轴向间距变化对低压涡轮定常与非定常气动性能影响的数值研究

为了研究不同轴向间距下定常计算与非定常计算间的差异,以表明在涡轮设计中进行非定常计算与分析的必要性,对高负荷低压涡轮级进行了在不同轴向间距下的定常和非定常流动的数值模拟研究,并通过分析动静干涉条件下轴向间距变化对涡轮气动性能的影响并与定常条件下间距变化对气动性能的影响进行对比。结果表明:只有在某个合适的轴向间距范围内,定常计算结果才具有较好的参考价值;轴向间距的增加使得动叶正、负攻角都有减小的趋势,有利于改善动叶的流动状况;非定常流动的动量掺混损失具有其逆效应,它使动叶端部横向压力梯度减弱,二次流损失下降。     

1+1/2对转涡轮内部三维流动数值模拟

完成了某型1+1/2对转涡轮的气动设计,对其特性及内部流动进行了三维数值模拟,比较详细地分析了设计点的流场.结果表明采用无导叶的对转涡轮气动参数满足涡轮设计要求.低压涡轮级由于去掉了导叶,没有与之相关的各种损失,因而获得了比高压涡轮级更高的气动效率.对流场的分析显示,高、低压级的流动状况良好,叶片表面没有明显的分离.各排叶片进口气流角与构造角都符合.高压导叶处于亚声流动状态下,高压动叶出口完全超声,尾缘存在较强的燕尾波,低压动叶设计点基本处在亚声条件下.     

轴向间距对涡轮损失影响的非定常数值研究

针对不同轴向间距下涡轮级内非定常流动进行了数值研究,讨论了非定常条件下轴向间距变化对气动损失、非定常性的影响.结果表明,随着轴向间距的减小,涡轮级内流动的非定常性增大,流动的不均匀性更为强烈.大轴向间距方案的尾迹同主流区域的流体掺混距离较长,表现出大的总压损失系数的分布.小轴向间距下流动的不均匀性非常强烈,因而也表现出较高的损失分布.存在一个最优的轴向间距使得气动损失最小.      

航空涡扇发动机涡轮噪声适航性评估

通过对涡轮噪声产生机理和主要影响因素的分析研究,建立航空涡扇发动机涡轮噪声级评估模型,编写了涡轮噪声级适航评估软件,使用该软件对比模型评估噪声与涡轮静态实验噪声,验证了模型的正确性,并结合某型发动机静态实验噪声数据和飞机噪声适航规章,对该型涡轮不同阶段的噪声进行适航性评估.结果显示:涡轮噪声在该型发动机进近转速下对发动机总噪声贡献量大,为了使涡轮噪声不影响发动机适航认证,该型发动机低压涡轮叶片数应小于50或者大于100,低压涡轮叶片直径应该小于0.9m.      

低压涡轮气动/声学一体化设计——总体参数优化

低压涡轮是航空发动机的重要噪声源之一,同时也是影响发动机单位推力耗油率的重要部件之一。为适应新一代发动机高效、低噪的设计目标,提出了基于传统涡轮设计流程的低压涡轮气动/声学一体化设计思路,并以某一典型民用发动机6级低压涡轮的设计要求为例,对末级功分配、通道外径、涡轮出口马赫数、叶片数目等涡轮总体参数进行了优化探索。结果表明,文中提出的设计思路可以在涡轮设计的总体参数选取阶段对涡轮效率和噪声同时进行有效评估,以便合理地选取涡轮总体参数,是一种可行的高效、低噪涡轮设计方法。     

改进的多级涡轮噪声经验预测模型

基于早期的涡轮噪声经验预测模型和涡轮噪声试验数据,对影响涡轮噪声的关键涡轮参数进行了分析,发展了改进的多级涡轮噪声经验预测模型.该模型由单级涡轮噪声计算、涡轮噪声在下游涡轮级中传播的衰减量计算和各级涡轮噪声叠加3个部分组成.采用涡轮噪声试验数据对单级涡轮噪声计算方法进行了验证.结果表明:该单级涡轮噪声计算方法的计算结果误差小于1.5dB.由试验数据拟合得到的涡轮噪声叶片排衰减经验预测模型也被应用于该改进的多级涡轮噪声经验预测模型中.与早期经验预测模型相比,改进模型的计算方法更合理,噪声预测结果更可靠.      

不同轴向间距下涡轮级内非定常流场的数值研究

针对不同轴向间距下涡轮级内非定常流动进行了数值研究.讨论了非定常条件下轴向间距变化对非定常性及流场分布的影响,探讨了转子和静子叶片之间的非定常相干的机理.结果表明,轴向间距L对转子内流动的非定常性有着强烈的影响.随着轴向间距的减小,静叶尾迹的强度及影响范围增加,静叶尾迹对动叶的周期性非定常影响还是主要出现在前缘附近.由于静叶尾迹的恢复效应与来流尾迹强度成正比,50%轴向间距下动叶出口流场的湍动能在动叶通道中央区域最小.      

高压涡轮变几何对高低压涡轮流场匹配及气动性能的影响

为了研究高压涡轮变几何对涡轮整体性能的影响,对涡轮高压级进行球面端壁变几何改型,并对该涡轮的高、低压级流动进行了全三维数值模拟研究。结果显示:高压可调导叶旋转通过改变低压涡轮进口总温、质量流量来实现对低压涡轮比焓降和功率的调节,低压涡轮功率随可调导叶旋转将出现大范围的变化,低压涡轮效率随可调导叶的关闭会有所下降;高压导叶可调会改变低压涡轮进气角,进而影响低压导叶的流场结构和损失;随着轴向位置远离可调导叶,下游叶排内流场受可调导叶旋转的影响将减小。     

全尺寸对转涡轮若干关键试验技术的应用验证

双转子涡轮试验具有极高的试验风险,而大型全尺寸1+1/2对转涡轮试验在国内更是首次开展。为保证试验安全实施,在查阅国内相关涡轮试验文献和对设备现状评估的基础上,对对转涡轮关键试验技术展开了研究。研发了集成控制、数据采集和安全控制功能的多任务并行测控系统,实现了对两个转子系统的联合控制;建立了"高压优先调节、低压独立控制、高低匹配联调"的对转涡轮匹配联调方法,制定了切实可行的试验安全保障方案;为详细了解高低压级间流场,布置了级间测量系统。试验证明:多任务系统运行良好,低压水力测功器稳速精度提高4倍,试验件轴向力控制方法有效,试验时间缩短50%以上,为我国高性能双转子涡轮设计技术的发展奠定了基础。     

低压涡轮的气动-声学三维数值优化: 倾斜导叶策略

 低压涡轮既是飞机进场着陆时发动机的重要声源,也是发动机中对效率要求很高的部件之一,为了实现低压涡轮低噪声的设计目标必须同时兼顾气动性能指标。研究给出了高效低噪声低压涡轮气动-声学三维优化的思路,即首先通过计算流体力学(CFD)定常计算评估三维设计变化对气动性能的影响;然后利用非定常CFD方法与三平面压力模态匹配(TPP)方法的结合来评估其降噪的效果与非定常气动影响;最后确定最佳的设计方案。以GE-E³(Energy Efficient Engine)低压涡轮末级为算例,数值模拟了导叶倾斜作为低压涡轮降噪措施的潜力。计算结果表明,正倾斜导叶角度小于19°时单级涡轮气动性能较直列叶栅要好,效率最大提高了0.3%。对单音噪声级的评估指出,正倾斜由于改变了导叶的尾迹特征,涡轮级噪声水平是增大的,因此不能作为有效的降噪策略。数值研究的结果表明CFD方法能够同时反映出叶片三维设计的细节变化对气动和噪声级的影响,可以作为三维气动-声学优化的手段。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.