Stabilization of a Reentry Vehicle by a Partial Spin-up during Uncontrolled Descent

Stabilization of a reentry vehicle (RV) by a partial spin-up of it is considered for the case of uncontrolled descent into the atmosphere. In this case, the vehicle is a composite construction consisting of two rigid bodies, a return capsule and a stabilizing block, which is put in rotation. A model is developed for the spatial motion of the reentry vehicle considered as a system of coaxial rigid bodies rotating about a common axis of symmetry. The free motion is studied, and the stability of steady-state regimes is analyzed. The spatial motion of the system is considered for the case of a small asymmetry due to displacement of the axes of dynamic symmetry of the bodies with respect to the spin axis, and approximate solutions for the motion parameters of the free system are found.     

Trajectory Control for a Spacecraft with an Inflatable Braking Device in the Martian Atmosphere

The possibility of using an inflatable braking device for controlled descent in the Martian atmosphere of large-capacity cargoes is analyzed. The most complicated version of the trajectory control problem is considered, namely, the injection of a spacecraft at hyperbolic velocity into a parking orbit after braking in the atmosphere.     

磁阻尼对火星探测器降落过程的动力学效应

火星稀薄的大气使得探测器再入火星时难以获得足够的减速阻力,为此,文章提出利用磁阻尼增加阻力的概念。高速再入的探测器与火星大气剧烈摩擦产生等离子体,利用探测器上的磁偶极场将等离子体捕获,同时在火星大气中形成一个“磁泡”区域并跟随探测器。由“磁泡”束缚的等离子体与来流的中性气体发生碰撞获得动量,又通过磁场作用将动量传递给探测器,从而使探测器获得一定的减速阻力。在磁阻尼的作用下,在同样的开伞高度探测器速度可降至更低,而低速开伞又可提高阻力伞打开的可靠性。因此,磁阻尼不仅可加快降低再入速度,而且还有助于提高探测器着陆火星的安全性。     

典型采样返回探测器的进入减速着陆系统分析

通过对典型的采样返回探测器（星尘号和起源号）的研究分析,总结归纳了采样返回探测器进入减速着陆系统的特点,特别是对探测器的气动外形布局、返回轨道设计、防热材料选择、降落伞系统设计等进行了分析,可以为下一步开展月球采样返回任务提供一定的参考。     

大气密度对降落伞充气性能的影响

尽管火星表面大气非常稀薄，但降落伞仍是火星探测着陆系统中一种重要的减速装置。文章建立了一个降落伞的充气动力学模型，并根据此模型研究了大气密度对降落伞充气性能的影响。结果表明：降落伞的充气时间和充气距离是随大气密度的减小而增大，同时，随着大气密度的减小，降落伞开始张开的速度变得非常缓慢。     

大气密度对降落伞充气性能的影响

尽管火星表面大气非常稀薄,但降落伞仍是火星探测着陆系统中一种重要的减速装置。文章建立了一个降落伞的充气动力学模型,并根据此模型研究了大气密度对降落伞充气性能的影响。结果表明:降落伞的充气时间和充气距离是随大气密度的减小而增大,同时,随着大气密度的减小,降落伞开始张开的速度变得非常缓慢。     

Lawrence-Gurney模型对于激光驱动飞片的适用性分析

Lawrence-Gurney模型给出了求解激光驱动飞片速度的方程组。文章从理论和试验两个方面对Lawrence-Gurney模型的适用性进行了分析,发现该模型不能较好地描述厚度为10μm以下飞片的驱动过程。主要原因是Lawrence-Gurney模型对激光与飞片的具体相互作用过程进行了简化假设,依据能量守恒和动量守恒定律建立数学方程组,而这些假设条件和近似求解条件对于厚度小于10μm的飞片均不能很好地成立,导致对飞片速度、能量耦合效率、冲量耦合系数和飞片烧蚀深度随激光能量变化的理论预估结果与试验结果偏差较大,需要进行修正。     

Motion of a descent capsule relative to its center of mass when deploying the orbital tether system

The spatial motion relative to the center of mass is considered for a capsule on an elastic tether, when it is unrolled from a spacecraft by a special program. The spacecraft is in a circular orbit and oriented relative to the local vertical, which is guaranteed by operation of its own stabilization system. Angular motion of the capsule relative to the tether direction is studied, and the main factors influencing the stability of this motion are analyzed. An approximate quasi-linear mathematical model of the capsule attitude motion is obtained, which allows one to estimate the influence of major disturbances of its motion. The results of numerical simulations are presented for characteristic cases of the capsule motion.     

Analysis of the Accuracy of Ballistic Descent from a Circular Circumterrestrial Orbit

The problem of the transportation of the results of experiments and observations to Earth every so often appears in space research. Its simplest and low-cost solution is the employment of a small ballistic reentry spacecraft. Such a spacecraft has no system of control of the descent trajectory in the atmosphere. This can result in a large spread of landing points, which make it difficult to search for the spacecraft and very often a safe landing. In this work, a choice of a compromise scheme of the flight is considered, which includes the optimum braking maneuver, adequate conditions of the entry into the atmosphere with limited heating and overload, and also the possibility of landing within the limits of a circle with a radius of 12.5 km. The following disturbing factors were taken into account in the analysis of the accuracy of landing: the errors of the braking impulse execution, the variations of the atmosphere density and the wind, the error of the specification of the ballistic coefficient of the reentry spacecraft, and a displacement of its center of mass from the symmetry axis. It is demonstrated that the optimum maneuver assures the maximum absolute value of the reentry angle and the insensitivity of the trajectory of descent with respect to small errors of orientation of the braking engine in the plane of the orbit. It is also demonstrated that the possible error of the landing point due to the error of specification of the ballistic coefficient does not depend (in the linear approximation) upon its value and depends only upon the reentry angle and the accuracy of specification of this coefficient. A guided parachute with an aerodynamic efficiency of about two should be used at the last leg of the reentry trajectory. This will allow one to land in a prescribed range and to produce adequate conditions for the interception of the reentry spacecraft by a helicopter in order to prevent a rough landing.     

临近空间载人舱着陆动力学及影响因素分析

为满足临近空间载人舱着陆缓冲装置可重复使用以及多着陆工况下能提供较好缓冲性能的要求,提出一种以双腔油气缓冲器为主支柱,单腔油气缓冲器为辅助支柱的新型着陆缓冲系统。针对舱体着陆过程,建立了考虑地面弹塑性变形的联合仿真动力学模型;通过与单腿着陆冲击试验的对比分析验证了所建动力学模型的有效性。在此基础上,研究了水平着陆速度,着陆俯仰角以及地面摩擦系数三种初始着陆条件对临近空间载人舱着陆性能的影响。研究结果表明：降低水平着陆速度可有效减小舱体水平着陆过载及提高着陆稳定性能;水平或小俯仰角着陆可使主、辅支柱的受载分配更加合理;减小足垫与地面间摩擦力可降低舱体竖直过载并提高着陆稳定性能。     

着陆小天体的自主GNC技术

由于目标小天体和地面站之间存在较长的通讯延迟，加之小天体的动力学环境复杂多变，传统的基于深空网的导航、制导与控制（GNC）模式已不再适合探测着器着陆小天体。为了实现安全着陆小天体，探测器必须具有自主导航、制导和控制的能力。本文提出了一种着陆小天体极区的自主GNC方案：首先，基于对自然特征点的自动提取、跟踪，给出了一种着陆小天体的自主光学导航方案；接着，为了安全垂直着陆小天体的极区，设计了比例-微分控制器跟踪理想的下降轨迹、消除侧向位置和速度偏差；最后，通过数值仿真对本文所提方案的可行性进行了验证。     

Study of automatic and manual control problems of spaceplane atmospheric flight under simulated g-load effect

The descent in the atmosphere belongs to the most complicated phase of flight and presents stringent requirements for spaceplane systems. The enhanced requirements for reliability, the necessity of aircraft-type landing and a number of other reasons lead to the necessity of maximum involvement of the crew by means of creating, along with fully automatic, manual and director control systems and providing the crew with the possibility to monitor the systems operation and to actively override them. Participation of man in performance of such tasks during the atmospheric descent is hampered by a number of major difficulties caused by alteration of his state under the g-load effect.To evaluate the utmost capabilities of the manual and director control systems and to make rational selection of indication systems and controls it is necessary to create special flight simulation complexes comprising a hybrid computer complex capable of simulating vehicle trajectory and angular motions and the computer complex controlled centrifuge equipped with a crew-cabin, which would allow real-time simulation of the g-load effect upon the crew.This paper describes the structure of such complex, the distribution of tasks between the analog and digital computers and presents some results from evaluation of manual and director control system characteristics.     

典型再入返回器气动特性对比与改进研究

返回器气动特性研究对宇宙飞船的研制起着先导和制约作用。文章对Apollo、CEV和类Soyuz这3种典型的轴对称钝头体再入返回器气动布局进行了气动特性的对比分析,发现与Apollo、CEV相比,类Soyuz外形的升阻比偏小,无法满足以第二宇宙速度载人空间再入返回的要求。在此基础上研究了几何参数（包括倒锥角和球冠半径）变化对类Soyuz外形返回器气动性能的影响规律,从中得到类Soyuz外形的改进方向,提出了一种以类Soyuz外形为基础的改进设计外形,并对该外形的升阻特性、稳定性和配平特性等相关气动特性进行了分析。研究表明通过对几何外形参数的调整优化来提高类Soyuz外形的升阻比,从而达到以第二宇宙速度再入返回的升阻比要求,这样的技术途径是可行的。     

火星探测器表面材料催化特性数值模拟研究

针对火星探测器高超声速进入过程中的表面材料催化作用及其对气动热环境影响这一问题,建立了变壁面温度的火星大气表面材料催化作用模型,并基于火星大气物理化学模型和求解三维热化学非平衡N-S方程的数值方法,对典型火星探测器防热大底进行了数值模拟,获得了不同催化特性下的高超声速非平衡流场和气动热数据,分析了表面材料催化特性对气动热环境影响的规律性。研究结果表明：表面催化特性对壁面附近组分分布影响很大,催化反应进程主要受O原子浓度限制;有限催化热流随催化效率增大而增大,完全催化峰值热流比催化效率为1的有限催化峰值热流高25%~64%;表面温度随催化特性的变化规律与热流变化规律类似。有限催化模型能根据表面材料的催化特性精细化预测表面热流和温度,为防热设计提供更精确合理的参考标准。     

BLKF方法抑制MEMS惯性传感器随机噪声

针对微机电系统（MEMS）惯性传感器应用卡尔曼滤波（KF）处理数据时随机噪声难以估计的缺点,提出一种基于贝叶斯拉普拉斯卡尔曼滤波（BLKF）的随机噪声更新方法。该方法利用拉普拉斯近似算法,将贝叶斯边缘分布近似表示,能够避免贝叶斯方法更新过程中由于数据维数较大造成后验边缘分布较难估计的情况,提高对随机噪声的更新效率和精度。通过陀螺仪转台实验采集实验数据,运用KF与BLKF分别滤波。对比滤波结果可发现,BLKF比KF能更好地反映真实角速度状态。同时,在陀螺仪角速度变化时,BLKF的可靠性和准确性更高,滤波效果更具优势,能够达到抑制MEMS惯性传感器随机噪声的目的。     

低地球轨道航天器不同攻角原子氧通量密度计算模型

低地球轨道原子氧与航天器表面材料相互作用,可导致材料因氧化剥蚀而发生性能     

防空导弹初制导规律

分析了用于垂直发射防空导弹初制导的三角型和指数型两种导引控制。给出了两种控制方法的导引律,计算了典型弹道的攻角、俯仰角和交班点速度等参数。两种控制律的弹道参数计算结果表明,两者均为较理想的制导方案。与三角控制律相比,指数控制律的弹道倾角误差、最大攻角和速度损失均较小,其导弹交班精度更高。     

空间机械臂的刚-柔耦合动力学研究

本文对作大范围运动的空间机械臂的刚-柔耦合动力学特性进行了研究，从连续介质力学理论出发，在变形位移中计及了耦合变形量，用Jourdain速度变分原理导出了作大范围运动的空间机械臂的动力学方程，分别用耦合模型和不计耦合变形量的零次近似模型计算了机械臂端点的变形位移，揭示了两种模型的动力学性质的差异。为了确定零次近似模型的适用范围，引入相关系数，仿真计算结果表明，零次近似模型仅适用于相关系灵敏的最大值小于0.1的情况。     

椭圆轨道交会、悬停与绕飞的全状态反馈控制

面向大椭圆轨道航天器交会对接、编队伴飞以及在轨操控等空间应用的需求,对大椭圆轨道上航天器间的相对运动进行了分析与建模,采用幂级数法分别在脉冲推力和常值推力作用两种情况下对系统进行了近似求解。通过对系统解的变换以及对系统状态的重构,给出了大椭圆轨道上的三种交会制导律。脉冲推力作用假设下的脉冲制导类似近圆轨道的Hill制导方法。常值推力作用假设下的全状态反馈制导律则在交会制导、相对悬停和循迹绕飞控制的过程中实现了对相对位置和相对速度的同步控制。通过构造新的系统状态,改进的变系数全状态反馈制导律提高了相对速度的制导精度,降低了相对制导过程中的最大轨控加速度。三种制导律的制导效果通过数学仿真进行了校验和比较,文中给出的方法实现了椭圆轨道上相对交会制导、悬停保持和循迹绕飞控制。     

亚跨超声速返回舱动稳定特性

在“阿波罗”、“联盟号”和“海盗号”等返回舱与行星探测器研发阶段,动稳定特性严重影响着降落伞系统与控制系统的设计。文章采用风洞自由振动试验方法,研究有/无前端框两种返回舱外形的动稳定特性。试验结果表明：两种返回舱外形动稳定导数的量级在全马赫数范围内都很小,在亚、跨声速,甚至超声速范围均出现动不稳定现象。该现象与返回舱分离区绕流特性密切相关。返回舱的动稳定导数随攻角的起伏变化很大,具有很强的非线性特征。在亚声速和跨声速范围,返回舱的动稳定性呈现明显的极限环振动特性。有/无前端框模型的试验结果对比表明：有前端框模型和无前端框模型动稳定性规律比较接近,但是由于前端框表面绕流影响,无前端框模型的稳定性比有前端框模型要稍差一些。