A quasi-one-dimensional model for hypersonic reactive flow along the stagnation streamline

This study proposes a quasi-one-dimensional model to predict the chemical non-equilibrium flow along the stagnation streamline of hypersonic flow past a blunt body. The model solves reduced equations along the stagnation streamline and predicts nearly identical results as the numerical solution of the full-field Navier-Stokes equations. The high efficiency of this model makes it useful to investigate the overall quantitative behavior of related physical-chemical phenomena. In this paper two important properties of hypersonic flow, shock stand-off distance and oxygen disso-ciation, are studied using the quasi-one-dimensional model with the ideal dissociating gas model. It is found that the shock stand-off distance is affected by both chemical and thermal non-equilibrium. The shock stand-off distance will increase when the flow conditions are changed from equilibrium to non-equilibrium, because the average density of the shock-compressed gas will decrease as a result of the increase in translational energy. For oxygen dissociation, the maximum value of its dis-sociation degree along the stagnation line varies with the flight altitude. It is increased at first and decreased thereafter with the altitude, which is due to the combination effect of the equilibrium shift and chemical non-equilibrium relaxation. The overall variation of the maximum dissociation is then plotted in the speed and altitude coordinates as a reference for engineering application.     

Numerical analysis of hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment for an entry configuration in ionized flow

A theoretical methodology for thermochemical non-equilibrium flow combing with the HLLC (Harten-Lax-van Leer Contact) scheme was applied to study the hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment of an entry configuration in ionized flow. A two-temperature controlling model was utilized and the Gupta’s 11 species (N₂, O₂, NO, O, N, NO⁺, N₂⁺, O₂⁺, N⁺, O⁺, e^?) thermochemical non-equilibrium model was taken. Firstly, numerical calculations of hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environments for different aerodynamic shapes were carried out to verify the reliability of the method above. Then, the method was used to research the effects of ionization and wall catalysis on the hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment of the entry configuration in ionized flow. The shock stand-off distance can be reduced by thermochemical reactions but doesn’t continue to decrease significantly when ionization occurs. The shock stand-off distance calculated by the 11 species model is 4.2% smaller than that calculated by the 5 species (N₂, O₂, NO, O, N) thermochemical non-equilibrium model without considering ionization. Ionization reduces wall heat flux but increases wall pressure a little. The effect of ionization on aerothermal loads is greater than that of aerodynamic loads. The thermochemical reactions of electrons and ions catalyzed at the wall increase wall heat flux significantly but make a small change in wall pressure. The maximum wall heat flux obtained by only considering the electrons and ions catalyzed at the partially catalytic wall condition is 11.8% less than that calculated at the super-catalytic wall condition.     

不同半径圆柱诱导CH4/空气预混燃烧的计算研究

本文研究不同半径圆柱诱导CH4/空气预混燃烧流场。采用保自由流5阶WENO格式求解贴体坐标变换后的多组分Euler方程,用基元反应模型描述CH4/空气燃烧。不同于标准WENO格式通量构造方法,该WENO格式数值通量由方程的解进行WENO插值得到,在曲线坐标系下具有保自由流性质。首先给出了保自由流WENO格式精度和保自由流的数值验证,然后计算圆柱诱导CH4/空气预混气燃烧流场,并考察不同半径圆柱的影响,给出燃烧流场压力与温度等值线和云图、压力和温度沿过驻点线分布。结果表明:在考核计算结果网格无关性基础上,该WENO格式可准确地捕捉激波和火焰阵面形状、激波和火焰面驻点距离,得到的计算结果和文献结果相符。增大圆柱半径,激波和火焰面被推向来流方向,激波和火焰面之间距离也减小。和TVD格式相比,5阶WENO格式采用四分之一的网格数可得到近似相同的计算结果。     

Analytical method of nonlinear coupled constitutive relations for rarefied non-equilibrium flows

It is well known that Navier-Stokes equations are not valid for those high-Knudsen and high-Mach flows, in which the local thermodynamically non-equilibrium effects are dominant. To extend the non-equilibrium describing the ability of macroscopic equations, Nonlinear Coupled Constitutive Relation (NCCR) model was developed from Eu’s generalized hydrodynamic equations to substitute linear Newton’s law of viscosity and Fourier’s law of heat conduction in conservation laws. In the NCCR model, how to solve the decomposed constitutive equations with reasonable computational cost is a key ingredient of this scheme. In this paper, an analytic method is proposed firstly. Compared to the iterative procedure in the conventional NCCR model, the analytic method not only obtains exact roots of the decomposed constitutive polynomials, but also preserves the nonlinear constitutive relations in the original framework of NCCR methods. Numerical tests to assess the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method are conducted for argon shock structures, Couette flows, two-dimensional hypersonic flows over a cylinder and three-dimensional supersonic flows over a three-dimensional sphere. These superior advantages of the current method are expected to render itself a powerful tool for simulating the hypersonic rarefied flows and microscale flows of high Knudsen number for engineering applications.     

Nonequilibrium recombination after a curved shock wave

The effect of nonequilibrium recombination after a curved two-dimensional shock wave in a hypervelocity dissociating flow of an inviscid Lighthill–Freeman gas is considered. An analytical solution is obtained with the effective shock values derived by Hornung (1976) [5] and the assumption that the flow is ‘quasi-frozen’ after a thin dissociating layer near the shock. The solution gives the expression of dissociation fraction as a function of temperature on a streamline. A rule of thumb can then be provided to check the validity of binary scaling for experimental conditions and a tool to determine the limiting streamline that delineates the validity zone of binary scaling. The effects on the nonequilibrium chemical reaction of the large difference in free stream temperature between free-piston shock tunnel and equivalent flight conditions are discussed. Numerical examples are presented and the results are compared with solutions obtained with two-dimensional Euler equations using the code of Candler (1988) [10].     

二维横向喷流的N-S方程数值解

让一股射流横向注入超音速流产生所需要的干扰效应是一种飞行器飞行控制的常用手段,如航天飞机和机动导弹上的反作用控制系统(RCS).所以,对射流与主流相互干扰的某些流动特性应该有个基本的了解.本文通过应用MacCormack显格式和Baldwin-Lomax修正的代数湍流模型求解二维RANS方程对带横向射流的绕后台阶的M_∞为2.19和6.00的超音速外干扰流场进行了数值计算.与无喷射流的情形相比,回流涡旋区由2个增加到4个,且底部压力有大的回升,喷口宽度越大,回升效应越显著.另外,数值计算表明,在压力梯度变化比较平缓的区域附加一四阶人工粘性能有效地抑制数值振荡,加快收敛.     

High-speed unsteady flows past two-body configurations

This paper presents a detailed investigation of unsteady supersonic flows around a typical two-body configuration, which consists of a capsule and a canopy. The cases with different trailing distances between the capsule and canopy are simulated. The objective of this study is to examine the detailed effects of trailing distance on the flow fields and analyze the flow physics of the different flow modes around the parachute-like two-body model. The computational results show unsteady pulsating flow fields in the small trailing distance cases and are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. As the trailing distance increases, this unsteady flow mode takes different forms along with the wake/shock and shock/shock interactions, and then gradually fades away and transits to oscillate mode, which is very different from the former. As the trailing distance keeps increasing, only the capsule wake/canopy shock interaction is present in the flow field around the two-body model, which reveals that the unsteady capsule shock/canopy shock interaction is a key mechanism for the pulsation mode.     

化学非平衡流动解耦算法的回顾与新进展

超声速化学非平衡流动的数值模拟一直是计算流体力学领域的难点,主要体现在如下几个方面：物理过程非常复杂,存在着激波、燃烧波等各种复杂波系的相互作用;超声速化学非平衡流动属于典型的时空多尺度物理问题,其控制方程存在严重的刚性,给数值求解带来了很大困难。对国内外的解耦算法研究现状简单综述后,主要介绍1993年刘君提出的解耦算法的理论基础,流动方程采用冻结流模型,源项方程模拟流体微团在当地绝热、定容的热力学系统内发生的化学反应过程。通过引入两个中间变量,即等效内能和等效比热比,将与温度无关的生成焓从流动方程组能量项中分离出去,源项方程组中包含等效内能,使用不同算子对流动方程和源项方程解耦求解。与传统解耦算法相比,源项方程的求解过程中包含状态参数和组元同时变化。结合刘君解耦算法机理和有限体积法空间平均特性,介绍近期在提高算法计算效率方面的研究进展,包括流动方程优化算法和耦合过程优化。采用优化算法对经典的激波诱导燃烧算例进行数值模拟,与不同文献结果进行对比,验证了优化算法的时空精度。通过总结经验发现化学非平衡反应仅发生在流场局部区域,提出质量生成率判据,结合相应模拟结果验证了方法的可行性,可以进一步提高化学反应算子的计算效率。     

Influence of fuel injection position and equivalent mixture ratio on chemical non-equilibrium effects of single expansion ramp nozzle

Chemical non-equilibrium flow was investigated for the scramjet single expansion ramp nozzle(SERN) with a strut-based liquid-kerosene-fueled combustor.Two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations were solved with the species conservation equation for continuous phase and the renormalization group(RNG) k-ε turbulence model.Lagrangian discrete-phase model was analyzed for liquid-kerosene droplets behavior in the supersonic stream.Combustion was simulated by kerosene surrogate fuel's 10-species and 13-step reduced reaction kinetics mechanism with use of Arrhenius's laminar finite rate model.Parametric studies were carried out to estimate the influence of different fuel injection positions and equivalent mixture ratios on the SERN chemical non-equilibrium effects.Numerical calculation results show that the strut-based combustor enables convenient modeling of various SERN entry conditions,which is similar with many preceding investigations,by changing the injector strut position and controlling the mass flow rate of each injector.Chemical non-equilibrium effects function in the whole SERN,especially in the initial flow expansion region,leads to obviously higher SERN performance of the non-equilibrium flow than that of the frozen flow.Furthermore,the distributed fuel injection pattern plays a significant role in enhancing the combustion efficiency in combustor,but weakening the chemical non-equilibrium effects funciton in SERN.Additionally,while the equivalent mixture ratio increases,the SERN thrust coefficient and lift coefficient rise gradually,and the increment of non-equilibrium flow in relation to frozen flow becomes higher as well.To be specific,the equivalent mixture ratio is 0.6,the maximum increment of thrust coefficient and lift coefficient are 11.6% and 25% respectively.      

纳秒脉冲等离子体激励器用于圆柱高速流动控制的数值模拟

利用数值模拟,研究了纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电（NS-DBD）等离子体激励器在圆柱高速流动控制中的应用。首先,研究了单电极NS-DBD等离子体激励器在静止空气中放电后的流场特性。研究表明在介质阻挡放电形成的等离子体区域,有局部能量快速注入,放电结束5 μs后在上极板后端点位置形成了一个局部温度高达900 K的热点,由此引发很强的压力扰动,形成以上极板后端点位置为中心,扩散速度约为声速的半圆形压缩波。在此基础上,通过数值模拟研究了NS-DBD等离子体激励器布置在直径为6 mm的圆柱上,来流马赫数为Ma_∞=4.6时,对圆柱脱体激波的控制作用。研究表明介质阻挡放电形成的半圆形压缩波对于脱体激波有很强的干扰作用,激波距离增加了15.7%,激波强度也有相应的减弱,导致阻力减少了13%。     

设计马赫数为5的一级二元混压式进气道典型状态下气动特性

对一种设计马赫数为5的一级二元混压式进气道再入大气层过程典型状态进行了仿真和风洞试验,得到了该进气道典型状态下的气动特性.结果表明:当来流马赫数高于设计马赫数（为5）时,进气道外压斜激波系提前汇合,与唇罩入射斜激波相互作用,产生了波-波干扰;尽管发生了流动分离,但当来流马赫数为7和6时进气道出口上游气流紊流度分别不超过3.337和3.256,且流道内动态压力信号的功率谱密度呈现白噪声特征,不会对发动机造成结构损伤.因此,对于宽来流马赫数工作范围的进气道来讲,为了提供足够的流量,可以适当降低进气道的设计马赫数.      

Experimental and numerical investigation on opposing plasma synthetic jet for drag reduction

Experimental and numerical studies are carried out to validate the potential of opposing Plasma Synthetic Jet (PSJ) for drag reduction for a hemisphere. Firstly, flow field changes of opposing PSJ are analyzed by comparing the experimental schlieren images and simulation results in a supersonic free stream of Mach number 3. As PSJ is a kind of unsteady pulsed jet, the shock standoff distance increases initially and then decreases under the control of PSJ, which corresponds to the change of the strength of PSJ. Accordingly, the amount of drag reduction of the hemisphere increases initially and then decreases. It is found that there is a short period of “drag rise” during the formation of PSJ before the drag reduction, which is induced by the generation of normal shock waves and the area difference of the cavity wall of PSJ Actuator (PSJA). Secondly, the effects of five parameters, including exit diameter, discharge energy of PSJA, Mach number, static pressure of incoming flow and angle of attack, on drag reduction of opposing PSJ were studied in detail by using numerical method. It is found that the Maximum Pressure Ratio (MPR) has a significant impact on the average drag reduction for a configuration-determined PSJA. For the configuration selected in this study, the flow field of opposing PSJ shows typical Short Penetration Mode (SPM) in a control cycle of PSJ when the MPR is less than 0.89. However, the flow field shows typical Long Penetration Mode (LPM) at some time when the MPR is bigger than 0.89. Relatively better drag reduction is achieved in this case.     

设计参数及附面层修正对“咽”式进气道性能的影响

为了研究不同的平面斜激波流场对流线追踪"咽"式进气道性能的影响规律,寻求性能最佳的进气道,对设计马赫数为7,具有不同三维基本流场的流线追踪"咽"式进气道进行了数值模拟。研究表明:选择8-7无粘流场(即俯仰平面内的斜激波由和自由来流呈8°夹角的斜压缩面产生;偏航平面内的斜激波由和自由来流呈7°夹角的斜压缩面产生)作为基本流场设计出的流线追踪进气道压缩性能、总压恢复性能及起动性能均能满足设计要求,并有较高的捕获流量;另外,通过对其进行附面层修正,设计状态下的各性能参数都较接近无粘设计参数,并且大幅度提高了进气道的流场均匀性。     

等离子体合成射流对钝头激波的控制与减阻

为了验证等离子体合成射流对超声速流动的流动控制和减阻效果,在考虑热完全气体效应的情况下,工程拟合等离子体热力学属性和输运系数,利用能量源项模型对超声速平板和球头等典型流场结构进行了数值模拟,并取得了与实验较为一致的结果。研究结果表明：对于马赫数为2的超声速平板流动,等离子体合成射流能有效干扰边界层的发展,并诱导产生一系列大尺度结构;对于马赫数为3的球头流场,等离子体合成射流能显著改变激波脱体距离与球头的阻力特性;在放电后第1个周期内,合成射流能使球头平均阻力降低6.3%,而在射流峰值情况下使阻力降低32.0%,激波脱体距离增加2倍,实现了激波控制和流动减阻的预期效果。     

一种二元定几何混压式超声速进气道流场控制概念研究

针对二元定几何混压式超声速进气道低马赫数时流量系数低加速性能差的问题,提出了一种新的泄流槽流场控制概念,并通过数值仿真,揭示了泄流槽控制激波结构机理及其主要几何参数对进气道性能的影响规律.研究结果表明:采用该流场控制方案可通过泄流槽入口处的波系结构使进气道在低于设计马赫数时的出口总压恢复系数和流量系数相对于原型方案均得到明显提高,而在设计点关闭泄流槽后进气道的性能与原型进气道基本相当,这对改善冲压发动机在低马赫数转级后的加速性能是有利的.      

定几何混压式轴对称超声速进气道气动特性数值仿真和实验验证

 针对一种Ma4一级定几何混压式超声速轴对称进气道进行了数值仿真研究,并和风洞实验结果进行对照,验证了本文所采用计算方法的可靠性。利用CFD方法获得了进气道激波系分布、内通道流场分布和沿程静压分布并对Ma4下稳定亚临界状态进行了分析。研究结果表明：（1）超临界状态下,随着进气道出口反压的提高,结尾激波系向喉道方向移动,结尾激波损失减小,总压恢复系数提高;（2）攻角的增加对进气道的迎风侧和背风侧影响增大,结尾激波系由对称分布向一边倾斜的趋势增大,背风侧的承受反压能力下降,总压恢复系数随着下降;（3）随着来流马赫数的增加,激波损失加大,总压恢复系数随之下降,同时由于激波角变小,激波也越靠近外唇罩,溢流减小,流量系数增大,在激波贴口后流量系数基本保持不变;（4）通道内的静压分布曲线清晰的反映了内通道沿程激波系情况;（5）在大于贴口Ma数工作时,结尾激波系被推出唇口的情况下,由于滑流层作用出现一个类似外压缩式的气动通道从而存在稳定的亚临界状态。     

冲击射流的彩虹纹影实验研究

超声速冲击射流在短距、垂直起降飞行器（S/VTOL）以及火箭发射等方面应用广泛,但是伴随着流场与噪声等诸多方面的问题。要研究这一类问题,必先研究这一类超声速流动的波系结构。文章利用彩虹纹影测量系统,对不同距离不同压比的冲击射流进行实验研究,得到了清晰的彩虹纹影实验结果,细致地呈现了冲击射流的波系结构。基于实验结果,对三种不同结构的冲击射流的波系结构进行了详细分析。发现喷嘴与挡板距离较大时,形成的射流结构与自由射流相似,壁面附近的射流区域不明显。随着距离减小,冲击射流出现壁面冲击区附近射流比较剧烈的现象。距离进一步减小时,出现滞止泡等结构,滞止泡的形状与压比相关。此外,实验表明冲击射流形成的马赫盘大小、形状与来流压比相关。     

真实气体效应下高马赫数内转进气道特性研究

为初步研究高马赫数内转进气道在真实气体效应下的工作特性,首先设计额定工作状态Ma=12的高超声速内转进气道,再结合不同气体模型对其进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:化学非平衡气体在流场结构、工作性能和气动加热方面与热完全气体较为相近,与热化学非平衡气体存在一定差别。离解反应发生在边界层内和低速涡流区内,热化学非平衡气体的离解反应程度比化学非平衡气体大。在隔离段内激波反射处,相比完全气体,化学反应气体的静温降低了2000～2500K。高热流区在上壁面喉道位置与下壁面激波反射点位置附近,温度较高的等温壁面、热化学非平衡气体均可降低壁面热流密度,不同壁面条件对隔离段出口性能参数影响较为明显。真实气体效应、壁面温度对隔离段涡流区的影响较为复杂,有待进一步研究。     

高超声速飞行器表面温度分布与气动热耦合数值研究

针对高超声速飞行器热防护设计中的高温气体非平衡效应问题和气动热环境精确预测问题,基于流场的非平衡Navier-Stokes方程、表面的能量守恒方程和内部的热传导方程,考虑流场的非平衡效应、表面的热辐射效应、催化效应和烧蚀效应以及热防护层内部的热传导效应,建立了初步的表面温度分布与气动热的耦合计算方法,完善了高超声速飞行器气动物理流场计算软件(AEROPH_Flow)。在表面材料为碳-碳(C-C)条件下,对飞行高度为65km和飞行速度为8,10km/s的半球以及飞行高度为50km和飞行速度为8km/s的球锥模型,开展了表面温度分布与气动热的耦合计算,验证了计算方法和计算软件,分析了表面温度分布对气动热环境的影响。研究结果表明:表面温度分布对气动热的计算结果有较大影响,在气动热环境的预测中,不仅要考虑热化学非平衡效应和表面催化效应的影响,还要考虑表面温度分布的影响,最好是采用表面温度分布与气动热耦合计算的方法,以减小表面温度分布对气动热计算结果的影响。为此,需要发展完善非平衡流场/表面催化和烧蚀/热传导温度场(气/表/固)的计算模型、耦合求解技术和计算软件,实现对高超声速飞行器的真实飞行条件下高温气体非平衡效应和气动热环境的精确模拟。     

跨声速L型气动补偿空速管有限元解

本文应用有限元法求解跨声速流中带有斜支架的任意型面空速管(L型空速管)的压强分布,控制方程为全速位方程,来流可具有迎角。本文方法为设计气动补偿空速管提供一种有效手段,能大量节省方案筛选的风洞实验工作量。对典型型号的计算结果与风洞实验数据的比较表明本文方法是有效的。