水下超声速过膨胀燃气射流的流场特性

为研究水下超声速过膨胀燃气射流的流场特性,在压力水筒中开展了大扩张比锥形喷管的固体火箭发动机水下点火实验,并基于雷诺时均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方法和流体体积（VOF）模型进行数值求解,分析了过膨胀燃气射流与水介质的相互作用过程。研究表明：超声速过膨胀燃气建立射流通道后,射流核心区长度随喷管落压比的减少而减少;射流核心区剧烈振荡,表现为高频的膨胀和收缩,振荡频率随喷管落压比的减小而增加,范围为100~200 Hz;射流边界不断振荡,并伴随波系结构变化,当过膨胀程度较大时,激波进入喷管使其发生流动分离现象,流动分离点周期性往复移动;分离区内压力脉动没有显著的特征频率,主要集中在100~600 Hz的宽频带,锥形喷管水下流动分离的简易判据为喷管出口压力不低于环境背压的0.44倍。     

水下固体火箭发动机垂直气体射流结构和推力影响研究

为了探究高背压水介质条件下,固体火箭发动机垂直气体射流在浮力影响下的流场结构和发动机推力特点,建立了轴对称几何模型,在考虑有/无浮力的条件下,采用VOF(Volume of Fluid)多相流模型进行气体-水两相耦合仿真计算,获取尾流气体射流流场结构,以及发动机尾部壁面受力和推力振荡曲线进行分析。研究结果表明,考虑浮力的仿真结果更加符合试验结果;射流动量段气体的马赫数分布会导致喷管出口附近的气-水界面产生周期性胀鼓-颈缩,从而引起尾部空间背压振荡,在设计工况下,尾部压力变化范围为环境水深压强的0.327到2.43倍;背压振荡将引起尾壁面受力振荡和推力振荡,振荡频率为736.89Hz;气体射流喷出过程中,气-水界面由速度梯度主导的开尔文-亥姆赫兹（K-H）不稳定性逐渐转变为由重力和浮力主导的瑞利-泰勒（R-T）不稳定性。     

线性塞式喷管外流干扰数值计算与冷流试验

采用有限体积法对由塞锥截短率为25%的线性塞式喷管和升力体构成的塞式喷管运载器风洞冷流试验模型进行仿真计算,并结合试验测量结果,研究了不同高度(压比)下外流对线性塞式喷管流场结构和性能的影响.结果表明,外流干扰导致线性塞式喷管内流过膨胀和横向侧流强度增加,并影响塞锥底部气流的受限流动;低空工况下外流的存在造成塞锥壁面和底部压强降低以及运载器底部阻力增加,喷管性能损失较大;高空工况下塞锥壁面和底部的压强已经不再受外流的影响,喷管性能损失较小,主要由运载器底部阻力损失造成.      

二维塞式喷管再生冷却换热的数值模拟

为了解塞式喷管再生冷却的换热特性 ,建立了二维型面塞式喷管计算模型 ,采用数值模拟的方法 ,研究了不同工况下塞式喷管的流场和换热特性。计算中 ,假定塞式喷管中的流动为冻结流动 ,考虑燃气向壁面的对流换热和辐射换热 ;采用二阶迎风格式离散控制方程 ,及 DO( Discrete Ordinates)模型离散求解辐射换热方程 ,水蒸气的吸收系数根据 Leckner公式计算。计算结果表明 :内喷管的受热情况最严重 ,需要重点考虑 ;塞锥的热防护随工作状况而改变 ,地面工况下塞锥的受热最严重 ,随着压比的升高 ,塞锥的受热逐渐减轻 ,最后不随环境压强而改变 ;塞锥型面设计不合理致使塞锥出现很高的温度峰值      

主要结构参数对直排塞式喷管性能的影响

数值模拟了内喷管面积比、内喷管型式和塞锥截短对塞式喷管性能的影响,比较了不同结构参数选择下对应的塞锥尺寸。内喷管在地面处于欠膨胀和完全膨胀时塞式喷管的性能高于内喷管在地面处于过膨胀时的性能;内喷管为矩型喉部矩型出口二维喷管的塞式喷管效率最高,内喷管为圆喉方型出口和圆喉矩型出口的塞式喷管性能接近,但都比具有二维内喷管的塞式喷管效率稍低;塞锥截得越短,塞式喷管的效率越低,不同塞锥截短率塞式喷管的性能差别随着压比的增加而减小;随着塞锥长度的增加,塞锥长度对塞式喷管性能的影响逐渐降低。     

过膨胀状态下单边膨胀喷管内壁面压力非定常特性试验研究

为获得单边膨胀喷管(SERN)过膨胀状态下壁面压力非定常特性,在喷管落压比(NPR)为7.54和9.98两种状态下,采用动态压力传感器对SERN壁面压力进行试验测量,并结合聚焦纹影观测流场。结果表明:在两种落压比条件下,喷管下壁面分离模态均为自由激波分离(FSS);NPR=7.54条件下,喷管上壁面分离模态为受限激波分离(RSS);而在NPR=9.98条件下,喷管上壁面分离剪切层间歇性地撞击喷管壁面,导致喷管出口附近壁面压力间歇性的高于环境压力,流动分离模态为部分受限激波分离(pRSS)。不同分离模态下,上游未受扰动区域壁面压力脉动主频均接近于6kHz,喷管内流动分离点呈现宽低频振荡特性。RSS模态下,分离点附近壁面压力脉动具有相对独立主频,而在FSS和pRSS模态下无明显独立主频。     

激波控制矢量喷管流动与工作特性研究

利用数值模拟方法,研究了激波控制矢量喷管的流场结构与工作特性,分析了射流流量、外流马赫数及落压比对喷管流动和性能的影响。结果表明:随着射流流量的增大,射流对主流产生的阻碍作用增大,使得注气缝上游的高压分离区增大,上、下壁面压差增大,矢量角增大;但射流流量过大时,激波会影响下壁面的压力分布,使喷管推力矢量性能降低。外流马赫数增加使喷管出口附近及上壁面注气缝下游壁面的压力降低,因此上、下壁面的压差减小,喷管的推力矢量性能降低。随着落压比的增大,注气缝上游的分离激波位置后移,注气缝下游分离区内的相对压力降低,使上、下壁面的压差减小;另外,喷管工作状态从过膨胀状态向欠膨胀状态转变时,压差产生的推力增大,喷管的推力矢量性能降低。     

塞锥型面简化与截短对塞式喷管性能的影响

用NND差分格式求解N－S方程，对截短直锥塞式喷管和用特征线法设计的截短型面锥塞式喷管的流场和性能进行了比较。成功地捕获了流场激波、膨胀波及反射压缩波，计算结果与实验数据吻合较好，对不同型面塞式喷管在不同高度下的推力性能和塞锥截短对发动机性能的影响。研究表明，相同长度的截短直锥发动机总推力比型面锥塞式喷管发动机低1％－1.5%；相对30％截短型面塞锥发动机，50％截短型面塞锥发动机的总推力可提高约2.5%。     

矢量二元收扩喷管热射流复杂流场特征研究

提出了一种二元收－扩矢量喷管的概念,用热射流实验台对二元矢量喷管进行了过膨胀状态下的喷管模型热态实验。测量了喷管壁面静压和喷管出口总压分布,用红外热成像技术给出了二元喷管热射流场的清晰画面,并对流场特征进行了描述和分析。研究表明,在非设计状态,二元喷管管内有明显的流动分离现象,喷口射流总压严重畸变,在热射流流场中,射流流场呈现双势核结构。     

不同压比下冷却剂流量对塞锥再生冷却换热的影响

为了解塞式喷管发动机高低空不同的再生冷却换热特性,分别对二维型面内喷管和塞锥建立计算模型,采用数值模拟的方法,得出内喷管的冷却换热结果和出口参数,重点研究了塞锥在地面和设计点工作时的不同换热特性及其冷却剂流量的影响.计算过程中采用二阶迎风格式离散控制方程.计算结果表明:地面工况下,冷却剂流量的改变对塞锥和塞锥底部壁面的压强、热流密度和温度的影响较大,高空环境下,冷却剂流量的改变对塞锥和塞锥底部壁面的压强、热流密度的影响较小;在冷却剂流量相同的情况下,塞锥和塞锥底部在地面工况下的壁面温度要远高于在高空环境下的温度;在相同工况和相同冷却剂流量的情况下,塞锥壁面上的温度要远高于塞锥底部壁面上的温度.     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.