Terrain modeling for microwave landing system

A powerful analytical approach for evaluating the terrain effects on a microwave landing system (MLS) is presented. The approach combines a multiplate model with a powerful and exhaustive ray tracing technique and an accurate formulation for estimating the electromagnetic fields due to the antenna array in the presence of terrain. Both uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) and impedance UTD techniques have been employed to evaluate these fields. Innovative techniques are introduced at each stage to make the model versatile to handle most general terrain contours and also to reduce the computational requirement to a minimum. The model is applied to several terrain geometries, and the results are discussed     

三维地形的计算机模拟生成技术

三维地形的生成是许多模拟器中的一项关键技术。文中给出了地形基准数据库的基本概念和一般的建立方法,并给出了形成计算机模拟三维地形的统计特性和产生方法。最后通过大量的计算仿真试验,对三维地形在不同地形条件下的变化进行了仿真评估。仿真结果为三维地形技术在实际的模拟器中的应用提供了依据。     

Computer Simulation of Synthetic Aperture Radar Images of Three-Dimensional Objects

A digital simulation of coherent synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of three-dimensional objects is described. The simulation is intended to produce representative SAR images that would be suitable for image analysis and pattern recognition studies. The procedure involves a modeling of the object using a combination of three-dimensional quadratic shapes yielding a smooth surface representation. The radar images of these models are then computed using physical optics scattering theory. Finite resolution both in range and cross-range direction is incorporated via a theoretical analysis which results in a simple Fourier transform representation of an equivalent "offset" window filter. Examples of the computer simulation for both infinite resolution and blurred or finite resolution are given for a KC-135 aircraft model.     

Higher-order vibration of thick composite and sandwich plates based on an alternative higher-order model

The transverse stretching vibration of thick sandwich plates, which is attributed to largely different stiffness at the adjacent layers, is a challenging issue, and efficient approach for such issue is less reported in the published literature. Thus, natural frequencies corresponding to stretching vibration modes are generally neglected in engineering design, which might impact structural safety as frequencies of the exciting force are close to transverse stretching vibration frequencies. This paper proposes an alternative higher-order model for dynamic analysis corresponding to the higher-order vibration modes. The proposed model is classified in the displacement-based equivalent single-layer theory, as the number of displacement parameters in the proposed model is independent of the layer number. The continuity of displacements and transverse shear stresses can be fulfilled at the interfaces between the adjacent layers of structures. To demonstrate the capability of the proposed model, typical examples are analyzed by utilizing the proposed model, the three-dimensional finite element method and the chosen higher-order models. By comparing with the exact three-dimensional elasticity solutions, it is found that the proposed model can yield more accurate natural frequencies corresponding to the higher-order displacement modes than the selected models. Moreover, the factors influencing reasonable prediction of the higher-order frequencies are investigated in detail, which can provide a reference for the accurate prediction of the higher-order frequencies.     

Inverse simulation as a tool for flight dynamics research—Principles and applications

The technique of inverse simulation is finding application in many and varied fields. As the name implies this technique is used to calculate the control action required to achieve a specified system response. The field of aircraft flight dynamics is particularly suited to this form of simulation as the question of what control actions must the pilot (or automatic flight control system) take for the aircraft to fly along a particular trajectory (a landing approach, for example) is often asked. This paper looks specifically at the application of inverse simulation in flight dynamics. The aim is not only to give an overview of the various techniques and applications but also to provide guidance to potential users of the technique on several of the physical and numerical features often observed in the results. An extensive review of the methodologies used within the family of inverse simulations is presented followed by a formal treatment of the theoretical development of inverse simulation as an established technique. A case study involving the inverse simulation of a helicopter flying a slalom manoeuvre is presented to demonstrate the application of inverse simulation in a flight dynamics analysis. An important feature of the use of inverse simulation is that it is necessary to define the output response required—in the case of flight dynamics the required flight path has to be modelled. Some of the methods used are documented, and their validity discussed. The paper also gives an insight into the types of problem which can be addressed by inverse simulation by detailing some of the many applications to which it has been put in the past. These include studies of rotorcraft handling qualities, performance and design, and pilot modelling as well as model validation. An important element of this paper is the formal, theoretical analysis of some of the numerical and physical features exhibited by inverse simulation which should aid potential users to interpret their results. The work presented in this paper shows a clear evolution of inverse simulation from its initial days when the mathematical models used were relatively simple into a mature analytical technique able to incorporate state of the art mathematical models and be applied to real flight dynamics problems.     

雷达威胁环境下的无人机三维航迹规划

提出了一种雷达威胁环境下应用A*算法进行低空突防三维航迹规划的方法。首先对地形高程数据进行综合平滑处理,建立满足无人机机动性能要求的安全飞行曲面,并结合雷达威胁量化模型,计算出地形遮蔽雷达盲区的范围,最后在满足地形遮蔽雷达盲区的安全飞行曲面上运用A*算法规划出三维飞行航迹。仿真结果显示,该算法能简单、快速地获得三维最优航迹,易于工程实现。     

MultiGen视景仿真中大地形与航迹生成方法研究

基于MultiGen进行视景仿真时,为生成大规模地形,可以采用MultiGenVega中的大地形数据库管理模块LADBM在仿真时将多块连续的小地形动态装载,也可以将多块数字高程模型(DEM)或数字高程数据(DED)合并成一个大的DED地形,再利用MultiGenCreator将其转换成OpenFlight模型。大地形中航迹采用点绘方法来生成。     

矩形波导远区散射场的光学分析

将高频光学法与广义散射矩阵技术相结合,分析计算了矩形波导在终端短路和终端介质材料两种状态下的远区电磁散射,计算与实测结果吻合较好,且优于维特的计算结果。本方法可用于飞行器进气道和尾喷管电磁散射特性的分析。     

人工神经网络在航空发动机中的应用

人工神经网络是一个十分热门的交叉学科,在许多行业都得到了应用。介绍了其在系统建模、模型辨识、控制及其在航空发动机上的应用情况和最新发展,并对各种应用状况进行了归纳和分析。同时对最新神经网络模型作了介绍,并对将来神经网络在航空发动机上的应用作了预测。     

现代飞机自动地形跟随系统控制律的研究

自动地形跟随系统是现代飞机低空突防系统的一个重要组成部分,在利用地形遮蔽以提高飞机生存能力的军事领域具有重要的意义.本文以飞机纵向地形跟随控制系统为研究对象,应用适应角法设计了飞机纵向地形跟随控制律,并建立了相应的结构图和仿真验证模型.结果表明,设计的控制系统得到了良好的地形跟随效果.     

一种准确预测层合梁结构层间剪应力的新锯齿理论

层合梁是航空航天领域典型的承力构件,而过大的层间剪应力（层间处的横向剪应力）是导致其分层失效的主要原因。针对常见的层数较多的复合材料层合梁以及材料属性差异较大的三明治夹层梁,现有的理论模型仍然无法准确预测其横向剪应力。通过构造一个新的线性分段锯齿函数,提出了一种能够准确预测层合梁结构横向剪应力的新锯齿理论模型。几个典型的数值算例表明,本文提出的新锯齿理论模型在计算层数较多和材料属性差异较大的层合梁时,具有较高的计算精度,能够准确预测层合梁的分层。另外,该模型预先满足横向剪应力层间连续条件,无需三维平衡方程后处理就能够准确预测层合梁的横向剪应力。位移场中未知量个数少,不含横向位移的一阶导,便于C⁰梁单元的构造。     

Modeling biological effects from magnetic fields

Research investigating how electromagnetic fields (EMF) might influence biological systems has suffered from the absence of a working experimental model that defines relationships between all the physical exposure parameters required to produce a biological effect. As a result, when these variables are not controlled from one experiment to another, many experimental results cannot be replicated. Recently, Blanchard and Blackman [1994] developed an ion parametric resonance (IPR) model to predict how parallel DC and low frequency AC magnetic fields might influence biological systems. Further, the IPR model has something different from previous models in this area: it is supported by an extensive, and growing, body of experimental data     

不规则地形条件下双向DMFT电波传播特性算法研究

 在传统中心差分离散混合傅里叶变换(DMFT)抛物方程模型基础上,针对传统算法计算动态阻抗边界条件时的数值振荡及忽略后向传播与散射造成计算误差增大的问题,提出基于前-后向混合差分方法的递归双向DMFT(TW-DMFT)模型,以一阶前-后向差分方程代替传统的中心差分方程拟合阻抗边界条件,以递归双向传播模型改进传统单向预测模型.仿真分析了双向DMFT模型计算不同边界及媒介条件下单刃峰和实际地形的电波传播分布特性,与传统算法及几何绕射理论(GTD)进行比较,新算法提高稳定性及精度的同时弥补了传统算法的不足,更具有普适性.     

一种基于约束因子的超载迟滞模型

在常幅载荷中加入一个超载会明显影响后续一段时间裂纹扩展的速率.要准确预测结构在变幅载荷谱下的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命,必须研究超载对裂纹扩展的影响.现有的变幅疲劳裂纹扩展模型大致可分为屈服区模型、经验的裂纹闭合模型和条带屈服模型.条带屈服模型预测较准确但需要数值迭代求解,计算量大,且程序复杂,不利于工程应用;屈服区模型比较简单...     

The future of space plasma simulation

Space plasma simulation is a subject which is in its infancy, but which is already having an important impact on space science. Its growth is being spurred onward by the continuing increase in capacity (speed and memory) of computers and by advances in the sophistication of numerical models. These advances are making it possible to simulate more realistic situations using more complex models. Already significant three-dimensional MHD calculations of the magnetosphere and its interaction with the solar wind have been carried out. In addition multi-dimensional particle simulations are illuminating many of the microscopic physics processes which go on (instabilities, saturation levels and wave nonlinearity, shock structure, etc.). Notwithstanding these advances, the surface has only been scratched; many challenges and opportunities are provided by simulation both for the space physicist and the model builders (also for computer designers). In MHD models more physics need to be included (Hall effect, gyroviscosity, accurate models of boundaries, how do we put microscopic physics effects into macroscopic codes, etc.). For model builders correct treatments of systems containing a large range of important space and time scales, magnetic field strengths, Alfven wave velocity, etc. present real challenges. What are the best ways to diagnose these complex models and obtain meaningful information? What quantities should be looked at? How should they be displayed? A discussion of the promises, the prospects, and the challenges of the above topics will be given with examples taken from recent work.     

夹层结构屈曲模型的拓展及失效判据

现存有许多种关于预测夹层结构在承受压缩/弯曲载荷时屈曲临界值的理论模型。在这些模型中,鲜有研究者在模型中考虑面板在屈曲过程中横向剪切所造成的影响。除此之外,现存屈曲公式的特点为：经典公式形式简单但精度低、适用范围小;一些模型精度高但形式复杂,不便于直接工程应用。因此,首先建立了一种基于弹性理论求解屈曲问题的新理论模型,模型中引入了面板的横向剪切效应并评估了剪切效应对屈曲载荷造成的影响。然后,通过在不同屈曲波长范围内对精确解进行简化,建立了在不同屈曲波长范围内的近似解模型,并评估了近似解的精度和适用范围。最后,建立了一个新的夹层结构屈曲失效判定准则,新准则具有更高的精度且形式简洁,易于工程应用。     

横向槽结构对气膜冷却效果影响的数值研究

基于有限体积法对三维定常不可压缩N-S方程进行离散,采用两层k-ε湍流模型,在吹风比M为0.6,1.2和1.8的情况下,数值研究了6种不同横向槽结构对气膜冷却效果的影响,并与常规圆柱孔进行了比较。结果表明:在任何吹风比下,所有开槽孔的冷却效率均高于圆柱孔;在低吹风比时,6种开槽孔的冷却效率相差不大,随着吹风比的增大,不同开槽孔冷却效率的变化趋势不尽相同;具有中等开槽深度(0.75D)和最大开槽宽度(3D)的开槽孔,气膜冷却效果最佳,而具有最大开槽深度(1D)的开槽孔,气膜冷却效果较差;横向槽的存在使冷气射流在流出气膜后面积突扩,动量降低,气膜出流向主流的垂直穿透能力随之降低,射流本身流动的扩散以及射流在流入横向槽中受到主流对其向下的压制作用较大,反向涡旋对的强度不同程度地受到了抑制,增强了壁面的冷却效果。     

复杂环境下考虑动力学约束的翼伞轨迹规划

翼伞系统具有大惯性、强非线性等特征,而基于传统质点模型所规划的目标轨迹难以满足复杂环境下的系统动力学约束,因此在轨迹规划中采用高自由度动力学模型也就成为了计算翼伞真实运动轨迹的必然趋势。然而,翼伞的动力学模型更加复杂,目前迫切需要解决的问题就是保证规划轨迹平滑、稳定。针对该问题,本文将建立精确的翼伞六自由度动力学模型,将其引入翼伞归航的轨迹规划中,并通过改进高斯伪谱法,设计一种基于分段点规划、离散点初次规划、离散点自重构的三阶轨迹优化策略。仿真结果表明,所提算法可解决传统算法在应用动力学模型后难以得到稳定轨迹的问题,并实现复杂环境下的精确地形规避,确保规划轨迹满足翼伞的非线性动力学约束。     

离子发动机栅极系统中束流离子的三维模拟

应用网格质点法,对离子发动机栅极系统进行了三维数值模拟.模拟得到了离子发动机栅极系统中的电场分布、离子运动轨迹、离子在计算域内的空间分布和相空间分布等.计算结果表明,屏栅的离子透明度为69.3%,大于其物理透明度67.1%,加速栅的离子透明度为100%,远大于其物理透明度31.1%,说明所选模拟工况参数合理.模拟结果可以为离子发动机栅极的初步设计提供理论参考.      

Multiple model nonlinear filtering for low signal ground target applications

The design and implementation of a multiple model nonlinear filter (MMNLF) for ground target tracking using ground moving target indicator (GMTI) radar measurements is described. Like the well-known interacting multiple model Kalman filter (IMMKF), the MMNLF is based on the theory of hybrid stochastic systems. However, since it models the probability distribution for the target in a region, rather than just the distribution's first and second moments, a nonlinear filter is able to capture more fine-grained detail of the target motion and requires fewer models than typical IMMKF implementations. This is illustrated here with a two-model MMNLF in which one motion model incorporates terrain constraints while the second is a nearly constant velocity (CV) model. Another feature of the MMNLF is that it enables incorporation of prethresholded measurements. To implement the filter, the target state conditional probability density is discretized on a set of moving grids and recursively updated with sensor measurements via Bayes' formula. The conditional density is time updated between sensor measurements using alternating direction implicit (ADI) finite difference methods, generalized for this hybrid application. In simulation testing against low signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) targets, the MMNLF is able to maintain track in situations where single model filters based on either of the component models or filters that use thresholded data fail. Potential applications of this work include detection and tracking of foliage-obscured moving targets.