基于模型的复杂系统安全性和可靠性分析技术发展综述

复杂系统的安全性、可靠性分析一直是装备通用质量特性领域关注的热点问题。随着航空机载系统向综合化、集成化、智能化方向发展,系统的功能逻辑、架构设计以及容错设计越来越复杂,以人工演绎推理为主的传统安全性、可靠性分析手段已经越来越不能满足要求,模型驱动的分析方法正在成为复杂系统安全性、可靠性设计所依赖的重要技术手段。特别是近几年,基于模型的系统工程技术发展迅猛,并在国内外航空企业中得到了广泛的应用和认可,这为基于模型的系统安全性、可靠性设计技术的进一步发展提供了有利条件。本文主要对国内外基于模型的复杂系统安全性、可靠性分析技术的研究进展进行了介绍,并对该项技术未来的发展方向和趋势进行了分析,为装备开展系统安全性、可靠性分析工作提供借鉴。     

任务可靠度的估算分析

飞机设计工作中一项十分重要的任务是产品可靠性设计，本文回顾了任务可靠性的基本概念，给出了能够确定飞机完成任务可能性的任务可靠度的估算方法。在此基础上，为说明任务可靠度估算的实际过程，本文最后对某型飞机电传控制系统任务可靠度进行了分析，并给出了分析结论。     

航空电子系统综合显示处理技术研究

集中控制和综合显示技术在先进作战飞机航空电子系统中的应用日益广泛,综合显示处理机作为航空电子系统控制和管理的核心,其系统结构、可靠性及综合显示控制将是系统平台设计要解决的首要问题.本文介绍了一种机载综合显示处理机,根据航空电子系统功能需求及显示控制系统结构,进行了系统层次化结构设计,并对综合显示控制系统的系统显示控制、通信控制及模块化设计与实现技术进行了研究分析,最后给出合理的模块化设计与实现方案.航空电子系统综合试验、应用表明,综合显示处理机性能先进、可靠性高,并极大地改善和提高了航空电子系统的整体性能.     

航天电磁继电器可靠性容差分析技术的研究

航天电磁继电器是在航天电子系统中完成信号传递、执行控制、系统配电等功能的主要电子元器件之一，其可靠性直接影响整个航天电子系统的可靠性。航天继电器可靠性设计技术是其产品可靠性工程的关键技术。本文分析了当前各领域可靠性研究现状及航天电磁继电器产品的可靠性现状与问题，提出并建立了基于正交试验表的电磁吸力可靠性容差分析数学模型、基于概率统计方法的机械反力可靠性容差分析数学模型及基于“应力-强度干涉法”的吸反力配合特性可靠性容差分析数学模型。以某型号航天电磁继电器为例，进行了可靠性容差分析与研究，给出了对航天电磁继电器可靠性设计具有指导作用的重要结论。     

固体导弹连接结构可靠性模型

针对传统的机械结构设计方法存在不确定性或盲目性的缺点,依据结构可靠性和数理统计原理,运用概率设计方法,建立了基于正态分布的结构可靠性模型。该模型的建立为计算固体导弹的连接结构可靠性提供了理论支撑。     

Large Capacity Magnetic Bubble Memories for Government Applications

Magnetic bubble memories are an all solid-state, nonvolatile technology that offers a viable alternative to rotating electromechanical memory systems. Rotating memory systems such as magnetic disks, tapes, or drums are often not practical in government applications because of maintenance, reliability, and security problems. Bubble memories offer improvements in the required system reliability for these applications and lend themselves to a modular memory design not possible with mechanical systems. A 244 Mbit memory system is described which is general purpose in design, has a block random access architecture, and has demonstrated its high reliability.     

结构振动可靠性设计方法研究

以传统的结构振动设计方法为基础,提出了一种进行振动可靠性设计的方法。利用应力-强度干涉理论,发展了激振力频率与结构固有频率干涉的概率模型,建立了结构振动可靠性模型,给出了导致构件损坏的强迫共振响应的概率计算公式及其使用条件。原则上,所发展的方法对其固有频率相对不太密集的构件更为适用,如涡轮机械中的叶片。      

航天飞控软件操作概图开发

航天飞控软件是具有高可靠性要求的软件系统,对其进行可靠性测试是航天飞控任务的基本要求。操作概图是进行软件可靠性测试的基础。由于开发大型软件系统的操作概图比较复杂,使其成为了制约开展软件可靠性测试的主要困难之一。本文以地面航天飞控软件为例,介绍了实时飞控软件操作概图的开发步骤和方法。首先是确定软件系统的操作模式,并确定每个操作模式所运行的相关软件;然后给出了识别每个软件的操作发起者和操作方法;最后对不同类型的操作给出了确定其发生概率的方法。     

系统可靠性预计方法综述

系统可靠性预计是进行可靠性设计的基础,其主要价值在于为设计决策提供依据。本文阐明了系统可靠性预计的概念,分析了系统可靠性预计的基本过程,综述了系统可靠性的预计方法,介绍和评论了各自的优缺点和适用范围,并对预计方法的发展前景做了初步展望。     

A nickel/hydrogen battery for PV systems

The nickel-hydrogen battery, developed in the early nineteen-seventies as an energy-storage subsystem for commercial communication satellites, is discussed. The advantages offered by nickel-hydrogen batteries, including long life, low maintenance and high reliability, make it very attractive for terrestrial applications such as stand-alone photovoltaic systems. The major drawback to the wider use of the nickel-hydrogen battery is its high initial cost. A 7-kWh battery has been on test since January 1988 using a flat-plate photovoltaic array for charging. The cell, battery design and test methods are briefly described, and the results of cycling and solar tests are presented. It is concluded that the battery is well suited for remote solar applications     

含有正态相关变量的多设计点/多失效模式情况下的方向抽样可靠性灵敏度分析

针对含有正态相关变量的多设计点/多失效模式系统的可靠性问题,提出了两种有效的基于方向抽样的可靠性灵敏度分析方法。可靠性灵敏度分析方法的基本思路是首先将正态相关变量进行等价独立标准正态变换,利用改进的方向抽样可靠性灵敏度分析方法得到独立标准正态空间的可靠性及灵敏度结果;通过复合求导法则,将独立标准正态空间的可靠性及灵敏度结果转化到正态相关空间,得到失效概率对相关正态变量分布参数(均值、标准差和相关系数)的偏导数,并对所推导的可靠性及灵敏度估计值进行了方差分析。与经典的MonteCarlo数字模拟法相比较,文中所列的数值算例和简单工程算例的分析结果验证了所提方法的可行性与有效性。     

基于MBSE的副翼及其操纵系统研发技术及应用

飞机的设计研发是一项涉及多学科领域、多目标、多约束的复杂系统工程过程,系统耦合紧密、参与人员众多、设计信息庞杂,以文档为中心的需求管理等传统研发方法突显出一定的困难,亟需探索新的飞机设计研发方法。以副翼及其操纵系统为研究对象,对基于模型的系统工程(Model Based System Engineering,以下简称MBSE)方法进行了探索研究:采用达索MBSE方法论-MMS(Modeling Methodology for Systems,以下简称MMS),从使命、服务、功能和组件不同视角对副翼及其操纵系统研发的各个方面进行解析,进而完整定义系统;利用达索3D Experience平台,通过RFLP系统工程架构,进行了副翼及其操纵系统的需求开发、功能分析及逻辑架构设计,完成了需求、功能、逻辑架构、系统仿真、物理设计等模型的关联追溯,实现了以达索MBSE方法论为核心的研发技术的有效应用。     

测控中心实时应用软件系统采用线程机制的探讨

为了提高测控系统中心计算机应用软件在实时任务中的安全性和可靠性,实现在不同操作系统下的应用软件移植,以开发出在异型操作系统下的实时应用软件。主要分析了中心机实时应用程序采用线程机制的优势,讨论了几种线程间通信方式,并简要介绍了应用软件设计思想。     

Optimal design of RTCs in digital circuit fault self-repair based on global signal optimization

Since digital circuits have been widely and thoroughly applied in various fields, electronic systems are increasingly more complicated and require greater reliability. Faults may occur in elec-tronic systems in complicated environments. If immediate field repairs are not made on the faults, elec-tronic systems will not run normally, and this will lead to serious losses. The traditional method for improving system reliability based on redundant fault-tolerant technique has been unable to meet the requirements. Therefore, on the basis of (evolvable hardware)-based and (reparation balance technology)-based electronic circuit fault self-repair strategy proposed in our preliminary work, the optimal design of rectification circuits (RTCs) in electronic circuit fault self-repair based on global sig-nal optimization is deeply researched in this paper. First of all, the basic theory of RTC optimal design based on global signal optimization is proposed. Secondly, relevant considerations and suitable ranges are analyzed. Then, the basic flow of RTC optimal design is researched. Eventually, a typical circuit is selected for simulation verification, and detailed simulated analysis is made on five circumstances that occur during RTC evolution. The simulation results prove that compared with the conventional design method based RTC, the global signal optimization design method based RTC is lower in hardware cost, faster in circuit evolution, higher in convergent precision, and higher in circuit evolution success rate. Therefore, the global signal optimization based RTC optimal design method applied in the elec-tronic circuit fault self-repair technology is proven to be feasible, effective, and advantageous.     

Using PoF models to predict system reliability considering failure collaboration

Existing Physics-of-Failure-based (PoF-based) system reliability prediction methods are grounded on the independence assumption, which overlooks the dependency among the compo-nents. In this paper, a new type of dependency, referred to as failure collaboration, is introduced and considered in reliability predictions. A PoF-based model is developed to describe the failure behavior of systems subject to failure collaboration. Based on the developed model, the Bisection-based Reliability Analysis Method (BRAM) is exploited to calculate the system reliabil-ity. The developed methods are applied to predicting the reliability of a Hydraulic Servo Actuator (HSA). The results demonstrate that the developed methods outperform the traditional PoF-based reliability prediction methods when applied to systems subject to failure collaboration.     

Radioisotope powered AMTEC systems

Alkali Metal Thermal to Electric Converter (AMTEC) systems are being developed for high performance spacecraft power systems, including small, General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) powered systems. Several design concepts have been evaluated for the power range from 75 W to 1 kW. The specific power for these concepts has been found to be as high as 18-20 W/kg and 22 kW/m³. The projected area, including radiators, has been as low as 0.4 m²/kW. AMTEC power systems are extremely attractive, relative to other current and projected power systems, because AMTEC offers high power density, low projected area, and low volume. Two AMTEC cell design types have been identified. A single-tube cell is already under development and a multi-tube cell design, to provide additional power system gains, has undergone proof-of-principle testing. Solar powered AMTEC (SAMTEC) systems are also being developed, and numerous terrestrial applications have been identified for which the same basic AMTEC cells being developed for radioisotope systems are also suitable     

FPGA设计中的亚稳态问题及其预防方法研究

由于在复杂FPGA（Field Programmable Gate Array,现场可编程门阵列）设计中存在跨时钟域,通常会产生亚稳态现象.为有效地预防和解决该问题,分析FPGA设计中亚稳态的产生机理及其对数字信号处理系统的影响.根据不同的信号同步类型,针对单比特电平信号、脉冲信号和边沿信号,分别给出基于触发器级联的跨时钟域信号同步方法;针对并行信号,提出基于异步FIFO （First In First Out,先进先出队列）和握手协议的跨时钟域同步方法;并通过仿真手段分析信号同步方法的有效性及其适用范围.结果表明：这些方法能够正确有效地完成跨时钟域信号同步,预防可能出现的亚稳态问题,从而提高复杂FPGA设计的可靠性和稳定性.     

新一代战斗机全机地面强度试验技术

介绍了全机地面强度试验及验证要求，分析了试验的新问题和新挑战。通过试验顶层规划，采用全新设计模式、先进的加载技术，从试验的边界条件、综合平台、动力系统、测量与控制、损伤检测与监测等方面制定了总体技术方案。研究并应用了全硬式单侧双向加载技术、试验综合平台设计技术、试验边界条件模拟技术、动力系统设计技术等多项新技术，提高了设计效率、加快了试验实施速度、提升了试验安全性和可靠性。这些新技术在新一代战斗机多架次全机静力/疲劳试验中成功应用，结果表明各试验系统安全、可靠，达到了试验要求和预期试验目标，实现了全机地面强度试验技术的跨越式进步，技术成果为后续型号试验提供了较高参考价值。     

Overview of current design and analysis of potential theories for automated fibre placement mechanisms

Automated fibre placement(AFP) systems have successfully intensified the demand for high-quality composite component manufacturing in both the military and civilian fields. One of the main elements of these systems is the AFP mechanism for accomplishing individual fibre delivery,clamp/cut/restart(CCR) and the consolidation process, and it consists of several functional submechanisms presenting strong coupling relationships and motion sequences. This review aims to summarize the development of AF...     

涡轮盘低循环疲劳的概率设计

基于涡轮盘结构的低循环疲劳设计流程,将概率设计理念融入设计过程中,提出了涡轮盘低循环疲劳的概率设计流程。首先进行涡轮盘结构的优化分析,其中以确定性设计准则作为约束条件;以优化结构方案为基础,考虑参数的随机性,对涡轮盘低循环疲劳进行可靠性分析;以低循环疲劳寿命的可靠度为概率设计准则,对涡轮盘进行反复的设计和计算验证,通过修改结构尺寸完成涡轮盘低循环疲劳的概率设计。同时,根据灵敏度分析结果,讨论了设计变量的分散性对涡轮盘寿命的影响,为进一步提高结构的可靠性提供了新的研究思路。结果表明,按照概率设计观点确定的涡轮盘结构兼顾性能和可靠性,在满足可靠度的前提下降低涡轮盘的重量。同时该概率设计流程简单方便,易于工程的推广应用。