高速风洞起动特性数值模拟

为获得高速风洞起动过程中的流场结构变化特性,采用数值模拟方法,使用二维轴对称模型对Φ 05 m高速风洞喷管段、试验段和扩压器段的流场特性进行了研究,控制方程为黏性可压缩非定常Navier-Stokes方程。对试验段马赫数为5和10两种状态下的流场建立过程进行了对比,结果表明,在风洞起动过程中,喷管内的附面层很厚,激波与附面层相互作用形成复杂的激波结构。试验段马赫数为5时在喷管段形成正激波,试验段马赫数为10时自喷管段形成激波串,起动压比低于按照正激波理论所计算得到的压比。激波串的起动速度较正激波慢,但稳定性较正激波好。起动过程中,气流发生过度欠膨胀,波前瞬时马赫数远大于喷管的设计马赫数。喷管出口的自由射流与收集器作用复杂,收集器溢流对试验段建立稳定的流动起关键作用。     

激波风洞流场建立过程对进气道流动的影响

由于激波风洞喷管起动与进气道起动相"耦合"的流动过程复杂,喷管起动过程中的波系结构对进气道脉冲起动过程的影响规律难以准确把握。本文从简化问题的研究思路出发,将激波风洞喷管流动与进气道流动进行一定程度的"解耦",以揭示喷管起动波系各组成部分对进气道脉冲起动过程的影响机制。"解耦"方法先采用准一维变截面非定常流动模拟激波风洞喷管的起动过程;然后,将喷管出口参数作为来流条件,对二元进气道的脉冲起动过程进行非定常粘性数值模拟。采用"解耦"方法考察了初始压强对喷管起动波系以及进气道脉冲起动的影响,并与不考虑喷管起动过程,在进气道入口设置初始间断面的模拟方法进行了比较。结果表明,喷管起动波系中的非定常膨胀波和二次激波是影响进气道脉冲起动的主要因素。在初始压强较低时,采用在进气道入口设置初始间断面的方法,可以快速评估进气道的脉冲起动能力;而当初始压强较高时,采用本文的"解耦"方法模拟,能够得到更为可靠的脉冲起动能力。     

高焓激波风洞自由流参数测量的数值重建

高焓风洞中参数测量本身受到高温非平衡效应影响,单纯依靠实验测量不足以确定详细的风洞自由流参数.本文以JF-10高焓激波风洞为背景,通过喷管-试验段-测量仪模型非平衡流场的连贯计算,开展自由流参数测量的数值重建.在比较分析测量仪模型绕流场的计算结果和实验测量值的基础上,结合喷管流场的数值模拟结果,共同确定高焓风洞的详细自由流参数.     

当量比对氢燃料超燃燃烧室流场结构和燃烧模态影响研究

为了考察氢气当量比对超燃燃烧室流场结构和燃烧模态的影响,采用试验方法和多种测量手段对其进行了研究。试验在中国空气动力研究与发展中心1kg/s脉冲直连式风洞设备上开展,采用纹影、差分干涉、自发光照相和PLIF (Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence)等光学测量手段观察了流场内激波串结构和火焰传播与稳定的形态,并进一步结合壁面压力数据分析了发动机的燃烧模态。研究表明:在来流为马赫数2.0,总温950 K,总压0.8 MPa的条件下,随着氢气当量比的增加,激波串头部的位置不断向隔离段上游推进,同时燃烧流场结构由稳定逐渐转变为振荡,发动机的燃烧模态经历了超燃、过渡和亚燃。当氢气当量比≤0.233时,发动机燃烧模态为超燃,燃烧流场结构稳定,火焰连续分布于凹槽下部剪切层内;当氢气当量比在0.233～0.279时,燃烧反压开始扰入隔离段内,发动机燃烧转变为过渡模态;当氢气当量比大于0.279时,发动机燃烧模态为亚燃,燃烧流场结构振荡且火焰分布为不连续的破碎状,燃烧反压逐渐前扰至隔离段中部位置。因此,氢气当量比对超燃冲压发动机燃烧流场结构和燃烧模态有较大影响。     

燃烧加热风洞中水蒸气相变的数值研究

采用带有非平衡相变模型和考虑高温气体效应的平衡流动模型的数值方法,模拟了燃烧加热高超声速风洞中燃烧生成的水蒸气在喷管流动中发生相变的物理过程,研究了水蒸气凝结对下游流场参数的影响和凝结后气流进入试验段时尖劈模型斜激波后发生液滴蒸发两种典型情况。研究表明,凝结产生的潜热使试验气流参数偏离初始设定的风洞出口模拟流场;在流场中产生的凝结激波,将加剧凝结对风洞出口参数的均匀性的影响;对出口马赫数为6的喷管,为了模拟静温为220K的高超声速飞行环境,水蒸气的凝结将难以避免;带液滴试验气流经斜劈压缩后液滴蒸发,斜激波后气流热力学参数不能恢复到无相变时斜激波后的状态,将影响模型实验的测力等数据。     

高超声速风洞扩压器试验研究与分析

扩压器是高超声速风洞的关键部件,主要作用是提高出口气流的静压。在某高超声速风洞扩压器上布点测量壁面静压和近壁面皮托压力,并在出口布置尖劈测量出口气流参数,评估扩压器的性能。结果表明：扩压器内的核心流区由于存在逐步衰减的激波-膨胀波系,使气流出现“减速-加速-再减速-再加速”的流动过程;该扩压器能保证风洞正常启动以及试验段流场不受背压的影响;该扩压器的效率与国外类似风洞扩压器效率相当,前室总压较低时,扩压器能起到良好的减速增压的效果,前室总压较高时,扩压器增压效果不明显,扩压器出口气流马赫数偏高。     

脉冲激光能量降低高超声速波阻机理研究

高超声速飞行器面临较高的波阻问题。为揭示基于脉冲激光能量沉积的减阻机理,并为激光减阻新方法提供科学指导依据,在马赫数为5.0的高超声速激波风洞内开展了单脉冲激光与弓形激波相互作用过程的实验研究。结合数值模拟结果,揭示了单脉冲激光的减阻机理。通过数值模拟研究了高重频激光与弓形激波相互作用的减阻机理。结果表明:在脉冲激光引致的激波与弓形激波相互作用的特定时刻,钝头体表面附近形成了低压低密度通道,这是钝头体阻力降低的原因。高重频激光引致的激波串可在高超声速流场中追赶合并形成锥形的准静态波,准静态波与弓形激波相互作用增大了弓形激波的脱体距离,弓形激波后压力和温度重新分布,形成相对稳定的流场结构,减阻率达到19%。     

水下点火固体火箭发动机两相流流场数值分析

利用FLUENT软件,使用湍流模型和VOF(volume of fluid)模型对水下点火固体火箭发动机的气液两相流场进行数值分析,对点火初期喷管中燃气的流动过程和燃气泡的发展过程进行了仿真,数值模拟了固体火箭发动机尾流场燃气密度、压力和温度的分布规律。研究表明:点火初期,喷管内流场将有一个完整激波建立的过程,除此之后的喷管尾流区域,由于气体受到压力扰动的影响,激波结构被破坏,没有形成连续的膨胀—压缩波;射流过程中燃气泡头部一直保持较大直径,中部燃气通道存在随轴向周期性的膨胀-压缩现象;喷管尾流区,各流动参数出现不同程度的振荡现象:喷管出口燃气密度受外界水的压缩及传质传热的影响,出现峰值后逐渐稳定;喷管出口燃气总压由于受水环境的急剧压缩,在喷管出口附近形成一个高压区;喷管出口燃气温度经三次周期变化后,温度逐渐降至1750K以内。      

气动塞式喷管的流场数值模拟和设计参数探讨

针对气动塞式喷管流场中存在的激波、激波与附面层相互作用、大尺度分离流动等复杂的物理现象 ,本文采用扩展的压强校正法求解用紊流模型封闭的可压缩湍流平均 N-S方程组 ,利用交错网格系统抹平迭代过程中的数值振荡 ,并通过高分辨率的 TVD格式进一步改善压强校正法的激波捕获效果 ,对气动塞式喷管的流场进行了详细的数值模拟。并进一步探讨了喷管倾角、塞锥长度和二次流流量比对喷管流场结构和性能的影响。     

脉冲风洞中进气道起动过程试验研究

在马赫8炮风洞中开展了不同初始真空压力条件下风洞喷管启动过程对侧压进气道启动的影响研究。通过调节进气道几何收缩比和风洞运行的初始真空压力,完成了收缩比分别为2,4.25,5.56,初始真空压力变化范围为60 Pa~3 kPa的多种工况测压、纹影实验。实验数据表明,当收缩比较小时,即使初始真空压力很高,甚至严重影响了风洞的有效运行时间,进气道也能够启动;当进气道收缩比较大时,炮风洞喷管启动过程会影响进气道启动,即进气道是否启动受风洞初始真空压力变化而十分敏感。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.