飞行力学和飞行控制试飞技术

为了适应高增益,全权限数字电传操纵系统飞行试验的需要,利用已研制成功的多台地面飞行模拟器和ＢＷ－１纵向,ＩＦＳＴＡ三自由度空中飞行模拟试验机,模型自由飞研究以及具有现代先进水平的机载数据采集记录和地面实时监控系统等设备和技术手段,进行了电传飞机的飞行品质和飞控稳定性等问题的研究,包括试飞输入设计,电传飞机飞行品质,电传飞控系统稳定裕度等。最后,提出了对下一代飞机飞行力学和飞行控制方面需要研究的试飞     

Digital Computation Makes AFCS More Reliable

In airline service the reliability of a system is more than the confirmed failures for the system; it is the total removal experience of the system. Thus, the reliability of a system lies not only in the piece part failure rates, but also in the capability to verify and isolate failures. The application of digital technology brings several significant reliability improvements to automatic flight control systems (AFCS) when compared to contemporary analog systems. These advantages are demonstrated by the experience of the digital air data computer (DADC) of the DC-10 and the digital AFCS of the JA-37 Viggen. Experience with this equipment is reviewed, and the results are interpreted in terms of projections for airline DAFCS reliability. The digital system built-in test implemented by a stored program and the central processor gives a system integrity and dispatch reliability unequaled by analog systems. This high-integrity self-test reduces removal rates by giving line personnel a trustworthy tool and more complete automatic test processes for verifying maintenance actions. Digital circuit technology is directly suitable to largescale integrated circuits (LSIC) which reduce piece part counts and improve LRU reliability. Digital circuits are less subject to drift and the attendant difficulty to detect failures. These factors, coupled with the inherent high-integrity self-test, provide the basis for a significant improvement in reliability by the use of a digital automatic flight control system.     

Stability analysis of digital linear flight controllers subject to electromagnetic disturbances

High intensity electromagnetic radiation has been demonstrated to be a source of computer upsets in commercially available digital flight control systems. Such upsets can degrade the quality of the control signal ranging from a perturbation error over a few sample periods to a permanent error mode or computer failure. Under these conditions, the primary concern of the control engineer is to insure that the closed-loop system remains stable. A stochastic disturbance model and a set of associated stability assessment tools are introduced for determining stability robustness of a nominal closed-loop system subject to electromagnetic disturbances. The focus is primarily on night control applications, but the methodology is suitable for any application where highly reliable digital control is needed. The technique is demonstrated on a simple test example and on a stabilizing controller for the longitudinal dynamics of the AFTI/F-16 aircraft.     

Digital Flight Control Research Using Microprocessor Technology

The Flight Research Laboratory at Princeton University is engaged in an experimental program to investigate a variety of approaches to digital control by actual flight test. Experimentation is being conducted with Princeton's 6-DOF variableresponse research aircraft (VRA), which is equipped for direct side-force control, direct-lift control, feedback of all motion variables, and multiple-pilot command modes. VRA avionics have been augmented by a microprocessor digital flight control system (Micro-DFCS), which uses off-the-shelf computer components capable of operating in parallel or in series with the existing variable-response system. The digital control laws operate in conjunction either with the "bare airframe" dynamics of the VRA or with the dynamics of a simulated aircraft, provided by the existing variable-response system. The initial flight control computer program CAS-1 provides three longitudinal control options: direct (unaugmented) command, pitch rate command, and normal acceleration command. The latter two options are "Type 0" systems designed by linear-quadratic control theory. Future Micro-DFCS software will provide a variety of increasingly complex control options, including "Type 1," logic, gain scheduling, coupled 3-axis control, and "CCV" command modes.     

A Digital Map Set for the Night Attack Aircraft

There has been much interest recently in applying cartographic digital data bases to advanced avionics systems as a solution to specific problems associated with night attack aircraft missions. The tremendous computer horsepower required to accomplish this task in real-time in an airborne environment is well documented. Hardware implementation of complex algorithms traditionally has produced custom devices which accomplish a specific function on a specific data structure. Historically, this has resulted in powerful but inflexible systems incapable of adapting to the changing requirements of military missions. In an age of evolving technology, these pitfalls must be avoided by incorporating expected changes into the design of digital map systems. If they are made to accommodate a variety of cartographic data bases and allow for programmable manipulation of those bases, this new class of digital map sets can be reconfigured at the software level to meet the changing requirements of aircraft missions. This paper addresses current design concepts for such a map system on a Night Attack aircraft. The focus is on issues concerning the development and handling of existing map data products to meet current system requirements. This system, called the Digital Map Set (DMS), is being designed to accomplish the classical manipulations of Defense Mapping Agency Digital Land Mass System data. Additionally, aeronautical charts, aerial reconnaissance photos, flight plan data, and other two-dimensional bit mapped graphics also are accommodated. Mission requirements relating to the cartographic data bases shall be discussed along with ground support station and airborne system design issues.     

飞控襟翼硬件仿真系统的设计及应用

以飞机控制系统的设计要求为依据设计飞控襟翼硬件仿真系统,该系统是参照真实飞控襟翼系统的功能和接口要求,采用基于数字仿真扩展模拟电路接口的硬件仿真系统。其与真实襟翼具有相似功能、相同接口、完全可以替代真实襟翼完成相关试验。试验结果表明:该系统为飞控襟翼试验的圆满完成提供有效的保障。     

Integrated flight control systems: a new paradigm for an old art

The automatic flight control computer was a revolutionary development in the early days of flight, even in its primitive electromechanical form. It evolved into an electronic computing device, starting as an analog computer and maturing into software run on a digital, general-purpose microprocessor. The current accepted industry standard is to use a dedicated microprocessor in its own enclosure for this function that is essentially firewalled from the rest of the systems on the aircraft. This paper will explore the opportunity to integrate the flight control function into an integrated processing platform, which is a robustly partitioned platform that supports multiple functions of dissimilar design assurance levels. This approach provides all of the benefits of an integrated system, while still maintaining the separation provided by a stand-alone unit. The paper will consider both the advantages and disadvantages of this approach. The discussion will describe each of the alternatives in general and then focus specifically on autopilot and flight control functions that have potential for integration. The end goal of the paper is to impress on the reader an understanding of the different alternatives available for autopilot, flight control, and avionics modernization in general. This includes the development of a selection matrix that will assist the reader in making decisions on how best to implement these functions according to criticality and the volatility of their future requirements     

推力矢量飞机自适应控制系统仿真平台研究

研究了具有自修复功能的推力矢量飞机自适应控制系统的结构功能特点,研究了RHO优化控制算法实现在线控制器设计,利用MSLS辨识算法实现在线飞行参数辨识和等价空间算法、传感器信息融合技术和概率统计理论实现FDI算法。并且根据系统各个部分的算法,采用面向对象技术语言VC 6.0和三维图形语言OpenGL开发了仿真平台,利用仿真平台实时演示了飞机存在舵面故障情况下的飞行控制系统运行仿真,解决了飞机飞行过程中存在舵面损伤和气动参数变化的问题,该仿真平台可以根据需求进行飞机故障加载,具备完备的推力矢量飞机自适应控制系统仿真功能。     

The Digital Information Facility

The acceptance and implementation of advanced digital avionics and flight control systems is dependent on the successful integration of these systems into the current and future National Airspace System (NAS). This paper describes a digital avionics systems research facility known as the Digital Information Facility (DIF) developed to provide researchers with the ground systems and air-to-ground interfaces needed to conduct and document experiments involving a mix of new technologies within the existing NAS infrastructure. The DIF supports four NAS functions: Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC), Flight Information Services (FIS), Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) navigation, and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B). The DIF also includes the capability to record pilot and air traffic management interactions and document research participant observations. The DIF capability includes connectivity to flight test and simulated aircraft in a fully immersive Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (CNS) environment.     

Security, Internet connectivity and aircraft data networks

Internet connectivity which was in experimental stages only a few years ago is a reality today. Current implementations allow passengers to access Internet for pleasure and in some cases secure VPN access is provided to corporate networks. Several researchers are looking at the possibility of the existence of a total of three networks: passenger network (PN); crew network (CRN); and the control network (CON). Researchers envision an architecture where these three networks will co-exist in an airplane. The available Internet connectivity can be utilized for transporting flight critical information like cockpit flight data recorder (CFDR) data, digital flight data recorder (DFDR) data, cockpit voice recorder (CVR) data, and controller pilot data link communication. In addition, the Internet connectivity could also be used for other safety mechanisms like video surveillance and remote control of the flight. Security is one of the major concerns that affect the successful deployment of aircraft data networks (ADN) and other safety features. Several studies have been carried out to secure the network using firewalls and intrusion detection system but so far no study has focused on securing the communication channel (between the aircraft and the ground station) and its impact on the ADN. The scope of this research is to determine the viability and need of a security mechanism. The research also focuses on the performance of different security architectures and determine their usability in the framework of an ADN.     

高级语言在数字飞行控制系统中的应用

为跟踪90年代由高级语言开发飞控实时软件的总趋势,本文综述了高级语言在飞控中应用前景;归纳了编译器效率指标、编译器与目标计算机、软件生产率等问题。还简要地以C语言开发某直升机数字飞行控制系统为例,对高级语言开发实时飞控软件作了初步探讨,叙述了方法步骤,仿真验证手段及其结论。     

基于车载平台的飞行管理系统DR/GPS 导航试验验证

飞行管理系统是民用飞机的关键航空电子系统。飞行管理系统制造商有责任对飞行管理系统开展大 量的试验以验证飞行管理系统功能和性能的符合性。考虑数字验证的局限性和飞行试验验证的巨大代价,本文 利用车载平台开展飞行管理系统综合导航功能的验证,试验结果表明设计的飞行管理系统DR/GPS 导航方法能 够满足95% 的飞行时间水平方向达到0.1 海里的导航精度要求,为实际的飞行测试提供了试验数据参考。     

飞机直接力控制模态综合及转换

具有CCV功能的直接力控制飞机,根据不同作战场合或完成某种特殊飞行功能的需要,飞行员按压所需的状态按钮,即可实现常规状态、直接升力、机身平移、机身俯仰、机动增强诸模态之间的转换。本文在微处理机单独实现各模态控制功能基础上,对各模态功能进行综合,指出模态转换的实现技术。本课题的混合仿真试验表明,各模态转换功能正常,模态转换瞬间飞机动态变化符合要求。本文为直接力控制技术的具体实施,或为一般的飞行控制状态切换提供一种可行的技术方案。     

战术导弹气动伺服弹性滑模控制技术

为抑制弹体弹性振动引起的控制系统品质恶化,建立了高精度弹性动态模型,采用模态自适应结构滤波技术,在极点配置优化控制参数的基础上,设计了滑模变结构策略,对局部增益进行自适应切换,实现了弹性导弹全包线鲁棒稳定。通过开发弹性弹体非线性集成仿真系统,为导弹气动伺服弹性振荡及失稳现象提供了数字仿真预测与复现手段,以全面验证飞行控制系统的综合性能。高空弹道试验与数字仿真结果表明,开发的非线性仿真系统可信度较高,滑模变结构策略设计合理,控制系统鲁棒性较强,能够抑制包括弹性振动在内的多种不确定性影响。     

Ultra-reliable real-time control systems-future trends

Today's aircraft use ultra-reliable real-time controls for demanding functions such as Fly-By-Wire (FBW) flight control. Future aircraft, spacecraft and other vehicles will require greater use of these types of controls for functions that currently are allowed to fail, fail to degraded operation, or require human intervention in response to failure. Fully automated and autonomous functions will require ultra-reliable control. But ultra-reliable systems are very expensive to design and require large amounts of on-board equipment. This paper will discuss how the use of low-cost sensors with digital outputs, digitally commanded fault-tolerant actuation devices and interconnecting networks of low-cost data buses offer the promise of more affordable ultra-reliable systems. Specific technologies and concepts to be discussed include low-cost automotive and industrial data buses, “smart” actuation devices with integral fault masking capabilities, management of redundant sensors, and the fault detection and diagnosis of the data network. The advantages of integrating the control and distribution of electrical power with the control system will be illustrated. The design, installation, and upgrade flexibility benefits provided by an all-digital and shared network approach will be presented. The economic benefits of systems that can operate following failure and without immediate repair will be reviewed. The inherent ability of these redundant systems to provide effective built-in test and self-diagnostics capabilities will be described. The challenges associated with developing ultra-reliable software for these systems and the difficulties associated with exhaustive verification testing will be presented as will additional development hurdles that must be overcome     

多速率数字飞行控制系统

 本文针对数字飞行控制系统的多速率特点,分析了等效变换的方法及变换成单速率系统的过程,并由此讨论了多速率系统的性能及其设计方法。     

飞机系统模拟试验中热电阻及其数字显示仪表的现场校准技术研究

在飞机系统地面模拟试验中．热电阻及其数字显示仪表在液压、飞控等试验系统中广泛使用。针对各试验系统中某些位置的热电阻及其数字显示仪表接线复杂,不便拆卸和传统计量方式的种种弊端等问题,提出了一种由现场计量炉、便携式测温仪和温度校准器等设备组成的现场校准系统。实现对热电阻及其数字显示仪表的现场整体校准,同时亦可实现对热电阻及其数字显示仪表的分部校准,避免了拆卸和安装,提高了工作效率,具有实用价值。     

频域加权最优隐模型跟踪法及其在飞控系统设计中的应用

 把频率加权二次型法与隐模型跟踪理论综合起来,在系统设计时,考虑系统的稳定性、动态特性和鲁棒性要求,以期达到满意的综合指标。利用所述方法,设计了飞控系统的控制律。通过数字仿真及实时混合仿真表明,与通常最优二次型方法所设计的控制律比较,用本文所述方法设计的控制律,不仅有满意的稳定性和动态特性,而且还改善了鲁棒性。     

Distributed flight control system using fiber distributed datainterface (FDDI)

The design of fault-tolerant distributed control systems is discussed. The application described is a generic flight control system (FCS) for a fighter aircraft. The system is designed for high redundancy and expandability to meet various requirements. The communication network is based on the fiber distributed data interface (FDDI), which provides a high level of electromagnetic interference resistance and reliability. The choice of fiber optic media also provides an extremely high bandwidth and tremendous growth capability for future communications needs. This study is not specific to FDDI or flight control systems. The methods and configurations presented should be applicable to many real-time control implementations