对气膜冷却特性影响的实验

设计了气膜冷却实验台,测量了单排7个气膜孔的平均换热系数和冷却效率.气膜孔倾角为20°,45°和90°,孔间距P/d=3.动量比变化范围为1～4.重点研究主流零压力梯度下动量比和孔倾角对换热系数比和冷却效率影响.结果表明,动量比的增加使换热系数比和冷却效率都增加,随着倾角增加,动量比对冷却效率的影响减弱;倾角对换热系数比的影响非常复杂,倾角的增加使冷却效率减小.倾角20°的冷却效率明显高于倾角45°和90°的冷却效率.      

前缘射流对涡轮导叶吸力面多排气膜孔冷却特性的影响

为了研究前缘射流对吸力面多排气膜孔下游冷却特性的影响,在跨声速风洞中进行了实验并采用热电偶获得了气膜冷却效率和换热系数。叶栅进口雷诺数的范围为2.0×105 ~ 4.0×105,出口等熵马赫数为0.95,叶栅前的湍流度小于5%。前缘布置6排对冲圆柱孔,质量流量比的范围为2.00% ~ 3.71%,吸力面布置4排圆柱孔,质量流量比的范围为2.02% ~ 3.74%。实验结果表明：在没有前缘射流时,吸力面的气膜冷却效率随质量流量比增大先升高后下降,存在前缘射流时,质量流量比对气膜冷却效率的影响较小。对所有的工况而言,质量流量比增大都提高了吸力面的换热系数。相比于没有前缘射流的工况,前缘射流显著提高了吸力面孔排附近区域的气膜冷却效率并略微降低了换热系数;在吸力面后半段,前缘射流显著提高了换热系数而对气膜冷却效率影响较小。总的来说,前缘射流改善了吸力面孔排附近区域的冷却效果,但是恶化了吸力面后半段区域的冷却效果。     

基于瞬态液晶全表面测量技术的圆柱形孔气膜冷却特性研究

采用瞬态液晶测量技术测量了圆柱形孔的冷却特性分布,研究了动量比的影响.结果表明:大动量比下,射流脱离壁面后重新贴回壁面,冷却效率沿流向率逐渐升高,且下游孔间区域的冷却效率较高;小动量比的冷却效率分布规律与此相反.动量比越大,换热增强效果越显著;在上游区域,大动量比射流诱导出的回流涡形成了一个局部强换热区;在下游区域,各个动量比的传热系数比分布比较相似,两孔中间区域的换热强于孔中心线附近区域.      

基于真实密度比的单/三排扇形孔气膜冷却性能及流阻特性

在真实密度比条件下对单排和三排的扇形气膜孔的传热和流阻特性进行了实验研究。采用压敏漆（PSP）技术对单/三排定出口宽度的扇形孔进行风洞实验,研究了在真实密度比条件下不同孔形参数的扇形气膜孔的传热和流阻特性的差异,得到了不同孔形参数的扇形孔出现冷气射流吹离热侧壁面的大致临界吹风比以及实现展向平均气膜冷却效率最高的孔型结构参数。实验结果表明:在所研究的孔形参数范围内,扇形孔在吹风比小于1.5时没有出现冷气射流吹离壁面的现象,且倾斜角为20°、扩散角为15°的扇形孔的气膜冷却性能最好;而当吹风比为2.0时则出现了不同程度的吹离热侧壁面的现象,且倾斜角为25°、扩散角为10°的扇形孔的气膜冷却效率最大。此外,倾斜角为25°、扩散角为13°和倾斜角为30°、扩散角为10°的扇形孔流量系数最高。      

逆压力梯度下几何参数对气膜冷却效率的影响

采用放大模型在低速回流式风洞中进行了实验,研究了逆压力梯度下圆柱形孔、扇形孔和双向扩张形孔的气膜冷却效率,分析了孔间距、前倾角和径向角等几何参数对气膜冷却效率的影响.结果表明:扇形孔的气膜冷却效率最大,双向扩张形孔次之,圆柱形孔最小.孔间距越小,气膜冷却效率越大,且动量比越小,孔间距的影响越大.前倾角越小,气膜冷却效率越大,动量比越大,前倾角的影响越大.径向角的影响较复杂,小于30°且递增时,气膜冷却效率随动量比的增大而减小;大于30°时,气膜冷却效率随径向角的增大而减小.      

气动参数对前缘气膜冷却效率影响的实验

针对叶片前缘结构特点,建立了前缘气膜冷却实验台,实验模型由带气膜孔的半圆柱面和平板组成.密度比为1和1.5,动量比变化范围为0.5～4,湍流度为0.4%和8%.结果表明,随着动量比的增加,冷却效率减小.在低动量比下,湍流度的提高使径向平均冷却效率降低.随着动量比的增加,湍流度对径向平均冷却效率的影响减弱.低动量比下,密度比的增加使径向平均冷却效率减小;高动量比下,密度比的增加使径向平均冷却效率增大.      

附加分叉射流喷注对气膜孔冷却特性的影响

利用三维数值计算研究具有附加分叉射流喷注的单排气膜孔冷却结构的强化冷却特性,考察了三种形式的分叉孔结构和四个吹风比的影响。研究结果表明,主气膜孔附近射流喷注孔的存在能够诱导一对反涡,削弱缘于主气膜孔下游气膜出流和主流相互作用的肾形涡对,有利于提高气膜冷却效率,同时也增强了对流换热;当分叉射流喷注孔出口与主气膜孔在同一流向位置时,可以获得较高的气膜冷却效率和相对较低的对流换热系数增强比。     

高速条件下吸力面复合角孔气膜冷却特性

为探究高速条件下涡轮叶片吸力面上复合角孔的气膜冷却特性,在高速风洞中实验测量了吸力面复合角孔的气膜冷却效率与传热系数比,并通过净热通量减少(NHFR)衡量了复合角孔对吸力面的气膜冷却净收益。分析了雷诺数、吹风比以及湍流度对气膜冷却效率、传热系数比及净热通量减少的影响规律,结果表明：低雷诺数下气膜冷却效率受雷诺数影响较大,但当雷诺数增大至6.4×10⁵以上时,气膜冷却效率几乎不再变化;随湍流度的增大,气膜冷却效率整体降低,低吹风比下气膜冷效对雷诺数、湍流度较为敏感。传热系数比随气膜吹风比增加而增大,但在湍流度较大时,气膜冷却对传热系数的影响降低。湍流度的增大使NHFR有所升高。研究表明对高的湍流度工况,吹风比为0.8时复合角孔呈现最佳的气膜冷却性能。