柔性空间结构高阶有限元模型与主动振动控制研究

应用压电材料实现大型柔性空间结构的振动控制引起了广泛关注。针对上下表面粘贴压电层的复合层梁结构，采用高阶位移场模型，利用线性热压电本构关系和Hamilton原理导出了层梁结构的高阶有限元模型。电势和温度沿厚度方向的分布均采用线性模型。采用常增益速度负反馈控制、Lyapunov反馈控制和基于独立模态的线性二次型调节器（LQR）设计主动控制器，实现了层梁结构脉冲激励和热载荷作用下的振动主动控制。仿真结果表明，LQR方法更能有效的实现结构振动控制，其振动衰减时间较短，作动器峰值电压更低，但不能消除热载荷引起的结构静变形。     

Tracking and data relay satellite system: NASA's new spacecraft data acquisition system

The growth in NASA's ground network complexity and cost triggered a search for an alternative. Through a lease service contract, Western Union will provide to NASA 10 years of space communications services with a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). A constellation of four operating satellites in geostationary orbit and a single ground terminal will provide complete tracking, telemetry and command service for all of NASA's Earth orbital satellites below an altitude of 12,000 km. The system is shared: two satellites will be dedicated to NASA service; a third will provide backup as a shared spare; the fourth satellite will be dedicated to Western Union's Advanced Westar commercial service. Western Union will operate the ground terminal and provide operational satellite control. NASA's Network Control Center will provide the focal point for scheduling user services and controlling the interface between TDRSS and the rest of the NASA communications network, project control centers and data processing facilities. TDRSS single access user spacecraft data systems should be designed for efficient time shared data relay support. Reimbursement policy and rate structure for non-NASA users are currently being developed.     

Cooperative research in microgravity sciences during the French manned MIR missions

During the past ten years the French laboratories working in the field of fluids and material sciences had access to regular, long-lasting manned missions onboard the Russian MIR Space Station. Beyond the French scientific program that was performed with the ALICE apparatus, a cooperative research program was developed with DLR, NASA and RSA. This cooperation was based on bartered agreements that included the joint utilization of the instruments onboard the MIR station (ALICE, TITUS furnace from DLR, vibration device from RKK Energia) and the funding of dedicated cartridges (DLR) or thermostats (DLR and NASA), as well as launch services (NASA) by the Cooperating Agencies. We present a review of this program with a particular emphasis on its scientific results and on the progress that has been achieved in science and applications. They covered a large field of condensed matter physics, from material sciences to near-critical and off-critical phase separation kinetics and near critical fluid hydrodynamics (thermoacoustic heat transport and vibrational convection). The high microgravity relevance of all these investigations naturally led to outstanding results that was published in the world's best scientific journals. The analysis of the latest experiments performed during the PEGASUS mission shows they will not be an exception to that evaluation. Off-critical phase separation with NASA, pressure-driven piston effect and equiaxed solidification with DLR, heat transport under calibrated vibrations with RKK Energia, all will be presented. The conclusion will stress the international character of this microgravity research program, the conditions of its success and what can be gained from it in the perspective of the space station utilization.     

高超声速飞行器再入段LQR自抗扰控制方法设计

针对高超声速飞行器(HSV)再入过程中强非线性、强耦合、气动参数变化剧烈的不确定性的特点,提出一种基于线性二次型调节器(LQR)和自抗扰控制(ADRC)的高超声速飞行器再入段的姿态控制方法。首先,建立高超声速飞行器再入段线性化模型,并采用LQR方法完成了状态反馈控制律设计。然后,结合自抗扰控制技术,设计了扩张状态观测器(ESO)对系统的模型不确定性和外部干扰进行补偿,大幅增强了系统的扰动抑制能力。最后,将得到的高超声速飞行器再入段LQR自抗扰姿态控制器(LQRADRC)应用于高超声速飞行器六自由度仿真,仿真结果表明本文所提出的控制方法能够快速、精确地跟踪角位置指令,并且对系统不确定性具有强鲁棒性。     

卫星信道中APSK星座的优化设计

为通过高阶调制信号增加卫星信道的容量,在给出幅度相移键控(APSK)信号特征的基础上,根据最小欧氏距离最大化和平均互信息最大的原则对APSK星座进行优化。给出了APSK最小欧氏距离和不同星座普遍适用的信道容量计算方法。仿真结果表明,最小欧氏距离和信道容量仅与相对半径有关而与相对相位无关。信噪比相同时不同APSK星座的信道容量差别很小,卫星信道中星座的优化可考虑功率利用率为主。     

全球星摄动运动及摄动补偿运控策略研究

绕地卫星摄动运动是导致星座设计构型发散的主要因素,摄动补偿轨道控制是维持全     

气动力星座保持的最优控制

研究了利用气动力进行星座保持的最优控制问题。首先得到了正则方程，然后针对最优控制问题提出了一种求解算法，利用此算法进行了仿真计算。结果表明，算法简单有效。     

NASA spinoffs to bioengineering and medicine

Through the active transfer of technology, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Technology Utilization (TU) Program assists private companies, associations, and government agencies to make effective use of NASA's technological resources to improve U.S. economic competitiveness and to provide societal benefit. Aerospace technology from areas such as digital image processing, space medicine and biology, microelectronics, optics and electrooptics, and ultrasonic imaging have found many secondary applications in medicine. Examples of technology spinoffs are briefly discussed to illustrate the benefits realized through adaptation of aerospace technology to solve health care problems. Successful implementation of new technologies increasingly requires the collaboration of industry, universities, and government, and the TU Program serves as the liaison to establish such collaborations with NASA. NASA technology is an important resource to support the development of new medical products and techniques that will further advance the quality of health care available in the U.S. and worldwide.     

Dynamics and control of variable-geometry truss structures

Variable-geometry truss structures are likely to be used extensively in the future for in-orbit space construction. This paper considers dynamics formulation and vibration control of such structures. The truss system is modelled as a collection of sub-structures consisting of truss booms, prismatic actuator elements, and in some cases a manipulator at the end. Each truss boom is treated as a separate ‘link’ and its flexibility is modelled using the finite element method. Equations of motion for individual sub-structures are obtained which are then assembled. The non-working constraint forces are eliminated to obtain the equations governing the constrained dynamics of the entire system. For vibration control, the singular perturbation method is employed to construct two reduced-order models, for quasi-static motion and for modal co-ordinates, respectively. Computed torque with PD control is applied to maintain the quasi-static motion, while an optimal LQR method is used for vibration control. Typical simulation results are presented for the planar case.     

目标机动条件下的定点伴飞控制方法研究

对目标机动条件下的定点伴飞控制进行了研究。根据相对运动关系,建立适于伴飞模式的相对运动方程,将目标机动大小作为未知量加入相对运动方程,构建不确定系统。用LQR和Lyapunov法结合的方式设计相应定点伴飞控制律。理论证明了在目标机动时该控制律仍能实现系统的渐近稳定。仿真结果验证了该控制律的有效性。     

Unsteady laminar separation over impulsively moved cylinders

A numerical method is employed to integrate the unsteady laminar boundary layers about circular and elliptic cylinders started impulsively from rest. An upwind differencing scheme permits the integration through thin layers of reversed flow that are embedded in the boundary layer. The results are in agreement with numerical solutions of the full Navier-Stokes equations and with small time inner-outer expansion solutions. At later times, a singularity of the Goldstein type appears; Sears and Telionis defined this singularity as unsteady boundary-layer separation. For the circular cylinder, this singularity travels upstream and for large times, arrives asymptotically at the point of steady-state separation.     

一种基于组合策略的低轨星座网络流规划方法

低轨星座网络流规划方法是提升大型星座网络性能的关键技术。针对现有低轨星座网络流规划方法手段单一，难以兼顾全局性能优化与卫星自主灵活性等问题，研究提出了一种基于组合策略的低轨星座网络流规划方法，首先根据业务特点对网络流进行分类映射，针对6类映射业务的QoS差异，分别采用集中式、分布式和源端路由等路由控制策略；在此基础上将星座网络流规划问题抽象为求解带宽约束下的多源单汇网络最大流和多源多汇网络最大流问题，分别采用负载均衡路由和多约束QoS路由算法；对基于组合策略和单一策略的星座网络流规划方法进行了仿真分析，结果表明组合策略比集中式的传输时延低约20ms，丢包率低约9%，比分布式的带宽利用率高约42%，可有效提升星座网络性能，能够更好满足不同场景及需求。     

Study on TT&C resources scheduling technique based on inter-satellite link

The navigation constellation will have the capability of supporting Tracking Telemetry and Command (TT&C) operations by inter-satellite link (ISL). The ISL will become an important solution to reduce the shortage of ground TT&C resources. The problems need to be studied urgently in the field of space TT&C network resources scheduling management are how to determine the availability of ISL and how to allocate TT&C resources of ISL. The performance and scheduling constraints of navigation constellation?s ISL are analyzed, and three utilization strategies of ISL to perform TT&C operations are proposed. The allocation of TT&C resources based on ISL falls into two successive phases. Firstly, master satellite determination equation is established by using 0–1 Programming model based on the availability matrix. Mathematical method is used to solve the equation to determine the master satellite and the topology of ISL. Secondly, Constraint Programming (CP) model is used to describe the ground TT&C resources scheduling problem with special requirements of TT&C operations based on master satellite, and a heuristic algorithm is designed to solve the CP model. The equations and algorithm are verified by simulation examples. The algorithm of TT&C resources scheduling based on ISL has realized the synthesized usage of both the ISL and ground resources on TT&C field. This algorithm can improve TT&C supports of territorial ground TT&C network for global navigation constellation, and provides technical reference for the TT&C mission planning of global constellation by using ISL.     

区域覆盖混合星座设计

针对我国邻海海上运动目标探测的需求,提出一种由多种类型卫星构成的区域覆盖混合星座系统方案。选择了合适的轨道类型,利用轨道动力学特性保持不同高度卫星构成的星座的构形;提出了星座配置方案,确定了不同类型卫星的协同工作方式和顺序等;在此基础上给出了轨道设计方法。最后设计了一个由海洋监视卫星簇、光学成像卫星和SAR卫星组成的星座。仿真表明,该星座能够实现预定的设计目标,保持一定的空间和时间关系对给定地区进行一定时间间隔的重访。     

采用改进非支配近邻免疫算法的低轨混合星座设计优化

针对低轨同构星座覆盖资源在纬度上分布不均匀的不足,提出采用低轨混合星座提升覆盖均匀性的设计方案,并推导了满足全球任意点平均每天覆盖一定次数的最小卫星规模估算公式。针对非支配近邻免疫算法（NNIA）约束处理方面的不足,提出基于约束支配的改进非支配近邻免疫算法（Modified NNIA）,并以此设计了一种低轨混合星座优化平台来优化带约束的星座设计问题。仿真结果表明,改进的NNIA算法在收敛速度和多样性上均优于非支配分层遗传算法（NSGA II）和多目标粒子群算法（MOPSO）,可大大提高星座设计的效率。同时优化结果也表明低轨混合星座可提高覆盖的均匀性和大部分区域的覆盖次数,进而减少特定覆盖要求所需的卫星数目。     

基于LQR/SMVS的鲁棒最优制导律研究

针对导弹在拦截机动目标的特点,以最优控制中的线性二次调节(LQR)和滑模变结构(SMVS)为理论基础,推导出一鲁棒最优制导律。它综合了LQR和SMVS的优点,不仅脱靶量和消耗能量小,而且对目标机动等干扰不敏感,具有鲁棒性。仿真结果表明,所得制导律具有良好的性能,具有一定的应用价值。     

利用分步Kalman滤波器的自主定轨信息融合算法

将星敏感器/红外地平仪的天文定轨信息与星间观测进行信息融合是消除基于星间链路自主定轨中星座整体旋转问题的有效途径。针对两种定轨方法精度相差较大导致融合效果较差的问题,提出了一种分步 Kalman 滤波算法。该算法利用星敏感器观测信息能够有效修正旋转参数的特点,将星敏感器观测信息和星间观测信息进行分步处理和最优信息融合以消除自主定轨算法中存在的星座整体旋转误差,提高定轨精度。通过对Walker星座的仿真表明,利用提出的分步Kalman滤波信息融合算法,星座自主定轨60天后星座URE误差能够稳定在 1.5米 以内,且能有效消除星座整体旋转误差。     

Apollo: Learning from the past,for the future

This paper shares an interesting and unique case study of knowledge capture by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), an ongoing project to recapture and make available the lessons learned from the Apollo lunar landing project so that those working on future projects do not have to “reinvent the wheel”. NASA’s new Constellation program, the successor to the Space Shuttle program, proposes a return to the Moon using a new generation of vehicles. The Orion Crew Vehicle and the Altair Lunar Lander will use hardware, practices, and techniques descended and derived from Apollo, Shuttle, and the International Space Station. However, the new generation of engineers and managers who will be working with Orion and Altair are largely from the decades following Apollo, and are likely not well aware of what was developed in the 1960s. In 2006, a project at NASA’s Johnson Space Center was started to find pertinent Apollo-era documentation and gather it, format it, and present it using modern tools for today’s engineers and managers. This “Apollo Mission Familiarization for Constellation Personnel” project is accessible via the web from any NASA center for those interested in learning answers to the question “how did we do this during Apollo?”     

Fuel consumption and collision avoidance strategy in multi-static orbit formations

This paper analyses the fuel consumption of interferometric radar missions employing small satellite formations like, e.g., Cross-track Pendulum, Cartwheel, CarPe, or Trinodal Pendulum. Individual analytic expressions are provided for each of the following contributions: separation from a simultaneously injected master satellite, formation set-up, orbit maintenance, formation maintenance, and distance maintenance. For this, a general system of equations is derived describing the relative motion of the small satellites in a co-rotating reference frame. The transformation into Keplerian elements is carried out. To evaluate fuel consumption, three master satellites are assumed in different orbital heights, which are typical for Earth observation missions. The size of the exemplarily analysed formations is defined by remote sensing aspects and their respective fuel requirements are estimated. Furthermore, a collision avoidance concept is introduced, which includes a formation separation and formation set-up after a desired time period.     

一种考虑摄动影响的星座构型稳定性设计方法

研究了星座构型稳定性设计方法,通过分析在长期摄动因素影响下星座各卫星轨迹偏移量,采用卫星初始参数偏置补偿原理,提出星座整体偏移思想。结合数据拟合方法,对多种摄动整体影响结果进行拟合调整,设计相应的调整方案,以消除卫星轨道在长期摄动因素下产生的偏差,保持了星座构型稳定性。在获得相应的参数调整量后,选取最为合理的设计方案,使卫星构型因摄动影响而调整所需要的能量尽可能小。